Deck 2: Theories of Development

Question 1

Gene expression is controlled through dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The systems approach to human development emphasizes the biological system when studying how humans grow.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Critics of evolutionary theories claim that those theories underestimate the impact of the environment and place too much emphasis on heredity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to Erikson's theory of development, at mid-life, an individual is confronted with the crisis of integrity versus despair.

Question 5

A mother or father of an infant usually serves as conditioned stimuli for pleasant feelings, which is why their mere presence may comfort a child.

Question 6

The predictive-adaptive response suggests that the fetus has an intuitive ability to predict its future post-birth environment and is then able to adapt its physiology to ensure survival in that anticipated environment.

Question 7

The toddler who screams angrily when she is denied candy is being controlled by her ego.

Question 8

Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been tremendously valuable in developmental research.

Question 9

Receiving a paycheque or being praised for a job well done are examples of intrinsic reinforcements.

Question 10

If Gregory says "doggie" to describe a horse, a cow, and an elephant, then he has not yet learned the Piagetian process of how to accommodate.

Question 11

A parent tries to help a child learn how to read by sounding out new words. This is an example of scaffolding.

Question 12

According to Freud, if needs are unmet and problems are not resolved during a child's early experiences, then a fixation may result.

Question 13

A major assumption of Maslow's theory is that each person is born with a basic drive to achieve her or his full potential, or self-actualization.

Question 14

Recent research suggests that maternal care can physically alter molecular epigenetic structures in her offspring.

Question 15

The capacity of working memory is much less than the capacity of long-term memory.

Question 16

Albert Bandua's social learning theory suggests that people are passive receptors of learning based on observation and modelling.

Question 17

The gradual elimination of a behaviour through repeated non-reinforcement is called extinction.

Question 18

Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides a comprehensive explanation for how children acquire emotional responses such as fear or comfort.

Question 19

According to Erikson's theory, development occurs as a result of the interaction between an individual's drives and the demands of his culture.

Question 20

Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement.

Question 21

A pattern of inheritance in which a single gene strongly influences a person's outward appearance is called

A) polygenetic inheritance pattern.
B) dominant-recessive pattern.
C) expressive gene pattern.
D) silent gene pattern.

Question 22

_____ are the genetic units responsible for determining traits such as a person's blood type.

A) Genomes
B) Chromosomes
C) Genes
D) Phenotypes

Question 23

Alexia, Sasha, and Derek have each inherited curly hair from their father. Alexia has wavy hair, Sasha has medium coils, and Derek has tight curls. The variance in the amount and type of curly hair among the children is an example of ________ in genetic inheritance.

A) recessive gene
B) homozygous gene carriers
C) gene expressivity
D) polygenetic influences

Question 24

Evolutionary theorists propose that the genetic and physiological processes that underlie human behaviour changed gradually over time through _____________ and ____________ .

A) genetic mutation; natural selection
B) cognitive; social behaviour
C) social; cultural behaviour
D) nature; nurture

Question 25

Which statement provides the best example of a core belief of ethology evolutionary theory?

A) Human children, regardless of their environment, have the unique ability to learn language early in life without any specific instruction from adults.
B) Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival.
C) Traits like intelligence, shyness, and aggressiveness are directly transmitted through heredity.
D) Evolution has provided humans with genetic programming that helps us cooperate and survive in groups.

Question 26

Patrick and Mary both have brown eyes. If their child has blue eyes, then

A) both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes.
B) either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes.
C) both Mary and Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes.
D) either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes.

Question 27

Knowledge of ________ is foundational to understanding evolutionary theories.

A) genetics
B) biological processes
C) epigenetics
D) developmental milestones

Question 28

_______ are organic compounds that form the core structural elements of muscle, brain, and bone in the human body.

A) Genes
B) Chromosomes
C) Amino acids
D) Proteins

Question 29

Strings of genetic material in the nuclei of the cell are called

A) genes.
B) chromosomes.
C) deoxyribonucleic acid.
D) amino acids.

Question 30

An individual's own unique genetic blueprint is his or her

A) genome.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) genetic inheritance.

Question 31

The nuclei of our body cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 15
B) 23
C) 30
D) 46

Question 32

Broad lips, nearsightedness, and freckles are produced by _______ in genetic transmissions.

A) dominant genes
B) two recessive genes
C) polygenetic gene influences
D) multifactorial gene influences

Question 33

________ are genes found only in the fluid that surrounds an unfertilized ovum.

A) Miscreation genes
B) Morphogen genes
C) Mitochondria genes
D) Mutant genes

Question 34

The entire DNA that an individual human body possesses is called its

A) genotype.
B) genome.
C) phenotype.
D) genetic profile.

Question 35

Describing one's self as male, 5'10", with brown eyes and brown curly hair provides details about appearance that would be called one's ______ in the scientific world.

A) "genome"
B) "phenotype"
C) "polygenetic inheritance"
D) "genotype"

Question 36

Recent research discoveries have revealed that epigenetic mechanisms can be affected and altered by all of the following EXCEPT

A) maternal diet
B) maternal age
C) quality of maternal care of offspring
D) direct intergenerational genetic transmission

Question 37

Fumi has dark skin. Her husband Liam has pale skin. Their children will likely have

A) dark skin (dominant-recessive).
B) pale skin (dominant-recessive).
C) blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance).
D) some with dark skin; some with light skin (polygenetic inheritance).

Question 38

Martha carries two genes for brown eyes (dominant gene) and John carries two genes for blue eyes (recessive gene). Their child will have a

A) 50 percent chance of brown eyes.
B) 75 percent chance of brown eyes.
C) 100 percent chance of blue eyes.
D) 100 percent chance of brown eyes.

Question 39

Height as a genetic trait is largely determined by

A) dominant genes.
B) environmental factors like nutrition and abuse/neglect.
C) genes and environmental factors.
D) race, culture, and gender.

Question 40

Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression by

A) altering the DNA structure and function of certain genes
B) signalling certain genes to be activated or "turned on"
C) signalling certain genes to be either dominant or recessive
D) signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive

Question 41

Scientists who study the role and impact of heredity on traits in individuals are interested in a branch of evolutionary theory study known as

A) behavioural genetics.
B) ethology.
C) nativism.
D) evolutionary prenatal programming.

Question 42

Alejandro and Miguel were shopping and saw a CD that they both wanted. Alejandro did not have the money to buy the CD, so he decided to steal it. Miguel decided to wait until he had saved the money as he had been punished by his mother for previously stealing a CD. Miguel is acting on his

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.

Question 43

According to newer research theories such as the predictive-response theory, to be most effective, early intervention strategies designed to prevent chronic diseases like diabetes must focus on the ____ stage of development.

A) prenatal
B) 0-2 yrs.
C) 0-6 yrs.
D) 0-puberty

Question 44

According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following would be most consistent with the actions of the id?

A) restraining your desire to have a hot-fudge sundae
B) planning to seduce a sexual partner
C) stealing food to eat when you are hungry
D) learning from your mistakes

Question 45

Based on clues and conditions in its prenatal environment, a fetus will make changes geared to ensure its survival in a similar postnatal future environment. This survival process is called

A) "natural selection."
B) "survival of the fittest."
C) "survival-adaptation response."
D) "predictive-adaptive response."

Question 46

One of Freud's most important theoretical contributions is the idea that human behaviour is governed by conscious and ________ processes.

A) self-actualizing
B) unconscious
C) sexual
D) analytical

Question 47

The psychosexual stages in which pleasure comes from touching the genitals are the

A) latency stage and oral stage.
B) oral stage and anal stage.
C) anal stage and latency stage.
D) phallic stage and genital stage.

Question 48

Ying tends to overeat, smoke, and drink quite a bit. Sigmund Freud would assert that he developed a(n) ________ and did not progress through the stage properly.

A) anal fixation
B) oral fixation
C) penis envy
D) Oedipus complex

Question 49

According to the predictive-adaptive response theory, a fetus will adapt its ____ to accommodate an anticipated future environment based on conditions in its prenatal environment.

A) perception
B) gestation length
C) physiology
D) calorie intake

Question 50

_________ applied to human development is the approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival.

A) Evolutionary psychology theory
B) Evolutionary sociology theory
C) Sociobiology theory
D) Interdisciplinary evolutionary theory

Question 51

_______ is the branch of science involved in the study of human genetic make-up, including gene location and gene functioning.

A) Epigenetics
B) Human genomics
C) Microbiology
D) Evolutionary biology

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT one of the noted criticisms of evolutionary theories?

A) The role and impact of environment is underestimated.
B) Too much emphasis is placed on historical theories versus modern scientific advances.
C) Other factors or theories could also explain theory claims.
D) Claims are difficult to prove.

Question 53

____________ is defined as the study of genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics produced via natural selection to promote human adaptation and survival.

A) Sociobiology
B) Evolutionary anthropology
C) Evolutionary prenatal programming
D) Evolutionary psychology

Question 54

Psychoanalytic theorists explain developmental change in terms of

A) relationships between the individual and his or her environment.
B) assimilation and accommodation of external stimuli.
C) manipulation of environmental influences to reward or punish.
D) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour.

Question 55

Evolutionary developmental psychology theorists believe that traits designed to promote survival and adaptation across the human lifespan are

A) culturally defined.
B) gender specific.
C) age dependant.
D) socially learned.

Question 56

Sarah boasts to her best friend that she does not have a smoking problem because she only considers herself to be a social smoker. What defence mechanism is Sarah displaying?

A) regression
B) projection
C) denial
D) fixations

Question 57

The instinctual drive for physical pleasure present at birth and forming the motivating force behind all human behaviour is the

A) libido.
B) id.
C) ego.
D) superego.

Question 58

According to Sigmund Freud, a ________ is characterized by behaviours that reflect unresolved problems and unmet needs.

A) libido
B) fixation
C) defence mechanism
D) conscious thought

Question 59

One-year-old Melanie has formed a secure attachment to her mother. Erik Erikson would claim that Melanie has mastered which of his psychosocial stages?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) identity versus role confusion
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 60

The aspect of our personality that demands to be satisfied in pleasurable ways is the

A) ego.
B) psyche.
C) id.
D) subconscious.

Question 61

Salivation occurs naturally when you put food in your mouth. In classical conditioning the food is the ________ and salivating is the ________.

A) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 62

Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as

A) psychoanalytic theories.
B) learning theories.
C) cognitive theories.
D) evolutionary theories.

Question 63

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is based on the idea that development occurs from the interaction between internal drives and

A) cognitions.
B) cultural demands.
C) environmental reinforcements or punishments.
D) defence mechanisms.

Question 64

According to Erikson, the foundation or prerequisite for resolving the crisis of intimacy versus isolation is

A) self-esteem and self-efficacy.
B) the formation of an identity.
C) formal operational thought.
D) self-acceptance.

Question 65

Reflecting upon one's life positively, without regrets, would place an individual on the __________ side of the crisis in late adulthood.

A) generativity
B) identity
C) integrity
D) despair

Question 66

Which of the following represents the correct order in the progression of Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

A) libido, personality structures, defence mechanisms, and identification
B) genital, latency, phallic, oral, and anal
C) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
D) anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 67

What factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task?

A) learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful and not sensitively treated by caregivers
B) becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents
C) learning to differentiate tasks that can be accomplished independently and tasks that require assistance to accomplish
D) being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust

Question 68

Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development?

A) They focus only on the best in people.
B) They de-emphasize physical needs.
C) They combine psychoanalytic and learning theories.
D) They view each person as having potential.

Question 69

Which of the following is a way to achieve a sense of generativity?

A) quitting your job because you are not able to get along with your new boss
B) caring for elderly parents
C) leaving your partner because he or she is abusive
D) retiring from a long-held occupation or career

Question 70

The idea that each human being is motivated to achieve full human potential is a key concept of ________ theories.

A) systems
B) psychoanalytic
C) humanistic
D) social learning

Question 71

The theorist who developed the theory of psychosocial stages was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 72

Abraham Maslow used the term ________ to describe the ultimate goal of human life.

A) "physiological needs"
B) "esteem needs"
C) "self-actualization"
D) "deficiency motives"

Question 73

Which of the following most accurately represents Maslow's key concept in his theory of human development?

A) Development is influenced by early childhood experiences and the development of a stable identity.
B) Humans are motivated to develop schemes for understanding their worlds. These schemes further develop through equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation.
C) Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth.
D) Development is motivated by role models, intrinsic reinforcements, and cognitive elements in learning.

Question 74

In classical conditioning, if the acidity of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the puckering of lips is the ________.

A) conditional stimulus; unconditioned response
B) conditional stimulus; conditioned response
C) punishment; conditioned response
D) unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 75

Classical conditioning was rooted in the ideas and research conducted by

A) Jean Piaget.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Abraham Maslow.

Question 76

Erikson is to Freud as ________ is to ________.

A) assimilation; accommodation
B) psychosocial; psychosexual
C) identity; cognition
D) reinforcement; mental category

Question 77

Erik Erikson believed that one must pass through eight _______ stages to develop a stable identity.

A) psychosocial stages
B) lifespan stages
C) psychosexual stages
D) cognitive-social stages

Question 78

Learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of their consequences refers to

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) punishment.

Question 79

Sixteen-year-old Soo Ling is trying to decide what to do about university. She isn't sure what career she wants to pursue and she can't decide which university to choose. She is in the __________ stage.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) trust versus mistrust
C) industry versus inferiority
D) integrity versus despair

Question 80

Learning that results from the association of stimuli is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) social-cognitive conditioning.