Deck 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle Adulthood

Question 1

What approach to personality development is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age-related crises?

A)midlife crisis
B)life events models
C)normative-crisis models
D)generativity-versus-stagnation stage

Answer 1

C

Question 2

16-13.According to Levinson,___________ is the period of assessment that middle-aged people 40-45 go through that may lead to a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite.

A)midlife crisis
B)midlife transition
C)generativity-versus-stagnation stage
D)normative-crisis models

Answer 2

A

Question 3

16-20.Which of the following comprise the "Big Five" major cluster of personality traits/characteristics?

A)selfishness,shyness,aggressiveness,neuroticism,and self-confidence
B)neuroticism,extroversion,openness,agreeableness,and conscientiousness
C)likeability,extroversion,aggressiveness,self-confidence,and trustworthiness
D)loyalty,self-confidence,openness,deceptiveness,and aggression

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following psychologists agrees that adults move through a series of stages and potential crises,but believes they also pass through seven stages associated with specific age periods?

A)Erikson
B)Gould
C)Vaillant
D)Levinson

Question 5

Theorist Ravenna Helson focused on _____________,which suggest that it is the particular events in an adult's life,rather than age per se,that determine the course of personality development.

A)normative-crisis models
B)generativity-versus-stagnation stages
C)midlife crises
D)life events models

Question 6

16-18.Which two developmental psychologists believed that there is a substantial change in personality over time,and that change follows a set,predictable pattern?

A)Gould and Levinson
B)Erikson and Levinson
C)Costa and McCrae
D)Vaillant and Helson

Question 7

16-10.According to Gould's stages of development,which stage is associated with the period of urgency to attain life's goals,the awareness of time limitations,and the realignment of life's goals?

A)Stage 4
B)Stage 7
C)Stage 5
D)Stage 6

Question 8

Which age has come to have special meaning in most Western societies?

A)50s
B)40s
C)30s
D)20s

Question 9

16-11.Which of the following psychologists developed the "seasons of life" theory,where men in their early 40s are in a period of transition and crisis?

A)Erikson
B)Gould
C)Vaillant
D)Levinson

Question 10

16-12.According to Levinson,people around the ages of 40-45 move into a period/time of questioning called ________ and focus on the finite nature of life,where they begin to question everyday fundamental assumptions.

A)midlife crisis
B)midlife transition
C)generativity-versus-stagnation stage
D)normative-crisis models

Question 11

16-17.In the model of aging for high-caste Hindu women from the Oriya culture in Orissa,India,which of the following brings about a significant alteration in social responsibility?

A)physical changes such as the onset of menstruation and its cessation at menopause
B)graduation from primary and secondary schooling/education
C)inheritance of her family's finances and assets
D)the change from daughter to daughter-in-law

Question 12

16-19.Which two developmental psychologists believed that a person's personality is quite stable and continuous throughout one's lifetime?

A)Gould and Levinson
B)Erikson and Levinson
C)Costa and McCrae
D)Vaillant and Helson

Question 13

Winona is a 22-year-old new mother,and Anna is a 38-year-old new mother.According to Ravenna Helson's theory,the ____________,both of these women may experience similar psychological forces based upon their shared experience of being a new mother regardless of their ages.

A)midlife crisis
B)life events models
C)normative-crisis models
D)generativity-versus-stagnation

Question 14

According to psychologist George Vaillant,what does "keeping the meaning" mean?

A)Adults seek to extract the meaning from their lives,and accept the strengths and weaknesses of others.
B)Adults seek to distinguish truths from non-truths in their lives.
C)Adults seek to maintain the history of their family as legacy for their offspring.
D)Adults seek to make significant changes in their world before they become too old to make a difference.

Question 15

16-14.According to anthropologist Richard Shweder,high-caste Hindu women from the Oriya culture in Orissa,India,view their lives in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)on the basis of ongoing chronological age and the concept of middle age.
B)on the nature of one's social responsibility.
C)the woman's involvement in family management issues.
D)the woman's moral sense at a given time.

Question 16

Erik Erikson suggested that middle adulthood encompasses a period he characterized as ________________,where a person is,or is not,making a contribution to family and community.

A)midlife crisis
B)life events models
C)normative-crisis model
D)generativity-versus-stagnation stage

Question 17

When middle-aged people focus on work that is directed toward others rather than themselves,Erik Erikson called this

A)life events models.
B)generativity.
C)midlife crisis.
D)normative-crisis models.

Question 18

16-16.The model of aging for high-caste Hindu women from the Oriya culture in Orissa,India,consists of which of the following?

A)life in her grandfather's house (bapa gharo)
B)single generation households in which marriages are arranged
C)physical changes such as the onset of menstruation and its cessation at menopause
D)life in her husband's mother's house (sasu gharo)

Question 19

16-15.A group of people in their early 50s is meeting with a developmental specialist to discuss lifestyle changes in their lives.The topic of personality stability becomes the major topic of discussion,and the group asks the specialist to summarize the area of stability versus change in personality.What could the specialist tell the group?

A)Many middle-aged adults tend to feel young,and that in terms of basic personality traits,they perceive important similarities between their present selves and their younger selves.
B)Personality does changes from adolescence to adulthood and some of these changes can be quite dramatic,leaving adults to struggle through midlife crises.
C)People's basic personality traits do not appear to show continuity.
D)Personality will change and could become unstable due to aging and illness.

Question 20

Which of the following developmental psychologists believed that the period between the ages of 45 and 55 is important regarding "keeping the meaning" versus rigidity?

A)Erikson
B)Gould
C)Vaillant
D)Levinson

Question 21

16-37.Which group of divorced women has the best opportunity to be remarried?

A)women under the age of 25
B)women over the age of 40
C)women who are considered unattractive
D)women who are not younger,smaller,and of lower status than men

Question 22

16-39.Which of the following may be contributing factors to why a higher percentage of second marriages end in divorce?

A)Second marriages may be subject to higher stress (such as blending two families)than first marriages.
B)There is more equitable sharing of household chores.
C)Partners in second marriages are more cautious.
D)The empty nest syndrome.

Question 23

16-23.Which of the following of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person demonstrates curiosity and interest in new experiences?

A)extroversion
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)neuroticism

Question 24

16-38.Which of the following are most likely to experience feelings of loneliness and increased physical and mental health problems?

A)divorced women over the age of 40
B)divorced men in general
C)divorced women under the age of 25
D)divorced women in general

Question 25

16-22.Which of the following of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is outgoing or shy?

A)extroversion
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)neuroticism

Question 26

16-29.Most research regarding marital satisfaction

A)substantiates the "U-shaped" pattern,where marital satisfaction is high at the beginning,drops down around the birth of children,and then gradually rises back to its original high level.
B)brings the "U-shape" in question,suggesting that the upturn in the U-shape may be illusionary,and that marital dissatisfaction continues throughout life.
C)is not conclusive regarding the "U-shape" and marital satisfaction,but seems to substantiate that women are more satisfied than men.
D)is not conclusive regarding the "U-shape" and marital satisfaction,but seems to substantiate that men are more satisfied than women.

Question 27

16-35.Dr.Roe is a marriage counselor who specializes in infidelity.She is counseling a group of five couples that have been unfaithful in their marriage over the last year.One couple wants to know the recent statistics regarding infidelity.What statistics can Dr.Roe provide concerning infidelity in a given year?

A)10% of men and 14% of women
B)12% of men and 7% of women
C)6% of men and women
D)20% of men and 18% of women

Question 28

16-28.Kaitlyn and Sam have agreed to participate in marriage counseling.They have been married for five years and report they have become bored with their marriage.Initially,what can the marriage therapist tell them regarding the "ups and downs" of marriage?

A)They will need to improve their communication skills to discuss issues.
B)Marital satisfaction will decline if couples do not engage in fun activities.
C)Marital satisfaction begins to decline just after the marriage and it continues to fall until it reaches its lowest point following the birth of children.
D)Couples should spend more time with other married couples to engage in decision- making.

Question 29

16-21.Which of the following of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is moody,anxious,and self-critical?

A)extroversion
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)neuroticism

Question 30

16-26.All of the following "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics decline somewhat from early adulthood through middle adulthood EXCEPT

A)neuroticism.
B)agreeableness.
C)extroversion.
D)openness.

Question 31

16-32.Although the overall divorce rate has declined in the past two decades,divorce among _________ couples is rising.

A)elderly
B)middle-aged
C)young-adult
D)teen

Question 32

16-27.When reviewing findings across cultures,which of the following of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics increase to a degree from early adulthood through middle age?

A)neuroticism and agreeableness
B)extroversion and openness
C)agreeableness and conscientiousness
D)conscientiousness and openness

Question 33

16-31.According to the chart of phases of marital satisfaction in the text,at which point in the marriage is the level of satisfaction at its peak?

A)at the beginning of the marriage
B)when the children are preschool age
C)when the children are grown to young adults
D)when the couple is retired

Question 34

16-34.Which of the following is considered a reason why marriages unravel in Western society?

A)People are less concerned for their own personal happiness.
B)There are fewer legal and financial impediments to getting a divorce in the present day.
C)Women have fewer economic opportunities available to them,and,therefore,may feel more dependent on their husbands.
D)The benefits of marriage,such as economic,sexual,health,social support,and financial (such as tax advantages),no longer exist.

Question 35

16-33.What are the odds that a woman will get divorced from her first marriage by the time she is 40 years old?

A)1 in 10
B)1 in 5
C)1 in 8
D)1 in 4

Question 36

16-24.Which of the following of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is easygoing and helpful?

A)extroversion
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)agreeableness

Question 37

16-30.Which of the following is a reason why men and women cite satisfaction with their marriage?

A)They stated that their spouse is not their best friend.
B)Marriage brings a long-term commitment with the same aims and goals.
C)They state that their spouse has sex with them as often as they want.
D)Their spouses have grown less interesting over the course of the marriage.

Question 38

16-40.Which term below refers to the experience that relates to parents' feelings of unhappiness,worry,loneliness,and depression resulting from their children's departure from home?

A)midlife crisis
B)normative-crisis models
C)empty nest syndrome
D)life events models

Question 39

16-36.Approximately how many people who divorce will remarry again,usually within 2 to 5 years?

A)one-half
B)two-thirds
C)three-quarters
D)one-quarter

Question 40

16-25.Which of the following of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is organized and responsible?

A)extroversion
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)agreeableness

Question 41

16-46.Which of the following are factors that contribute to the phenomenon called the "sandwich generation"?

A)Men and women are choosing not to marry at all.
B)In general,people are living longer.
C)Men and women are choosing to remain childless.
D)Middle-aged people earn more than both their children and their parents.

Question 42

16-50."Involved" grandparents usually are which of the following?

A)actively engaged in grandparenting and influencing their grandchildren's lives
B)act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren
C)might complain about their grandchildren's childish behavior when they do see them
D)rarely visit their grandchildren

Question 43

16-51.Which of the following are more apt to be involved with their grandchildren?

A)African American grandparents
B)Caucasian American grandparents
C)Native American grandparents
D)Asian American grandparents

Question 44

16-57.Which of the following is a contributing factor to child abuse?

A)middle-income socioeconomic status
B)multigenerational families living in the same house
C)families with only one child
D)families with four or more children

Question 45

16-60.The theory that the abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults is called

A)midlife crisis.
B)cycle of violence hypothesis.
C)normative-crisis generation.
D)life events hypothesis.

Question 46

16-58.In which of the following families is incest most likely to occur?

A)families of affluent socioeconomic levels
B)multigenerational families living in the same house
C)single-parent families
D)families with four or more children

Question 47

16-47.According to the U.S.census,the multigenerational household has increased more than a third between 1990 and 2000,and represents ____% of all households in America.

A)10
B)4
C)15
D)8

Question 48

16-54.Globally speaking,__________ women throughout the world experience some form of violent victimization during their lives.

A)1 in 2
B)1 in 3
C)1 in 5
D)1 in 10

Question 49

16-59.When discussing marital aggression,which of the following is a stage that the couple typically goes through?

A)a chronic battering incident
B)the loving contrition stage
C)the tension-reduction stage
D)the fight-or-flight stage

Question 50

16-43.Which of the following is a common reason why boomerang children return home to live with middle-aged parents?

A)homesickness
B)economic success
C)lack of employment or underemployment
D)middle-age parents miss their children and are experiencing empty nest syndrome

Question 51

16-41.After Kathy and Bob's son leaves for college,they have feelings of unhappiness,worry,loneliness,and depression.They are experiencing

A)midlife crisis.
B)empty nest syndrome.
C)sandwich generation.
D)boomerang children.

Question 52

16-49."Remote" grandparents usually do which of the following?

A)call and visit frequently with their grandchildren
B)rarely visit with their grandchildren and show little interest
C)take full responsibility for their grandchildren
D)take care of the grandchildren several times a week while parents work

Question 53

16-55.What percentage of women physically abuses their husbands?

A)8%
B)10%
C)15%
D)20%

Question 54

16-48."Companionate" grandparents usually are which of the following?

A)They take full responsibility for their grandchildren.
B)They rarely call or visit their grandchildren,and rarely take them on vacation without the parents.
C)They act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren.
D)They hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren should behave.

Question 55

16-45.Juanita is feeling stressed today because her children need help with their homework while her elderly parents need someone to take them grocery shopping.Juanita is a member of the

A)empty nest generation.
B)sandwich generation.
C)midlife crisis generation.
D)normative-crisis generation.

Question 56

16-53.Some form of domestic violence occurs in _____% of all marriages in the U.S.

A)50
B)75
C)25
D)35

Question 57

16-52.Which of the following is a reason why African American grandparents are more likely to be involved with their grandchildren?

A)There is a greater prevalence for African Americans to have single generation homes.
B)African American households are more likely to be headed by single parents.
C)African Americans have a more "collectivist" view of caregiving.
D)Single-parent African American households depend less upon the grandparents to provide child care during the day.

Question 58

16-44.Couples in middle age that must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents are called

A)empty nest parents.
B)sandwich generation.
C)midlife crisis generation.
D)normative-crisis generation.

Question 59

16-42.When young adults return after leaving home for some period to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents,this is called

A)midlife crisis.
B)empty nest syndrome.
C)sandwich generation.
D)boomerang children.

Question 60

16-56.Which of the following is a factor that contributes to spousal abuse?

A)large families with few economic concerns
B)large families with high levels of verbal aggression
C)multigenerational families living in one household
D)single parents who have grown up in violent families themselves

Question 61

16-62.Which of the following is considered a factor that affects job satisfaction for middle-aged workers?

A)recognition and approval
B)opportunities for advancement
C)specific policies that affect their jobs
D)being able to work from home

Question 62

16-68.Approximately how many hours per week does the average middle-aged person spend socializing?

A)10
B)6
C)8
D)15

Question 63

16-73.Critics who argue that immigrants lack the technical knowledge to contribute to the U.S.economy fail to see some fundamental aspects of immigrant success,including which of the following?

A)Most legal and illegal immigrants never succeed financially.
B)Only a few immigrants come to the U.S.to get on welfare.
C)Immigrants do not contribute more to the U.S.economy than they take away.
D)Most immigrants eventually marry into native-born American families.

Question 64

16-75.Briefly explain the changes in marital satisfaction over time.

Question 65

16-72.In stark contrast to the majority of immigrants at the beginning of the 20^th century,the majority of recent immigrants are

A)illiterate.
B)not white.
C)illegal immigrants.
D)fugitives from the law.

Question 66

16-63.When a situation occurs where a highly trained professional experiences dissatisfaction,disillusionment,frustration,and weariness from his/her job,this is called

A)midlife crisis.
B)burnout.
C)live events hypothesis.
D)normative life crisis.

Question 67

16-64.According to one analysis,every time the unemployment rate goes up 1%,there is a ____% rise in suicides.

A)1
B)5
C)4
D)10

Question 68

16-66.Since the mid-1980s,the workforce has grown,especially with

A)women in their 50s and older.
B)men in their 50s and older.
C)men in their early 20s and 30s.
D)women in their early 20s and 30s.

Question 69

16-70.Immigrants entering the U.S.represent about ____% of the U.S.population,which is more than twice the amount in 1970.

A)20
B)13
C)17
D)5

Question 70

16-79.The evidence for a midlife crisis experience is no more compelling than the evidence for a stormy adolescence.

Question 71

16-69.Which country in the world has the fastest pace of living?

A)United States
B)South Korea
C)Singapore
D)Switzerland

Question 72

16-67.Approximately how many hours per week does a middle-aged person watch television?

A)15
B)20
C)10
D)25

Question 73

16-71.First- and second-generation immigrants comprise almost __________ of the U.S.population.

A)one-half
B)one-third
C)one-quarter
D)one-fifth

Question 74

16-76.Briefly explain how to deal with spousal abuse.

Question 75

16-80.In some cultures in the world,middle age is not even considered a separate period of life;therefore,the notion of middle age is a cultural construction.

Question 76

16-65.Middle-aged people who lose their jobs may be discriminated against when trying to find a new job,which is not only illegal,but based upon misguided assumptions.Which of the following statements is true about middle-aged workers?

A)Older workers show more absenteeism than younger workers.
B)Older workers hold their jobs longer and are more reliable.
C)Older workers lack sufficient technological skills,and are unable to learn new skills.
D)Older workers are not willing to learn new skills.

Question 77

16-61.What percentage of people who were abused or neglected grows up to be abusive and neglectful to their own children?

A)one-third
B)one-half
C)one-fourth
D)one-fifth

Question 78

16-74.Briefly explain why "midlife crisis" is a myth.

Question 79

16-77.Throughout adulthood,most people say they feel older than they actually are.

Question 80

16-78.Research substantiates that the passage into middle age is full of psychological turmoil,called a midlife crisis.