Deck 14: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

14-19.According to Robert Sternberg,infatuated love develops when only _________ is present.

A)passion
B)intimacy
C)loyalty
D)similarity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Erikson,when a person is in his/her 30s,intimacy is related to which of the following?

A)the degree of selflessness or sacrifice of one's own needs for those of another
B)focusing on one's own pleasure in sexual matters
C)efforts to develop many acquaintances and build a broad network of support
D)the effort to exude confidence and independence

Answer 2

A

Question 3

14-11.Which of the following reasons is an explanation as to why people become friends?

A)proximity;people form friendships with those nearby and accessible
B)diversity to expand one's social circle
C)social standing and financial security
D)finding someone with opinions and attitudes that are different from your own as part of developing a personal values system

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Erikson,the period of post-adolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others is called

A)the intimacy-versus-isolation stage.
B)postformal thought.
C)the social clock.
D)the social role.

Question 5

The culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers is called

A)maturation.
B)intimacy-versus-isolation stage.
C)postformal thought.
D)social clock.

Question 6

14-15.According to psychologist Robert Sternberg,the three components of love include which of the following?

A)a passion component that comprises the motivational drives relating to feelings of closeness and deep involvement
B)an intimacy component that encompasses feelings of closeness,affection,and connectedness
C)companionate love,where strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved
D)a decision/commitment component that embodies the boundaries we put on our relationships to keep others from getting too close

Question 7

Which of the following is one of the broad patterns discovered by Ravenna Helson in her research of women's social roles?

A)Women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career showed very different personality development.
B)Both women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career generally demonstrated positive changes in personality development.
C)Women who chose to focus on either family or career tended to show either little or a more negative shift in personality development.
D)Women who chose to focus on family demonstrated less confidence and less satisfaction over time than those women who chose to focus on career.

Question 8

Psychologist Ravenna Helson found that women finding a spouse and embarking on what Helson called traditional feminine behavior occurs from ages

A)16-21.
B)21-27.
C)25-30.
D)30-35.

Question 9

According to Erikson,if a person in his/her 30s is unable to resolve the intimacy-versus-isolation stage,he/she is most likely to demonstrate which of the following characteristics?

A)the ability to build relationships with others
B)feelings of belonging
C)fear of relationships
D)feelings of peaceful solitude

Question 10

14-16.The component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex,physical closeness,and romance is called

A)companionate love.
B)the intimacy component.
C)passionate (or romantic)love.
D)the passion component.

Question 11

Psychologist Ravenna Helson's research demonstrated that the critical factor in the course of personality development for women is

A)the social clock they choose.
B)the process of choosing a particular social clock.
C)the ability to "have it all."
D)the success of a woman's academic development in earlier years.

Question 12

14-17.According to Robert Sternberg,when two people have a "fling" or short-term relationship based only on sexual attraction,this is called

A)nonlove.
B)infatuated love.
C)liking.
D)empty love.

Question 13

14-21.Jerome and Alice have been married for 15 years,and their marriage is strained with bickering and unhappiness.Still,they are not considering a divorce because they have an 8-year-old son whom they both love deeply.Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship

A)companionate love.
B)empty love.
C)fatuous love.
D)nonlove.

Question 14

14-18.According to Robert Sternberg,when two people are living in an arranged marriage,or a couple has decided to stay together "for the sake of the children," this is called

A)nonlove.
B)fatuous love.
C)liking.
D)empty love.

Question 15

According to Erikson,the focus of a person's early 30s is

A)career success.
B)providing for self and family.
C)developing close,intimate relationships with others.
D)taking care of physical health.

Question 16

14-13.Psychologist Robert Sternberg suggests that love requires a more complex explanation and is made up of

A)three components.
B)eight components.
C)four components.
D)two components.

Question 17

14-20.According to Robert Sternberg,empty love develops when only _________ is present.

A)intimacy
B)decision/commitment
C)loyalty
D)similarity

Question 18

People living in the middle to upper classes had social clocks that were fairly uniform up until the

A)middle of the 19^th century.
B)middle of the 21^st century.
C)middle of the 20^th century.
D)middle of the 18^th century.

Question 19

14-12.Which of the following is a reason to develop a friendship?

A)companionship
B)competition
C)social disapproval
D)need for a personal assistant or helper

Question 20

14-14.The component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness,affection,and connectedness is called

A)companionate love.
B)intimacy component.
C)passionate (or romantic)love.
D)passion component.

Question 21

14-34.Which of the following is an explanation for cross-cultural similarities and gender differences?

A)evolutionary factors
B)personality factors
C)social factors
D)familial factors

Question 22

14-31.Darnell and Denise have been happily dating for months;however,they do not feel compelled to make a long-term commitment yet.Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship

A)consummate love.
B)companionate love.
C)romantic love.
D)liking.

Question 23

14-22.According to Robert Sternberg,when two people are happily dating one another but not making future plans,this is called

A)romantic love.
B)fatuous love.
C)companionate love.
D)infatuated love.

Question 24

14-38.In what culture does the marriage gradient make finding a spouse difficult when the person is well educated?

A)Asian American men
B)African American women
C)Mexican American men
D)Canadian women

Question 25

14-24.According to Robert Sternberg,when two people share a loving,sexually vibrant,long-term relationship,this is called

A)companionate love.
B)infatuated love.
C)fatuous love.
D)consummate love.

Question 26

14-32.Surveys indicate that a high proportion of which of the following college students would consider it acceptable to marry without love?

A)U.S.college students
B)Japanese college students
C)Brazilian college students
D)Pakistani college students

Question 27

14-26.According to Robert Sternberg,liking develops only when _________ is present.

A)passion
B)intimacy
C)loyalty
D)similarity

Question 28

14-41.Research suggests that most gay and lesbian couples

A)have relationships that are not as stable as heterosexual couples.
B)want to adopt children and raise a family.
C)prefer cohabitation.
D)seek loving,long-term,and meaningful relationships.

Question 29

14-33.In what culture do men rank good health more important in marriage than love?

A)Pakistan
B)Japan
C)China
D)Mexico

Question 30

14-37.Which of the following is an example of "bottom of the barrel" men?

A)men who do not marry because they cannot find a woman of low enough status
B)men who do not marry because of compatibility
C)men who are fearful of commitment
D)men who find women unappealing

Question 31

14-30.Stella and Anthony have been happily married for 22 years,and they still enjoy an active sex life and participate in many activities together.Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship

A)consummate love.
B)companionate love.
C)romantic love.
D)liking.

Question 32

14-28.According to Robert Sternberg,fatuous love develops when _________ is (are)present.

A)intimacy and decision/commitment
B)infatuation
C)passion and intimacy
D)passion and decision/commitment

Question 33

14-36.Jorge has been taught to marry a woman who is younger,smaller,and lower in status.This is referred to as

A)the marriage gradient.
B)the social norm.
C)social mores.
D)societal bias.

Question 34

14-39.Which of the following reflects a secure attachment style?

A)someone who is uncomfortable being close to others
B)someone who finds that others are reluctant to get as close to them as they would like to be to that person
C)someone who finds it easy to get close to others and is comfortable depending on them
D)someone who has difficulty staying in positive relationships

Question 35

14-29.Mark and Angela met one night at a local bar,and after dating for two weeks they decided to move in together,despite barely knowing each other.Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship

A)companionate love.
B)infatuated love.
C)fatuous love.
D)empty love.

Question 36

14-23.According to Robert Sternberg,when two people enjoy each other's company and their relationship but no longer feel much sexual interest for the other,it is called

A)nonlove.
B)liking.
C)companionate love.
D)empty love.

Question 37

14-40.Which of the following is an example of the avoidant attachment style?

A)people who find it easy to get close to others
B)people who are uncomfortable being close to others
C)people who are reluctant to get close to others
D)people who do not want to compromise

Question 38

14-35.In Jamar's culture,the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age,race,education,and religion is referred to as which of the following?

A)marriage gradient
B)homogamy
C)cross-cultural factor
D)gender replication

Question 39

14-25.According to Robert Sternberg,when two people decide to move in together after knowing each other for only two weeks,this is called

A)companionate love.
B)infatuated love.
C)fatuous love.
D)consummate love.

Question 40

14-27.According to Robert Sternberg,companionate love develops when _________ is (are)present.

A)intimacy and decision/commitment
B)infatuation
C)passion and intimacy
D)passion and decision/commitment

Question 41

14-61.Psychologist George Vaillant believed that a stage entered between the ages of 20 and 40,when young adults become centered on their careers,is called

A)the realistic period.
B)the fantasy period.
C)career consolidation.
D)the tentative period.

Question 42

14-45.What is the legal alternative to marriage in France in which couples receive many of the same legal rights as married couples without a legal lifetime commitment?

A)civil unions
B)Civil Solidarity Pacts
C)nonbinding contracts
D)prenuptial agreements

Question 43

14-58.Which of the following age groups of women giving birth have increased over earlier decades?

A)24-28
B)30-34
C)35-38
D)38-40

Question 44

14-44.The median age of first time marriage in the U.S.is now approximately _____ for men and _____ for women.

A)35;25
B)28;26
C)32;30
D)30;24

Question 45

14-55.When did the fertility rate peak in the United States?

A)after World War I,when each woman had 4.5 children
B)after World War II,when each woman had 3.7 children
C)after the Vietnam War,when each woman had 2.5 children
D)now,when the current rate is 2.1 children born to each woman

Question 46

14-52.Which of the following is a reason why young adults choose to have children?

A)to get pleasure from watching their children grow,and fulfillment from seeing them be successful
B)health benefits from having a successful pregnancy (decreased breast cancer risk)
C)to get financial gain from governmental benefits programs such as tax breaks and welfare
D)the majority of parents do not plan to have children

Question 47

14-51.In the United States,what is the average amount of money that parents will spend on one child from birth until the child reaches age 18?

A)$150,000
B)$235,000
C)$100,000
D)$300,000

Question 48

14-46._____ people eventually marry.

A)Most
B)Few
C)Elderly
D)Disabled

Question 49

14-60.Research suggests that children raised in households in which parents are homosexual

A)show no differences in eventual adjustment.
B)show significant differences in adjustment.
C)show adjustment differences in school.
D)show adjustment differences in socialization.

Question 50

14-47.The likelihood of divorce declines after the ____ year of marriage,when there is a period of stabilization.

A)1^st
B)3^rd
C)5^th
D)10^th

Question 51

14-53.What is the most likely reason for the dramatic decrease in the number of children in the average American family?

A)the increase in religious-based sex-abstinence programs
B)the availability and use of effective contraceptives
C)the decrease in the number of people getting married
D)an increase in same-sex couplings

Question 52

14-43.Which of the following is a reason why young adults choose to marry?

A)They believe it is the appropriate culmination of a loving relationship and the right thing to do.
B)Having a spouse with which to share one's wealth is important for men.
C)Having a spouse offers an improved government benefits package at retirement.
D)Marriage offers a guaranteed commitment to both parties.

Question 53

14-50.According to research reported in the text,which country has the least divorce?

A)Denmark
B)Canada
C)Italy
D)France

Question 54

14-48.Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a happy marriage?

A)Partners show affection and communicate equally about negative and positive aspects of the other.
B)Partners establish early on in the marriage the superior and inferior positions of the partners.
C)Partners perceive themselves as co-dependent rather than two independent entities.
D)Partners have social homogamy and share leisure activities,role preferences,similar interests,and agree on distribution of roles.

Question 55

14-56.The number of children that one generation must produce to be able to replenish its numbers is called

A)the fertility rate.
B)the birth rate.
C)the replacement level.
D)generational replacement.

Question 56

14-49.What percentage of marriages in the U.S.remains intact?

A)75%
B)65%
C)45%
D)50%

Question 57

14-42.For the past three decades,there has been a significant

A)rise in the number of couples getting married.
B)decline in the number of couples living together without getting married.
C)decline in the number of couples getting married.
D)decline in the number of same-sex couples living together.

Question 58

14-59.What percent of gay men and lesbian women are parents?

A)5%
B)10%
C)15%
D)20%

Question 59

14-57.Which of the following is a reason for the decline in the fertility rate?

A)women returning to school
B)declining health of the population
C)women joining the workforce
D)sexual education

Question 60

14-54.In the 1930s,70% of Americans who were polled reported that the ideal number of children to have was _________.In the 1990s,Americans who were polled reported that the ideal number of children to have is ________.

A)5 or more;no more than three if money is no object
B)3 or more;no more than four
C)6;no more than two
D)3 or more;no more than two,although three or more is ideal if money is no object

Question 61

14-77.Whose research regarding career choice and personality traits has been validated and used as the foundation for "job quizzes" that people take to see what occupations they might enjoy?

A)Ginzberg
B)Vaillant
C)Wechsler
D)Holland

Question 62

14-76.According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who are risk-takers and take-charge types with good leadership skills are described as

A)conventional.
B)enterprising.
C)social.
D)realistic.

Question 63

14-80.Occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished are called

A)maternal.
B)agentic.
C)communal.
D)intrinsic.

Question 64

14-64.When Bobby was 8 years old,he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a fireman.But just a year later,Bobby told everybody that when he grew up he wanted to be an astronaut.Still,a few years passed and when he was around 11 years old he changed his mind again and wanted to be a professional basketball player.According to Ginzberg,Bobby is in the

A)tentative period.
B)career consolidation period.
C)realistic period.
D)fantasy period.

Question 65

14-74.According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who are associated with good verbal and interpersonal relationship skills are described as

A)conventional.
B)enterprising.
C)social.
D)realistic.

Question 66

14-73.According to John Holland's personality type theory,a person who would have an interest in acting,poetry,or painting would probably be described as

A)conventional.
B)enterprising.
C)realistic.
D)artistic.

Question 67

14-62.According to psychologist George Vaillant's longitudinal research study of male Harvard graduates,which of the following usually occurs when a man is in his late 20s and early 30s?

A)he gets married
B)he puts off having children
C)he focuses on his social life
D)he fulfills obligations to his parents

Question 68

14-71.According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who are down-to-earth,practical problem solvers,and physically strong,but have mediocre social skills,are best described as

A)conventional.
B)enterprising.
C)realistic.
D)intellectual.

Question 69

14-70.According to psychologist John Holland's research,the greater the correspondence between career choices and _____________,the happier people will be in their choice.

A)family/marriage responsibilities
B)family history and birth order
C)physical attributes and genetic predisposition
D)personality traits

Question 70

14-66.Jack is 16 years old and wants to become an architect like his father and eventually take over the family architectural firm when he grows up.However,Jack has been evaluated and found to have a specific learning disability in mathematics.Jack may need to reconsider his plans based upon the difficulty he experiences with all forms of math.According to Ginzberg,Jack is in the

A)fantasy period.
B)tentative period.
C)career consolidation period.
D)realistic period.

Question 71

14-72.Researcher John Holland created the personality type theory,which contains ____ personality traits.

A)8
B)5
C)6
D)10

Question 72

14-79.Occupations that are associated with relationships are called

A)maternal.
B)agentic.
C)communal.
D)intrinsic.

Question 73

14-68.Sheila went to college to study accounting,and got her first entry-level job right after graduating.However,as she gained more experience at the law firm where she worked,she became more knowledgeable about tax law and decided to make a commitment to go to law school and become a tax lawyer.According to Ginzberg,Sheila is in the

A)tentative period.
B)realistic period.
C)career consolidation period.
D)fantasy period.

Question 74

14-78.In the 1960s,employment ads in newspapers for women generally presented which of the following opportunities?

A)police officer
B)secretary
C)bank officer
D)legal counsel

Question 75

14-69.What was a conclusion developed by John Holland in his personality type theory?

A)A person should choose a career based on certain personality characteristics.
B)Certain personality types match well with certain careers.
C)Career success will depend on the particular training of the person.
D)Happiness in a career is dependent on a college education.

Question 76

14-75.According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who prefer highly structured tasks are described as

A)conventional.
B)enterprising.
C)social.
D)artistic.

Question 77

14-63.According to Ginzberg,the period lasting until about age 11,when career choices are made,and discarded,without regard to skills,abilities,or available job opportunities is called

A)career consolidation.
B)fantasy period.
C)tentative period.
D)realistic period.

Question 78

14-81.Women today make up ____% of the U.S.labor force.

A)60
B)35
C)47
D)55

Question 79

14-67.According to Ginzberg's theory,the third stage,which occurs in early adulthood when people begin to explore specific career options,either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession,and then narrow their choices and make a commitment,is called the

A)fantasy period.
B)tentative period.
C)career consolidation period.
D)realistic period.

Question 80

14-65.According to Ginzberg's theory,the second stage,which spans adolescence,when people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them,is called

A)the realistic period.
B)career consolidation.
C)the tentative period.
D)the fantasy period.