Deck 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 1

12-15.According to James Marcia's definition,crisis is

A)a period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions.
B)a period in which the adolescent finds himself/herself in physical jeopardy or danger.
C)a period in which the adolescent makes a psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology.
D)a period in which the adolescent finds himself/herself having to make the decision to take a psychological moratorium.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

12-16.According to James Marcia's definition,commitment is

A)a time when an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions.
B)a psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology.
C)a period when an adolescent feels he/she is mature enough for a committed relationship.
D)a period of identity development when the adolescent decides whether to concentrate on his/her own development or dedicate himself/herself to others.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a primary factor in determining a typical adolescent female's self-esteem?

A)bravery
B)social success
C)fearlessness
D)athletic achievement

Answer 3

B

Question 4

12-19.According to Marcia,which of the following four categories of identity development leads to the most psychological health,achievement motivation,and moral reasoning ability in adolescents?

A)identity diffusion
B)identity foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 5

12-10.In Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development,which of the following is the positive outcome of the fifth stage,called identity-versus-identity-confusion stage?

A)discovering ways to initiate actions
B)developing a sense of competence
C)developing awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles
D)developing loving,sexual relationships,and close friendships

Question 6

According to Erikson,if an adolescent struggles to find and adopt a suitable identity,he/she may do which of the following?

A)exhibit socially unacceptable roles as a way of expressing what/who they do not want to be
B)readily forming and maintaining long-lasting and close personal relationships
C)develop a sense of self that is concentrated on a unified core identity
D)develop an identity disorder/mental illness such as schizophrenia

Question 7

From an "ethgender" point of view,which of the following adolescents has the lowest self-esteem?

A)an African American male
B)a Native American male
C)a Hispanic female
D)an Asian female

Question 8

12-20.According to James Marcia,the status of adolescents who commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)identity achievement.

Question 9

According to Erikson,the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves is called

A)self-disclosure.
B)identity-versus-identity-confusion stage.
C)self-esteem stage.
D)self-concept stage.

Question 10

Some developmentalists have considered the combination of race and gender as simultaneously affecting an adolescent's self-esteem,thus coining the term

A)self-concept.
B)ethgender.
C)multiple-gender identity.
D)identity-versus-identity-confusion stage.

Question 11

Adrienne is a 16-year-old girl who is searching for her identity.Which of the following would be an example of the search for her self-concept?

A)She would describe herself using only a list of traits.
B)She would have a broader view of herself,and be able to see various aspects of herself simultaneously.
C)She would look at herself from a purely physical perspective.
D)She would be able to consider only her views.

Question 12

Societal messages suggest that which of the following can act as a roadblock to a female's social success?

A)race
B)academic achievement
C)socioeconomic status
D)psychological development

Question 13

12-13.Erikson believed that because of the pressures related to the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage,many adolescents

A)never have the opportunity to experience adolescence fully before they mature and move on to young adulthood.
B)become psychologically scarred for life and never fully mature.
C)pursue a "psychological moratorium" during which they take time off from upcoming responsibilities of adulthood to explore alternative roles and possibilities.
D)regress psychologically to an earlier time in their lives or childhood where life was simpler.

Question 14

Recent studies indicate that,due to social movements within the African American community,African American adolescents

A)differ little with regard to self-esteem when compared with Caucasian American adolescents.
B)continue to demonstrate lower self-esteem when compared with Caucasian American adolescents.
C)demonstrate a stronger sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem when compared with Hispanic Americans.
D)demonstrate a weaker sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem when compared with Asian Americans.

Question 15

12-17.Psychologist James Marcia proposed ____ categories of adolescent identity.

A)8
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 16

12-12.During adolescence,which of the following is true?

A)Adolescents fail to rely on their friends and peers as sources of information.
B)Societal pressures for them to make decisions regarding education and occupational decisions are high during the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage.
C)Their dependence upon adults increases.
D)Adolescents lack sufficient brain development to make informed decisions.

Question 17

12-14.Psychologist James Marcia suggests that adolescent identity can be seen in terms of two characteristics,which are

A)industry and withdrawal.
B)inferiority and assertiveness.
C)identity acceptance and identity refusal.
D)crisis or commitment.

Question 18

If an adolescent has awareness of his/her self-concept,he/she would be considering which of the following?

A)having awareness of personal traits as abstractions
B)being able to look at various aspects of the self each in isolation
C)considering only traits he/she fully likes in himself/herself
D)being unaware of the views of others

Question 19

12-18.According to James Marcia,the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is called

A)identity foreclosure.
B)identity achievement.
C)moratorium.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 20

12-11.According to Erikson,adolescents' reliance on peers to help them define their identities and learn to form relationships is the link between the

A)industry-versus-inferiority stages.
B)identity-versus-identity-confusion and intimacy-versus-isolation stages.
C)identity-versus-identity-confusion and industry-versus-inferiority stages.
D)identity-versus-identity-confusion and generativity-versus-stagnation stages.

Question 21

12-33.Which of the following is a likely cause of major depression in adolescent females?

A)genetically linked depression is more prevalent on the X chromosome
B)hormonal imbalance in females
C)traditional gender roles for boys still give higher status to men than women
D)girls' tendency to react to stress by turning it outward,compared to boys' tendency to react to stress by internalizing and then engaging in aggression

Question 22

12-35.The annual rate for adolescent suicide in the U.S.is _______ suicides per 100,000 adolescents.

A)15.3
B)12.2
C)10.4
D)14.0

Question 23

12-29.Which of the following models represents U.S.minority groups,which draw from their own cultural identities while integrating themselves into the dominant culture?

A)pluralistic society model
B)bicultural identity model
C)multicultural model
D)cultural assimilation or melting pot model

Question 24

12-30.When considering the results of the 2000 and 2010 U.S.Censuses,what is one outstanding feature present in the data?

A)The census represents a larger percentage of African Americans.
B)The census represents a significant decrease in the number of individuals who decline to state their race.
C)The census represents a significant increase in the number of individuals who think of themselves as belonging to more than one race.
D)The census represents an increasing percentage of Asian Americans.

Question 25

12-26.According to James Marcia,when an adolescent moves back and forth between his four categories of identity development,this is called

A)identity diffusion.
B)moratorium.
C)a "MAMA" cycle.
D)identity foreclosure.

Question 26

12-27.Which of the following U.S.societal models views individual cultural identities as needing to be assimilated into a unified culture?

A)pluralistic society model
B)bicultural identity model
C)multicultural model
D)cultural assimilation (or melting pot)model

Question 27

12-28.Which of the following models suggests that U.S.society is made up of diverse,coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?

A)pluralistic society model
B)bicultural identity model
C)multicultural model
D)cultural assimilation or melting pot model

Question 28

12-32.Which of the following is considered an important influence in whether or not an adolescent suffers with major depression?

A)having too many siblings
B)having an alcoholic or depressed parent
C)feeling popular and pressure to maintain a particular image
D)divorce or breakup of the nuclear family

Question 29

12-39.When one suicide leads to attempts by others to kill themselves,this is called

A)mass suicide.
B)cluster suicide.
C)suicide ideation.
D)self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 30

12-37.Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls?

A)Boys attempt suicide more frequently than girls.
B)Boys encounter more serious episodes of major depression than girls.
C)Boys experience more social stigma for attempting suicide than girls.
D)Boys tend to use more violent means,like guns,to attempt suicide.

Question 31

12-25.According to James Marcia,which of the following four categories of identity development leads to flighty behavior,where the adolescent shifts from one thing to another? While these persons appear carefree,their lack of commitment impairs their ability to form close relationships,and they may be withdrawn.

A)moratorium
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)identity achievement

Question 32

12-40.According to a review of phone calls to suicide hotlines,the predominant adolescent difficulty that leads to a suicide attempt is

A)an eating disorder.
B)pregnancy.
C)mental illness.
D)family problems.

Question 33

12-23.According to James Marcia,which of the following four categories of identity development leads to adolescents living with relatively high anxiety and psychological conflict,while at the same time these adolescents can be lively and appealing and seek intimacy with others?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 34

12-21.According to James Marcia,which of the following four categories of identity development leads to "rigid strength," authoritarian behavior,and a high need for social approval?

A)moratorium
B)identity achievement
C)identity diffusion
D)identity foreclosure

Question 35

12-34.The rate of adolescent suicide in the U.S.has _____ in the last 30 years.

A)doubled
B)tripled
C)quadrupled
D)remained the same

Question 36

12-24.According to James Marcia,the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives,but never commit to one,or never even consider identity options in any conscious way,is called

A)identity diffusion.
B)moratorium.
C)identity foreclosure.
D)identity achievement.

Question 37

12-31.What is the percentage of teenagers who experience major depression,in which their psychological disorder is such that the depression is severe and lingers for a long time?

A)52%
B)35%
C)24%
D)3%

Question 38

12-38.Which of the following contributes to the rising number of adolescent suicides?

A)low cognitive development
B)social exhibition and blurring of gender roles
C)prevalent availability of guns in the U.S.
D)high level of intelligence

Question 39

12-22.According to James Marcia,the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree,but have not yet committed themselves,is called

A)moratorium.
B)identity achievement.
C)identity diffusion.
D)identity foreclosure.

Question 40

12-36.Even though some adolescent suicide is underreported,suicide is the _____ most common cause of adolescent death in the 15- to 24-year-old group.

A)second
B)fourth
C)fifth
D)third

Question 41

12-58.Adolescent membership in particular cliques and crowds is often determined by

A)how geographically close the adolescents reside to one another.
B)the gender of the adolescents.
C)the degree of similarity with members of the group.
D)the socioeconomic group.

Question 42

12-49.When adolescents and their parents disagree,it is usually regarding

A)political affiliation.
B)moral issues.
C)minor issues such as music preference or style of dress.
D)the adolescent's career choice.

Question 43

12-44.The desire to have independence and a sense of control over one's life is called

A)maturity.
B)adolescence.
C)adulthood.
D)autonomy.

Question 44

12-53.Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are called

A)associates.
B)cohorts.
C)reference groups.
D)social reference.

Question 45

12-47.Which of the following adolescent groups tends to feel a greater sense of respect and obligation toward their families?

A)European
B)American
C)Filipino
D)Danish

Question 46

12-57.Sally's adolescent classmates call her and the other 125 members of her advanced computer software group "nerds," meaning she is part of a

A)peer group.
B)crowd.
C)clique.
D)cohort.

Question 47

12-59.What developments lead to the change in the way adolescents view the opposite sex?

A)peer pressure
B)onset of puberty,while at the same time societal pressures indicate it is appropriate for romantic involvement to begin
C)membership in cliques or crowds
D)disintegration of the parent-adolescent relationship leads adolescents to seek companionship elsewhere

Question 48

12-60.A group of educators from a local school district has formed a task force to investigate racial and ethnic identity.Activities have been planned to bring students from different cultures together in an attempt to achieve more diverse understanding.However,there appears to be an issue with academic progress.The task force discovered

A)if minority group students experience less academic success,they may find themselves in classes with proportionally fewer majority group members.
B)majority group students do not want to interact with minority group students,so they select classes that fewer minority group students will take.
C)gangs in the schools are not integrated.
D)academic success has little to do with the two group interactions.

Question 49

12-52.What is the likely reason why adolescents refer to their peers rather than their parents for social comparison?

A)Parents cannot remember their adolescent years.
B)Parents are too critical and judgmental of adolescent behavior and choices.
C)Parents do not have the time to devote to their adolescents for such issues due to employment commitments.
D)Adolescents' desire for autonomy makes parents and other adult family members,in general,seem to be inadequate and invalid sources for information.

Question 50

12-45.Because of the adolescent's development of _________,the balance of power in the relationship between parents and adolescent becomes more _______ toward the end of adolescence.

A)metacognitive skills;in favor of the adolescent
B)cognitive skills;in favor of the adolescent
C)autonomy;egalitarian
D)prefrontal cortex;in favor of the parents

Question 51

12-41.Warren is a 16-year-old male who recently started to give away important possessions,stopped eating,and demonstrated general depression by being lethargic and uncommunicative.Warren may be demonstrating a warning sign of

A)an eating disorder.
B)mental illness.
C)suicide.
D)a brain lesion.

Question 52

12-43.Which of the following should be done if you suspect an adolescent (or anyone)is contemplating suicide?

A)Do not over-react,many adolescents are simply attention seeking.
B)Ask specific questions,such as "Do you have a plan?"
C)Let the person make their own choices about whether to seek further help.
D)Respect the person's privacy and keep your talk a secret.

Question 53

12-46.Which of the following adolescents is the most likely to develop a degree of autonomy at an early stage of adolescence?

A)Japanese
B)American
C)Chinese
D)Korean

Question 54

12-42.Which of the following is an alarm or warning sign of adolescent suicide?

A)preoccupation with death in music,art,film,or literature
B)constant wearing of black or dark clothing
C)having multiple romantic interests
D)interest in making new friends from outside their typical social circle

Question 55

12-51.When an adolescent provides another adolescent with opportunities to compare and evaluate opinions,abilities,and physical changes,this is called

A)social reference.
B)social comparison.
C)peer review.
D)reference groups.

Question 56

12-54.A set of standards against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success is called

A)peer review.
B)cohort effect.
C)social reference.
D)norms.

Question 57

12-56.Larger groups that are composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another are called

A)cliques.
B)crowds.
C)peers.
D)cohorts.

Question 58

12-55.Groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another are called

A)peers.
B)cliques.
C)reference groups.
D)cohorts.

Question 59

12-48.A divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes,values,aspirations,and worldviews is known as

A)autonomy.
B)maturity.
C)conscience.
D)generation gap.

Question 60

12-50.According to psychologist Judith Smetana,what is the most likely reason for more conflict between adolescents and their parents in the earlier stage of adolescence compared to the later stage of adolescence?

A)adolescents' demands for spending money
B)inadequate academic progress
C)adolescents' refusal to participate in family activities and responsibilities in the home
D)definitions of and rationales for appropriate vs.inappropriate conduct

Question 61

12-70.Undersocialized delinquents share several characteristics including which of the following?

A)early demonstrations of attempts at peaceful conflict resolution
B)rejection by peers and adolescents due to aggression and violent tendencies
C)academic success and higher than average intelligence
D)likelihood of being successfully rehabilitated

Question 62

12-65.Andrew is a 16-year-old who does not participate in any sports or clubs in school,and does not attend social events or have a girlfriend.Nobody likes Andrew because he is difficult to get along with and aggressive,and,subsequently,he feels lonely.Andrew would be considered

A)rejected.
B)outcast.
C)controversial.
D)neglected.

Question 63

12-64.Children and adolescents who are uniformly disliked are called

A)controversial.
B)popular.
C)rejected.
D)neglected.

Question 64

12-69.Randal is a 17-year-old whose parents have left him mostly on his own for several years.They leave for days on end to drink and gamble,leaving no food or assistance for him in the home.When they do come around,they often beat Randal and criticize him because the house is unkempt.Randal is usually on the streets vandalizing cars and getting involved in arson.Randal would be categorized as a(n)

A)juvenile delinquent.
B)conduct disorder.
C)undersocialized delinquent.
D)oppositional defiant.

Question 65

12-71.Adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychologically are called

A)undersocialized delinquents.
B)antisocial personalities.
C)socialized delinquents.
D)conduct disorder.

Question 66

12-62.If an adolescent student is liked by some and disliked by others,that adolescent is considered

A)rejected.
B)popular.
C)controversial.
D)neglected.

Question 67

12-63.Allison is well liked by the other members of her swim team,but not well liked by other adolescent girls in her homeroom class.Allison would be considered

A)controversial.
B)popular.
C)rejected.
D)neglected.

Question 68

12-68.An adolescent delinquent who is raised with little discipline or with harsh,uncaring parental supervision is called a(n)

A)juvenile delinquent.
B)conduct disorder.
C)oppositional defiant.
D)undersocialized delinquent.

Question 69

12-79.The number of adolescents who say they have never had sexual intercourse has _________ by nearly ________ from 1991 to 2007.

A)decreased;30%
B)increased;13%
C)decreased;15%
D)increased;50%

Question 70

12-73.While dating is a part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage,it can also do which of the following?

A)help adolescents to learn to establish intimacy with another individual
B)create unnecessary drama
C)reduce status and prestige for girls,but benefit the status of boys
D)establish sexual or gender identity/preference

Question 71

12-61.If an adolescent student is mostly liked by other students,that adolescent is considered

A)well-adjusted.
B)popular.
C)controversial.
D)envied.

Question 72

12-77.The term masturbation refers to

A)solitary sexual self-stimulation.
B)abstinence from sexual stimulation.
C)changes in sexual organs due to puberty.
D)changes in sexual thoughts due to puberty.

Question 73

12-78.The age at which adolescents have sexual intercourse for the first time is ________,and _____ have had sex before the age of 20.

A)increasing;25%
B)declining;50%
C)declining;80%
D)increasing;40%

Question 74

12-75.Adolescents who are gay or lesbian find it difficult to date because of which of the following?

A)They may face homophobic prejudice.
B)They find it hard to find partners because others who are gay or lesbian may not openly express their sexual orientation.
C)They may be seen as popular because they are unique and non-threatening to opposite sex peers.
D)They do not fully accept or understand their own sexuality or sexual preference.

Question 75

12-72.Differences between undersocialized delinquents and socialized delinquents include which of the following?

A)the fact that socialized delinquents will live a life of crime into adulthood while undersocialized delinquents are rehabilitated
B)undersocialized delinquents participate in petty crimes while socialized delinquents engage in serious crimes
C)socialized delinquents are not influenced by peer pressure and their delinquency often occurs when they are alone
D)socialized delinquents are fairly normal,psychologically speaking,while undersocialized delinquents suffer from psychological disorders such as antisocial personality disorder

Question 76

12-67.Brandy is an overweight 15-year-old girl who is neither liked nor disliked by others at her school.Rather,Brandy gets no attention from her classmates at all,and she feels as though she might as well be invisible.Brandy would be considered

A)neglected.
B)an outcast.
C)controversial.
D)rejected.

Question 77

12-74.According to the text,the term "hooking up," to adolescents,is

A)getting a cell phone.
B)the installation of computer internet service.
C)a vague term that covers everything involved in dating from kissing to sexual intercourse.
D)a specific term meaning the use of the internet to gamble or play video games.

Question 78

12-76.What percentage of 15-year-old males and females engage in masturbation,respectively?

A)25%;25%
B)80%;20%
C)50%;35%
D)75%;50%

Question 79

12-80.Which of the following reflects the latest information regarding racial and ethnic differences in the timing of first intercourse?

A)African Americans generally have sex for the first time earlier than do Puerto Ricans, who have sex earlier than whites do.
B)There is no significant difference in when racial and ethnic groups have sex for the first time.
C)Whites generally have sex for the first time at an earlier age.
D)Sex education has made a significant impact on when ethnic and racial groups will have sex for the first time.

Question 80

12-66.Children and adolescents who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions are called

A)rejected.
B)outcast.
C)controversial.
D)neglected.