Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Peak physical functioning occurs when adults are in their twenties and thirties.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Studies show that the risk of virtually every kind of emotional disturbance is higher in early adulthood than in middle age.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Adults who have a low sense of self-efficacy or a helpless attitude are more likely to become depressed or physically ill.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Violence by former partners is more severe and lethal than assault by a current partner.

Question 5

The expression to "bite your tongue" in order to keep from putting your "foot in your mouth" is characterized by a cognitive skill that emerges in early adulthood known as response inhibition.

Question 6

Persons living in common-law relationships are more likely to be victims of lethal and non-lethal spousal violence than those who are legally married.

Question 7

Many young adults engage in high-risk sexual behaviour that may lead to a sexually transmitted infection, unaware that there has been an increase in drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea and syphilis.

Question 8

The risk of miscarriage and other complications of pregnancy is higher in a woman's twenties than in her thirties.

Question 9

The positive benefits of social support are determined by the number of actual social and emotional contacts an individual has with the members of her social support network.

Question 10

T cells are an element of the immune system that defend the body against internal threats such as cancer cells or HIV/AIDS.

Question 11

Lifestyle choices in early adulthood do not have any substantial cumulative effects.

Question 12

Prosperous nations with high levels of social inequality, such as the United States, experience poorer overall health than less prosperous nations that have a more egalitarian society, such as Japan.

Question 13

Middle-aged women are more likely to be abused than women in any other age group.

Question 14

Among men in early adulthood, infertility is commonly caused by erectile dysfunction, or an inability to acquire and sustain an erection.

Question 15

Mental health problems tend to occur in middle adulthood rather than early adulthood, as the onset of role conflict and role strain tends to be more prominent at that stage.

Question 16

Young women who are approximately 16 to 24 years old are more likely to be abused than older women.

Question 17

After declining for two decades, the number of reported new cases of sexually transmitted infections has been increasing, especially for chlamydia.

Question 18

For Canadian females, the major source of exposure to HIV is injection drug use.

Question 19

The majority of deaths in 20- to 34-year-olds are caused by disease.

Question 20

Shrinkage of the thymus gland occurs as a result of secondary aging processes.

Question 21

At age 25, the average difference in years that a person could expect to live in full health differed by 11.4 years for men in the highest and lowest income groups and by 9.7 years for women.

Question 22

Surveys indicate that as many as 50% of Canadian college and university students are binge drinkers.

Question 23

Longitudinal studies show that the decline in crystallized intelligence begins in early adulthood and continues steadily across the lifespan.

Question 24

More Canadian men than Canadian women 25 to 34 years of age hold bachelors and masters degrees.

Question 25

B cells decline most in number and efficiency as we age, making us more susceptible to internal threats like cancer.

Question 26

IQ scores typically fluctuate a great deal across the years of adulthood.

Question 27

A delusion is a false sensory experience.

Question 28

Canada has the highest proportion of college and university graduates combined in the world.

Question 29

The major cycle of brain development that begins just prior to puberty involves a surge in white matter production in areas of the brain associated with higher mental processes.

Question 30

Some parts of the brain produce new neurons to replace those that die, even in the brains of older adults.

Question 31

The skills and knowledge learned throughout the lifespan, such as being able to read, balance a chequebook, use a computer, or evaluate an experience, are known as crystallized intelligence.

Question 32

Men's capacity for reproduction diminishes with age but remains intact.

Question 33

To truly measure the health status of a population, aggregate health indicators that measure quality of life must be assessed.

Question 34

Researchers estimate that gay men and lesbians are about as likely to be abused by a partner as women in heterosexual relationships are.

Question 35

Most sexual violence in Canada occurs within the context of social or romantic relationships.

Question 36

Formal operational logic is the most effective cognitive strategy for addressing the complex and paradoxical problems of adulthood.

Question 37

An irrational fear of an object, person, place, or situation is called a personality disorder.

Question 38

The most common measure of overall aerobic fitness is maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), which reflects the ability of the body to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs.

Question 39

The two key organs in the body's immune system are the thymus gland and white blood cells.

Question 40

The risk for osteoporosis is higher in a woman's twenties than in her thirties.

Question 41

During adulthood, what happens to the body's ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs (VO₂ max)?

A) When measured at rest, VO₂ max minimally declines with age, but during exercise, there is systematic decline of VO₂ max beginning between ages 35 and 40.
B) When VO₂ max is measured at rest, there is a systematic decline of about 1% per year, but during exercise there is minimal decline in capacity.
C) Primary aging causes an increase in VO₂ max during both rest and exercise, although the greatest increases are found during exercise conditions.
D) As women age, their VO₂ max decreases during rest and exercise conditions, but as men age, their VO₂ max improves under rest and exercise conditions.

Question 42

What are the two general categories of aging identified by researchers?

A) decline and compensation
B) aerobic and anaerobic
C) individual and cohort comparative
D) primary and secondary

Question 43

The most common mental health disorder in Canada is depression.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT considered a possible reason for infertility?

A) insufficient viable sperm
B) endometriosis
C) blocked fallopian tubes
D) age of sperm

Question 45

In adulthood, when maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output are measured at rest, what is the usual age-based pattern? When maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output are measured during exercise, what is the typical age-based pattern?

A) Significant measures of age-based decline are found during rest, and even greater measures of decline in functioning are observed during exercise.
B) During adulthood there is minimal age-based decrement in capacity of either of these functions when they are measured at rest or during exercise.
C) Neither of these functions show significant decrement when measured at rest, but when measured during exercise, both functions show systematic age-based decrement.
D) At rest, there is a systematic decline of about 10% per year. During exercise, there is minimal decrement in capacity.

Question 46

Women's fertility is highest by the ________ and then ________.

A) mid-teens; declines steadily
B) age of 30; remains at a peak until age 40
C) late teens and early 20s; declines steadily
D) mid-20s; remains at a peak until the late 30s

Question 47

The loss of speed that is the hallmark of primary aging in adulthood is based upon age-based changes in the ________ system.

A) cardiovascular
B) limbic
C) endocrine
D) nervous

Question 48

Among Canadians, which statement best represents the relationship between good health/lower mortality rates and degree of income inequality?

A) Universal health care negates many of the effects of income inequity.
B) Universally, the rich are generally healthier, happier, and live longer than the poor.
C) Health habits rather than income affect overall good health and mortality rates.
D) Public health campaigns to increase awareness of the health benefits of diet, exercise, and not smoking have significantly lessened the traditional income inequity impacts.

Question 49

What is the most common measure of overall aerobic fitness of the heart and lungs?

A) maximum oxygen uptake
B) T cell production
C) systolic pressure
D) blood pressure

Question 50

Which of the following terms represents the age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease?

A) secondary aging
B) derivative senescence
C) primary aging
D) compensatory decline

Question 51

Which of the following terms represents the basic, underlying, inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings?

A) quality adjusted life years
B) senescence
C) primary aging
D) secondary aging

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of primary aging?

A) atherosclerosis
B) loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones
C) cancer
D) increased maximum oxygen uptake

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT an example of age-related changes that one might experience in early adulthood?

A) increase in wrinkles as a result of loss of elasticity
B) increased reproductive risk and/or lowered fertility
C) loss of height due to compression of the disks in the spine
D) loss of the ability to hear very high and very low tones

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of secondary aging?

A) decline in production of viable sperm
B) osteoporosis
C) cancer
D) increased wrinkling of the skin

Question 55

Which of the following occurs among adults who are experiencing age-based systematic decreases in cardiac output and maximum oxygen uptake?

A) Immune system functioning is less efficient.
B) There is a general loss of strength and speed.
C) Tissues in all parts of the body become more elastic and flexible.
D) There is a loss of bone mineral and an increase in the wear and tear of the joints.

Question 56

According to statistics, which of the following women would be most at risk for miscarriage?

A) Ella, age 17, who is experiencing her first pregnancy
B) Alice, age 34, who is experiencing her first pregnancy
C) Lois, age 21, who is experiencing her first pregnancy
D) Brenda, age 28, who has had several previous children

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true regarding female reproduction patterns?

A) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of age.
B) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of disease.
C) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of genetically transmitted defects.
D) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of early contraceptive use.

Question 58

Neuropsychologists believe that the brain development of early adulthood leads to increased capacities for ________ and ________.

A) concrete operations; perception-bound reasoning
B) emotional intelligence; verbal expression
C) critical thinking; abstract reasoning
D) formal operational thinking; abstract reasoning

Question 59

Relativism is a way of thinking that involves recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT an example of primary aging?

A) decreased insulin production resulting in diabetes
B) loss of "fast twitch" muscle fibres used for bursts of strength or speed
C) thickening of the lens of the eye and loss of accommodative power
D) compression of disks of the spine resulting in loss of height

Question 61

If the director of the counselling centre at your college wanted to develop a program to help students have better health by dealing with the stress in their lives, an important component of the program would be

A) a support group.
B) training in moral reasoning.
C) information about health and fitness.
D) academic advisors.

Question 62

Evangelina has a number of problems in her personal life. She often feels helpless, that her misfortune is her fault, and that it will last forever, so she chooses to give up and tries to avoid any situation that may cause her stress. She is most likely a(n)

A) optimist.
B) pessimist.
C) self-efficacist.
D) realist.

Question 63

What statement is most true regarding the high rate of sexually transmitted infections among people in early adulthood?

A) Having multiple sexual partners is not a contributing factor.
B) Lack of access to medical services allows symptoms to go undetected.
C) Inadequate use of protection leads to the spread of STIs.
D) Today's treatments are so quick and effective, that exposure to STIs is no longer a major concern.

Question 64

Which of the following best illustrates Seligman's view of optimism?

A) When Aisha goes to the racetrack, she bets on grey horses because she had a grey pony when she was a child.
B) Janie is a pleasant, sunny person who always has a smile and a warm greeting for everyone she meets.
C) Although six banks rejected Bill's application for a loan to start a computer software company, he persisted in his efforts to convince people that his computer operating system would revolutionize personal computing.
D) Inez believes she will do well in university because she has a high IQ and had an excellent university preparation program in high school.

Question 65

What is the most likely reason for male infertility?

A) normal aging processes
B) an insufficient number of viable sperm
C) diseases that cause impotence
D) genetically transmitted defects

Question 66

An individual has recently developed a form of cancer. Which aspect of the person's immune system would be involved in the development of the disease?

A) bone marrow, by producing more B cells
B) antibodies, through reduced efficiency
C) T cells, by losing their ability to recognize foreign cells
D) B cells, by producing fewer antibodies

Question 67

According to the results of the Alameda County Study of health habits, if you choose to ________, you will not affect your mortality.

A) get regular sleep
B) snack
C) drink alcohol
D) exercise

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections?

A) multiple sex partners
B) frequent use of drugs or alcohol
C) lack of discussion about sexually transmitted infections
D) decrease in VO₂ max

Question 69

Rita is exposed to a virus when she touches a computer keyboard recently touched by someone who has a cold. Which feature of Rita's immune system will protect her?

A) T cells
B) the liver
C) maximum oxygen uptake capacity
D) B cells

Question 70

Which concept is unrelated to the other concepts in this list?

A) optimism
B) perceived control
C) self-efficacy
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the impact of social support upon the health of adults?

A) A study of depression among women found that social support buffered the negative effect of stress.
B) The positive link between social contact and physical health is limited to Western culture and does not exist in non-Western societies.
C) In a study of adults ranging in age from 30 to 69, those with fewer social connections in their social networks had higher death rates than those with more social connections.
D) How a person perceives the adequacy of her social contacts and emotional support is more important than the objective amount of contact with others.

Question 72

The sexually transmitted infection that is the most widespread among young adults is

A) gonorrhoea.
B) chlamydia.
C) syphilis.
D) AIDS.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a research-based recommendation to make to a friend who wants advice about health practices that might facilitate longevity?

A) Reduce dietary cholesterol.
B) Get regular sleep.
C) Eat breakfast every day.
D) Get regular physical exercise.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is most true regarding the impact of strong social support networks?

A) There are lowered risks of disease for women.
B) There are correlations with health benefits, but only in Western cultures.
C) There is a direct correlation with mental health benefits, but not with physical health benefits.
D) The perceived adequacy of a person's social network is positively correlated with immune system functioning.

Question 75

According to researchers, which of the following factors is NOT identified as causing a negative effect upon immune system functioning across adulthood?

A) psychological stress and depression
B) life experiences that demand high levels of change and adaptation
C) excessive exercise and physical exertion
D) chronic stress

Question 76

How does aging affect men's fertility?

A) Men experience their prime fertility in their 20s or 30s, but after menopause their fertility declines by 25 to 30 percent.
B) Men's fertility follows essentially the same age-based pattern of change as women's fertility.
C) Men's fertility steadily increases throughout the lifespan.
D) Men experience a slight decline in fertility after age 40 but may retain the capacity to impregnate until old age.

Question 77

What are the key features of the human immune system?

A) the thymus gland and the bone marrow
B) the pancreas and the liver
C) neurotransmitters and hormones
D) fever, chills, and muscle aches

Question 78

The belief in one's ability to perform some action, or to control one's behaviour or environment, to reach a goal or to make something happen is called

A) effectiveness.
B) self-efficacy.
C) competence.
D) self-confidence.

Question 79

The belief in one's capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as

A) pessimism.
B) optimism.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-efficiency.

Question 80

Why do adults become more susceptible to disease as they age?

A) Fewer antibodies are produced and T cells become less efficient.
B) The thymus gland becomes excessively large and interferes with the production of B cells.
C) More B cells and T cells are produced than can be absorbed by the bone marrow and the thymus gland.
D) The thymus gland and the bone marrow produce antibodies that attack normal body cells.