Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Male sex hormones are called __________,while female sex hormones are called _________.

A)estrogens;androgens.
B)androgens;estrogens.
C)testosterones;estrogens.
D)estrogens;testosterones.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

11-11.Which one of the following is true of today's adolescents as compared to adolescents in the 19^th century?

A)Adolescents are beginning menstruation earlier,around age 11 or 12.
B)Adolescents are exhibiting signs of sexual maturity and puberty much later.
C)Adolescents are exhibiting shorter heights in adulthood.
D)Adolescents are exhibiting advanced levels of intellectual and emotional growth much earlier.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

11-20.Though early maturation is largely a plus for boys,there are downsides.Which of the following is a downside to early maturation in a boy?

A)The boy is more likely to have difficulties in finding girls attractive.
B)The boy is likely to feel excluded by peers due to being too masculine.
C)The boy is likely to become involved in substance abuse.
D)The boy is likely to demonstrate early maturity in his nonverbal cognitive development.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

11-17.In boys,the penis and scrotum begin to grow at an accelerated rate around age ____,and reach adult size in _____ years.

A)14;2
B)12;3 or 4
C)11;2
D)10;4 to 5

Question 5

What is the most obvious sign of puberty in girls?

A)increase in height
B)onset of menstruation
C)increase in weight
D)breast development

Question 6

Which of the following stages immediately follows childhood and precedes adulthood?

A)adrenarche
B)adolescence
C)puberty
D)young adulthood

Question 7

The _____ gland signals the body to increase production of growth hormones that interact with the sex hormones to cause the growth spurt and puberty.

A)thalamus
B)thyroid
C)pituitary
D)pineal

Question 8

Which gland in the body signals the brain and other glands in children's bodies to begin producing sex hormones?

A)testicles
B)ovaries
C)pituitary
D)hypothalamus

Question 9

11-15.The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs are called

A)primary sex characteristics.
B)secondary sex characteristics.
C)maturation.
D)secular trend.

Question 10

11-14.The characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction are called

A)secular trend.
B)menstruation.
C)secondary sex characteristics.
D)primary sex characteristics.

Question 11

Which of the following terms describes the period in which the sexual organs mature?

A)maturation
B)puberty
C)latency
D)growth spurt

Question 12

One aspect of the transformation from childhood to adolescence involves a period of very rapid growth in height and weight called

A)obesity.
B)menopause.
C)growth spurt.
D)maturation.

Question 13

11-10.According to research,which one of the following is a factor with regard to the age of menarche in girls?

A)racial or ethnic background
B)environmental stress and high levels of family conflict
C)eating food that contains animal products
D)age at which her mother's menarche began

Question 14

11-19.The surge in hormone production that triggers the beginning of adolescence may lead to rapid mood swings.Boys may have feelings of ________,while girls may feel ________.

A)anger and depression;anger and annoyance
B)anger and annoyance;anger and depression
C)anger and annoyance;depression and withdrawal
D)depression and withdrawal;anger and annoyance

Question 15

Girls begin their growth spurt around age ____,while boys begin their growth spurt around age ____.

A)10;12
B)12;10
C)12;14
D)14;12

Question 16

11-18.A primary sex characteristic in boys is

A)pubic,underarm,and facial hair.
B)deepened voices.
C)spermarche.
D)changes in vocal cord and larynx.

Question 17

What is the term for the onset of menstruation?

A)puberty
B)period
C)maturation
D)menarche

Question 18

11-12.A pattern of change occurring over several generations is called

A)a primary characteristic.
B)a secular trend.
C)a secondary characteristic.
D)an intergenerational cycle.

Question 19

11-16.By age 8,_________ Caucasian American girls and ________ African American girls develop breasts or pubic hair.

A)1 out of 7;1 out of 2
B)1 out of 2;1 out of 7
C)2 out of 7;1 out of 2
D)1 out of 2;2 out of 7

Question 20

11-13.When physical characteristics,such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight (due to better nutrition),change over the course of several generations,this is an example of a

A)generational cycle.
B)primary characteristic.
C)secular trend.
D)secondary characteristic.

Question 21

11-34.Which of the following terms relates to an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food,followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)obesity
C)malnutrition
D)bulimia

Question 22

11-39.How many hours of sleep do older adolescents require for optimal functioning?

A)9 hours per night;they need to go to bed later and to sleep later in the morning.
B)8 hours per night;they need to go to bed earlier and to get up earlier in the morning.
C)7-8 hours per night;they need to go to bed later and to sleep later in the morning.
D)9 hours per night;they need to go to bed earlier and to get up earlier in the morning.

Question 23

11-29.Obese adolescents stand a(n)_____ chance of becoming obese adults.

A)100%
B)74%
C)80%
D)50%

Question 24

11-36.What is the area of the brain that undergoes considerable development during the adolescent years?

A)myelination
B)cerebral cortex
C)corpus callosum
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 25

11-24.Developmentalists suggest that along with early/late maturity,which of the following may be more pertinent in determining an adolescent's behavior?

A)IQ development
B)peer groups
C)appearance
D)sexual activity

Question 26

11-23.Which of the following groups is the least likely to have difficulty adjusting to late maturation?

A)tenth grade late-maturing girls
B)late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers
C)late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers but have qualities such as assertiveness,insightfulness,creativity
D)eighth grade late-maturing girls

Question 27

11-30.Which of the following is least likely to participate in exercise?

A)an 18-year-old African American female
B)an 18-year-old African American male
C)an 18-year-old Caucasian American female
D)an 18-year-old Caucasian American male

Question 28

11-27.The most common nutritional concern during adolescence is

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)obesity.
C)bulimia.
D)malnutrition.

Question 29

11-26.By drinking milk during their teenage years,girls can consume enough required _______ to avoid ________ later in their lives.

A)magnesium;osteoporosis
B)iron;stroke
C)calcium;osteoporosis
D)Vitamin D;rickets

Question 30

11-38.Which of the following is the most likely reason for adolescent impulsivity and risky behavior(s)?

A)ADD/ADHD
B)developing myelination of nerve cells,which makes the transmission of neural messages more efficient
C)the adolescent prefrontal cortex is biologically immature
D)alterations of dopamine sensitivity

Question 31

11-32.Which of the following is the term for a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat,while denying that their behavior and appearance,which may become skeletal,are out of the ordinary?

A)bulimia
B)obesity
C)malnutrition
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 32

11-35.Stella is a 16-year-old adolescent female who privately eats large quantities of food but then purges herself right after consuming the food by vomiting and taking laxatives.Stella is suffering from

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)obesity.
C)bulimia.
D)malnutrition.

Question 33

11-31.Obesity is a common nutritional concern during adolescence.The availability of fast foods is a reason for obesity because

A)adolescents are too lazy to eat nutritional food.
B)of high-calorie and high-in-fat cuisine at prices adolescents can afford.
C)cooking at home is not as popular for adolescents as it used to be.
D)adolescents are not educated as to the quality of foods.

Question 34

11-37.The part of the brain that allows people to think,evaluate,and make complex judgments in a uniquely human way,and that goes through considerable development during the adolescent years,is called the

A)corpus callosum.
B)occipital lobe.
C)prefrontal cortex.
D)temporal lobe.

Question 35

11-33.Meredith is a 17-year-old adolescent female who weighs approximately 82 pounds and is gaunt and frail,with a skeletal appearance.Although she fears food and eating,she focuses on food by talking about food,collecting cookbooks,and cooking huge meals for others.Whenever she looks at herself in the mirror,her perception of her body is distorted in that she thinks she is disgustingly fat.Meredith is suffering from which of the following disorders?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)obesity
C)malnutrition
D)bulimia

Question 36

11-22.Which of the following plays a big role in how girls experience early maturation?

A)how the mother and daughter get along and communicate
B)cultural and community norms and standards regarding how women should look
C)how the father and daughter get along and communicate
D)how much attention the girl receives from boys

Question 37

11-25.During the teenage years,the average girl requires ________ calories a day,and the average boy requires ________.

A)1,200;2,000
B)2,200;2,800
C)2,000;2,500
D)1,500;2,000

Question 38

11-28.What is the ratio of adolescents who can be classified as obese?

A)1 in 20
B)1 in 10
C)1 in 25
D)1 in 50

Question 39

11-21.Early maturation in girls may result in which of the following?

A)uncomfortable feelings and/or embarrassment at being different than peers
B)admiration from less mature classmates
C)intellectual maturity beyond their peers
D)less popularity and decreased social functioning

Question 40

11-40.Mrs.Valdez was concerned that her daughter was not getting adequate sleep and that,as a result,her daughter was receiving failing grades and suffering from depression.Mrs.Valdez attended a meeting of other concerned parents.The coordinator of the meeting informed the parents that

A)adolescents are more mature and do not need as much sleep.
B)with increasing academic and social demands,adolescents are often leading their lives in something of a sleep-deprived daze.
C)adolescents are more mature than they were in previous years and they should know how much sleep they need.
D)there is no correlation between sleep and academic performance.

Question 41

11-49.The state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself is referred to as

A)formal operational thought disorder.
B)schizophrenia.
C)adolescent egocentrism.
D)fantasy.

Question 42

11-59.Which of the following is a reason why children from a lower socioeconomic status (SES)do not do as well in school as children from middle or high SES?

A)Children from middle and high SES groups are born with genetically superior IQ potential.
B)Children from low SES groups often lack sufficient nutrition and may have more access to better healthcare through government assistance.
C)Children from low SES groups often attend inadequate or low-performing schools.
D)Children from low SES groups often live in cramped conditions and use advanced library resources to do their homework.

Question 43

11-50.Fifteen-year-old Lawrence thought he had prepared for his final exams;however,when he got his scores he was disappointed.Rather than reviewing the areas of the test where he did not fare so well,Lawrence confronted his teacher with a verbal lashing and accused the teacher of being "out to get" him.Lawrence's behavior could be considered an example of

A)self-centeredness.
B)a psychological disorder.
C)adolescent egocentrism.
D)formal operational thought disorder.

Question 44

11-41.According to Piaget,the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is called the

A)concrete operational stage.
B)preoperational stage.
C)formal operational stage.
D)theory of mind.

Question 45

11-45.The model of development that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in,use,and store information is called

A)concrete operational thought.
B)memory.
C)formal operational thought.
D)the information processing perspective.

Question 46

11-57.Which of the following is a factor to consider regarding the gap in educational achievement between U.S.students and other students around the world?

A)U.S.students spend more time in classes and get less intensive instruction.
B)There is a broader diversity of students in the U.S.when compared to the student bodies of other countries,where the school population is more homogeneous and affluent.
C)U.S.parents and students do not care as much about education as do parents and students from other countries.
D)There are low literacy rates for female U.S.students.

Question 47

11-60.Which of the following students is likely to demonstrate the greatest academic achievement?

A)Caucasian American
B)African American
C)Asian American
D)Hispanic American

Question 48

11-48.When an adolescent's newly sophisticated metacognitive capability enables him/her to construct elaborate scenarios about others' thoughts,this is known as

A)fantasy.
B)adolescent egocentrism.
C)schizophrenia.
D)formal operational thought disorder.

Question 49

11-44.While Piaget proposed that formal operational thought is not fully settled in until around 15 years of age,evidence suggests that some people never fully employ formal operational thinking.Studies show that only _________ of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking,and other estimates run as low as _____.

A)40% to 60%;25%
B)30% to 50%;25%
C)25% to 50%;10%
D)50% to 75%;40%

Question 50

11-43.According to Piaget,what do adolescents employ during the formal operational stage of development that helps them reason differently than children in the concrete development stage?

A)prefrontal cortex
B)additionally myelinated neurons
C)propositional thought
D)trial and error experience from previous years

Question 51

11-55.Adolescents who engage in risky behaviors such as not using condoms when engaging in sexual activity and driving recklessly when drunk are exhibiting

A)adolescent postformalism.
B)an imaginary audience.
C)formal operation thought disorder.
D)the personal fable.

Question 52

11-42.Piaget proposed that children reach the formal operational stage of development around age

A)8.
B)12.
C)10.
D)16.

Question 53

11-47.Which of the following terms relates to the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes,and their ability to monitor their cognition?

A)multi-tasking
B)memory
C)metacognition
D)formal operational thought

Question 54

11-54.The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique,exceptional,and shared by no one else is called

A)imaginary audience.
B)personal fable.
C)adolescent egocentrism.
D)formal operation thought disorder.

Question 55

11-58.Which of the following countries' students have the highest academic achievement in math and science in the world?

A)Japan
B)U.S.
C)Italy
D)Finland

Question 56

11-53.Egocentrism leads to a distortion in thinking: the notion that one's experiences are unique.This may lead the adolescent to develop

A)mental illness.
B)imaginary audience.
C)formal operation thought disorder.
D)personal fable.

Question 57

11-52.Sally,age 16,primps in front of every mirror she comes across,and believes that she is the focus of everyone's attention-even fictitious observers.Sally is demonstrating

A)adolescent egocentrism.
B)imaginary audience.
C)formal operation thought disorder.
D)personal fable.

Question 58

11-56.Because independent measures of achievement,such as SAT scores,have not risen in the past decade,but overall grades in school have risen over the past decade,the most likely explanation for this is

A)student performance in school has changed for the better,and the students are demonstrating more achievement.
B)student performance in school has changed for the better because they are cheating more on tests.
C)instructors have become more lenient,awarding higher grades for the same performance,known as "grade inflation."
D)independent measures of achievement,such as the SAT,are harder tests than they used to be a decade ago.

Question 59

11-51.Which of the following is a term that relates to an adolescent's belief that his or her own behavior is unique and a primary focus of others' attentions and concerns?

A)adolescent cooperative perception
B)formal operational thought disorder
C)personal fable
D)concrete operational

Question 60

11-46.According to information processing explanations of cognitive development during adolescence,one of the most important reasons for advances in mental abilities is the growth of

A)myelination in the brain.
B)neural connectivity in the prefrontal cortex.
C)memory capacity.
D)metacognition.

Question 61

11-65.What was the result of a study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation regarding Instant Messaging (IMing)?

A)Cyberspace has a positive outcome on young people.
B)Cyberspace serves as an alternative to substance use.
C)Young people should use caution in what form of media they choose to use.
D)Young people spend an average of 6.5 hours a day with media.

Question 62

11-80.Which of the following is a reason why adolescents become addicted to smoking?

A)It is seen as a horrible habit and is a grotesque way to commit suicide.
B)It is glamorized by figures in popular culture such as actors in pornographic films.
C)The nicotine in cigarettes is highly addictive.
D)Adolescents think that smoking cigarettes is safer than using illicit drugs.

Question 63

11-76.Why is binge drinking more problematic for women than men?

A)It leads to women eating less and becoming malnourished.
B)It leads to more urination and bladder control problems in women.
C)When intoxicated,women are more likely to become the victims of violent crimes than men.
D)Women tend to weigh less than men,so their bodies cannot absorb alcohol as efficiently as men and they become drunk more quickly than men.

Question 64

11-79.Approximately how many cigarettes does an adolescent have to smoke to increase his/her chance of becoming an addicted and habitual smoker for life?

A)25 or about 1 pack
B)50 or about 2 packs
C)10 cigarettes
D)about a carton of cigarettes

Question 65

11-68.Which of the following is MOST likely to drop out of high school prior to graduation in the U.S.?

A)a teenaged African American male
B)a teenaged Caucasian American female
C)a teenaged Asian American male
D)a teenaged Hispanic American male

Question 66

11-71.Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users,leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them,are known as

A)illegal drugs.
B)recreational use drugs.
C)addictive drugs.
D)prescription drugs.

Question 67

11-62.Anthropologist John Ogbu compares the involuntary immigration of Africans as slaves to America and the motivation to succeed educationally in subsequent generations of African Americans to

A)the voluntary immigration of Italian-Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations.
B)the voluntary immigration of Irish-Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations.
C)the voluntary immigration of German-Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations.
D)the involuntary immigration of Koreans to Japan during World War II and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations.

Question 68

11-75.For women,binge drinking is a problem and is defined as

A)10 or more drinks in one sitting.
B)5 or more drinks in one sitting.
C)4 or more drinks in one sitting.
D)3 or more drinks in one sitting.

Question 69

11-64.What is a basic requirement of the No Child Left Behind Act passed by Congress in 2002?

A)All students have the right to an education up to age 21.
B)Students must pass designated core curriculum courses in order to graduate from high school.
C)Every U.S.state must design and administer achievement tests that students must pass in order to graduate from high school.
D)All schools must hire teachers who have advanced degrees.

Question 70

11-66.While it is clear that the internet is having an impact upon education,schools should consider changing their curricula to include specific instruction in a key skill for deriving value from the internet,specifically

A)keyboarding skills.
B)improved communication and written language skills.
C)expertise in hardware and software application skills,specifically installation and maintenance of computers.
D)the ability to search,choose,and integrate information in order to create new knowledge.

Question 71

11-73.What percentage of high school seniors report having consumed alcohol by the end of high school?

A)75%
B)52%
C)48%
D)37%

Question 72

11-69.Poverty plays a large role in determining whether a student completes high school.Students from lower-income households are _____ less likely to complete high school than are middle- and higher-income students.

A)two times
B)four times
C)five times
D)three times

Question 73

11-67.The phenomenon known as the "digital divide" is

A)the difference between students who use the internet for entertainment purposes,such as movies,games,and gambling,and students who use the internet for schoolwork.
B)the difference between the computer-savvy generation of the past decade compared to their parents who have less computer experience.
C)the challenge involving socioeconomic status,race,and ethnicity,where poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent adolescents.
D)the difference between those educators who believe that computers need to be integrated more into the curriculum compared to educators who argue for a more traditional educational experience for students.

Question 74

11-78.A person with alcohol problems who has learned to depend on alcohol and is unable to control his/her drinking is a(n)

A)addict.
B)enabler.
C)dependent.
D)alcoholic.

Question 75

11-77.When a student notices conspicuous examples of drunkenness around campus,which cause him/her to assume that everybody is drinking heavily,and therefore,begins to engage in binge drinking,it is known as

A)alcoholism.
B)false consensus effect.
C)competition drinking.
D)addiction.

Question 76

11-74.For men,binge drinking is a problem and is defined as

A)10 or more drinks in one sitting.
B)5 or more drinks in one sitting.
C)4 or more drinks in one sitting.
D)3 or more drinks in one sitting.

Question 77

11-70.If a person is called or known as a "garbage head," that means that

A)the person is of low intelligence and regarded as stupid by his/her peers.
B)the person will try anything,especially any kind of drug.
C)the person has a low regard for society's values and disregards these considerations when making decisions about his/her personal behavior(s).
D)the person has an interest and tendency toward pornography and sexual deviancy.

Question 78

11-63.Researchers have proposed that African American and Hispanic American adolescents may not fare as well in their academic endeavors because of which of the following reasons?

A)African American students are more apt to view success as a result of internal causes over which they have control,such as overcoming temporary setbacks by working harder.
B)African American and Hispanic American adolescents tend to believe that they can succeed despite poor school performance.
C)African American and Hispanic American students are more likely to subscribe to the belief that effort will lead to success.
D)African American and Hispanic American students are not born with the intellectual capacity to succeed academically.

Question 79

11-72.What percentage of college students report having an alcoholic drink in the past 30 days?

A)50%
B)75%
C)25%
D)90%

Question 80

11-61.Anthropologist John Ogbu argues that members of certain minority groups may have low academic achievement because

A)these groups perceive that school success is relatively unimportant with regard to their success in the workplace because of discrimination.
B)these groups carry genetically inferior intellectual potential from generation to generation.
C)these groups lack the social,interpersonal relationship,and communication skills to fully benefit from a formal education.
D)these groups have a higher number of parents who themselves never succeeded within the educational environment and lack adequate parenting skills.