Deck 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 1

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents operate beyond a level 3 stage of moral development, where living up to the expectations of one's family or significant others is the major influence on moral reasoning.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In adolescence, if the discrepancy between a teen's own ideas and those of friends becomes too great, the teen will be more likely to switch to a more compatible group of friends than to adopt the values or attitudes of the first group of friends.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Adolescents who form strong ethnic identities have higher levels of self-esteem and optimism than their peers with weak ethnic identities.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Kohlberg identified that the development of moral reasoning requires both cognitive development and support from the social environment.

Question 5

Gilligan's main criticism of Kohlberg's theory centres on sample bias, because Kohlberg used only male subjects.

Question 6

Cross-cultural research indicates that Kohlberg's stage sequence is not universal in all cultures.

Question 7

Since 17-year-old Ahmed has lived in Canada for 12 years, he is likely to have adopted similar patterns of lifestyle behaviour as his Canadian-born friends.

Question 8

According to Marcia, an individual who has a foreclosure identity has experienced a period of crisis and has made a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals.

Question 9

Teenagers who are closely attached to their parents are academically successful, enjoy good peer relations, but are just as likely to engage in antisocial behaviour.

Question 10

Among Canadian adolescents, girls report a higher level of self-esteem than boys.

Question 11

Temperament appears to be the most important factor in the development of the onset of youth criminality during adolescence.

Question 12

Social self-concepts can predict behaviour.

Question 13

In the majority of families, conflict between teens and their parents typically signifies a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship.

Question 14

According to Kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on integration of individual rights and the needs of society is postconventional morality.

Question 15

According to Freud, the primary developmental task of adolescence is to channel the libido into a healthy sexual relationship.

Question 16

During early adolescence, cliques are typically small cross-sex groups who label themselves by identity prototypes such as "jocks," "populars," or "loners."

Question 17

According to Erikson, teens protect themselves against the turmoil of the identity crisis by identifying with a peer group.

Question 18

An individual who has an undifferentiated sex-role orientation would describe himself as having both feminine and masculine characteristics and traits.

Question 19

The American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s is a good example of stage 6 universal ethical principles of moral reasoning in action.

Question 20

Youth offenders are unable to look at their crimes from their victims' perspectives.

Question 21

When Maria was 12, her mother died suddenly. For a number of years, Maria felt abandoned by her religious faith, and she questioned the existence of a supreme being. Recently, however, she has returned to the practice of her religion, and she says her faith now sustains and comforts her. With regard to religion, Maria is in the ________ identity status.

A) achievement
B) diffusion
C) crisis
D) foreclosure

Question 22

By age 13, most adolescents have had the experience of being in love.

Question 23

According to Marcia, a person who has examined her values and choices, and who has committed to a specific role, value, or ideology is in the ________ identity status.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 24

Lars thinks he wants to be an accountant, but he is not sure. He is working with his high-school career counsellor to get information about careers and college majors before he makes a decision. According to Marcia, Lars is in the ________ stage of identity development.

A) foreclosure
B) achievement
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 25

One's level of moral reasoning is strongly predictive of moral behaviours or actions.

Question 26

Labels such as "all stars," "jocks," "nerds," "skaters," "thugs," "goths," "stoners," "normals," "techies," "preppies," and "loners" are all examples of cliques in late adolescence.

Question 27

Undergoing a trial of endurance, beginning to sleep separately from one's family, or celebrating the attainment of dating age are examples of ________ that mark an adolescent's transition into adult culture.

A) trans-pubertal events
B) confirmation
C) identity rituals
D) rites of passage

Question 28

Muhammed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school, and he is not worried about it. He says, "That decision will take care of itself." Marcia would say that Muhammed is in the ________ identity status.

A) moratorium
B) diffusion
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 29

Parents and adolescents argue most about chores, school, attitude, and parents' concerns about teens' safety.

Question 30

According to Marcia's theory of adolescent identity achievement, adolescent identity formation has two key parts: ________ and ________.

A) a physical transformation; a psychosocial transition
B) an attachment; a separation
C) an extrusion; an inclusion
D) a crisis; a commitment

Question 31

Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12, roughly the same age as their heterosexual peers begin to notice their attraction to the opposite sex.

Question 32

Peer influences and parenting style are two socializing factors that predict youth crime rates.

Question 33

According to Marcia, a personal investment in a specific role, value, goal, or ideology is a

A) foreclosure.
B) commitment.
C) formal operation.
D) moratorium.

Question 34

According to Erikson, the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are is

A) ego integrity versus despair.
B) identity versus role confusion.
C) intimacy versus isolation.
D) the genital stage.

Question 35

According to Erikson, the central crisis of adolescence is

A) identity versus role confusion.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) latency versus psychosexual development.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Erikson's views on psychosocial development in adolescence?

A) an identity crisis
B) a tendency to develop sexual fixations
C) an "ungluing" of a sense of identity as a result of the rapid physical and sexual developments of puberty
D) identification with peer groups

Question 37

According to Freud, adolescence occurs during the ________ stage when psychosexual maturity is reached.

A) libidinous
B) identity confirmation
C) genital
D) latent

Question 38

Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of a crisis, as defined by James Marcia?

A) For the past two years, Juan has had thoughts of suicide, and recently he was diagnosed with depressive disorder.
B) When Iman failed her calculus test, her parents grounded her for two weeks and imposed a requirement of two hours of supervised study every school night until the next exam.
C) Since she was a child, Lola had planned to become a physician when she grew up. Recently, however, she has become very interested in physics, and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering.
D) Torrential rains in the Prairies caused major flooding, and thousands of people were displaced from their homes and lost their possessions and livelihoods.

Question 39

Ling is planning to go to journalism school because her parents own the local newspaper. She has never considered other options. Ling is at the ________ stage of identity development, according to James Marcia.

A) foreclosure
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) diffusion

Question 40

According to Erikson, why do teenagers identify with peer group?

A) to consolidate efforts and resources as they begin to move into adult roles
B) to have opportunities to develop intimate relationships and find mates
C) to foster creativity and variety in appearance, activities, and interests
D) to have a secure base as they begin the identity development process

Question 41

Minority teenagers face all of the following issues EXCEPT

A) self-identifying as a member of their specific group.
B) developing an individual identity.
C) committing to the values of their specific group.
D) assimilating into the dominant culture.

Question 42

Which of the following is one of the four basic sex-role types identified by researchers?

A) womanly
B) incomplete
C) masculine
D) asexual

Question 43

Hamza feels a sense of belonging to her Lebanese parent's culture, values, beliefs and traditions. This sense of belonging is called one's:

A) individual identity.
B) ethnic identity.
C) minority identity.
D) bicultural identity.

Question 44

Which of the following is not a factor that can impact a teen's self-esteem negatively?

A) depression
B) achievements
C) eating disorders
D) anxiety

Question 45

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at the preconventional stage, a child's moral reasoning is based on

A) the expectations of others regarding the child's behaviour.
B) internalized values and principles.
C) the outcome or consequences of an action.
D) how the greatest good can be achieved.

Question 46

Research demonstrates that a(n) ________ gender-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among boys and girls in North America.

A) masculine
B) androgynous or masculine
C) androgynous
D) undifferentiated

Question 47

At Kohlberg's ______ level of moral reasoning, the standards the child uses to judge right and wrong are external, based on superior sources of authority, and determined by the outcome or consequences.

A) universal ethics
B) conventional morality
C) preconventional morality
D) principled morality

Question 48

________ and ________ sex roles are associated with higher self-esteem for boys and girls due to the "masculine bias."

A) Masculine; feminine
B) Feminine; androgynous
C) Masculine; androgynous
D) Undifferentiated; androgynous

Question 49

Compared to non-immigrant youth, immigrant youth in Canada have

A) the same rates of participation in religious organizations.
B) lower rates of participation in all activities outside the home.
C) lower rates of participation in religious organizations.
D) higher rates of participation in religious organizations.

Question 50

Personal identification and satisfaction with more than one culture refers to

A) expanded identity.
B) ethnic identity.
C) minority identity.
D) bicultural identity

Question 51

A weak self-concept during adolescence puts ________ at risk for depression, poor self-perceived health, and obesity in young adulthood.

A) all adolescent girls
B) adolescent boys and girls
C) early adolescent boys
D) late adolescent girls

Question 52

Mikhail is noted for baking the best apple pie on the block and is also the person everyone calls when their car won't start. Mikhail can comfort a crying child and fix a flat tire with equal confidence. Mikhail's' sex-role orientation is most likely

A) indeterminate.
B) transsexual.
C) feminine.
D) androgynous.

Question 53

A weak self-concept during adolescence puts boys at risk for ________ in young adulthood.

A) criminal behaviour and obesity
B) impulsivity and depression
C) obesity and inactivity
D) poor body image and depression

Question 54

Which of the following is a true statement about the adolescent identity formation process?

A) Research findings on identity formation with participants in college or college-preparation programs do not differ significantly from research findings with participants who did not attend college after high school.
B) Researchers have determined that the process of identity formation in adolescence may only be one period of identity formation among several.
C) Evidence suggests that the quest for personal identity is solidified by late adolescence/early adulthood.
D) Over identification in peer-group identity impedes self-identity.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about sex-role identity and self-esteem is NOT correct?

A) An androgynous self-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among girls and boys in Canada and other Western societies.
B) A teenage girl can achieve high self-esteem and success in social interactions by adopting a traditional feminine sex role.
C) A teenage boy can achieve high self-esteem and success with his peers by adopting a traditional masculine sex role.
D) Although masculine qualities may be highly valued, girls in other cultures may be strongly discouraged from adopting these more highly valued sex-role characteristics.

Question 56

An individual whose sex-role orientation is ________ would perceive herself or himself as having both feminine and masculine traits.

A) ambivalent
B) androgynous
C) undifferentiated
D) indifferent

Question 57

As teenagers proceed through adolescence,

A) they have more rigid ideas about sex-role behaviours or sex-role identity behaviours.
B) they increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal philosophies.
C) their self-concepts are increasingly tied to their physical characteristics.
D) their self-concepts become more concrete.

Question 58

Which of the stages of moral reasoning listed below is most commonly found among teenagers?

A) Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
B) Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
C) Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
D) Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the development of self-concept during adolescence?

A) In the development of a self-concept, girls seem to be influenced by both internal and external comparisons with others, whereas boys are more influenced by their internal, self-defined standards.
B) Adolescents' self-concepts become more differentiated, and they are able to envision themselves in a variety of roles.
C) By late adolescence, most teenagers think of themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, or moral standards.
D) Adolescents increasingly define themselves in terms of their appearance and physical qualities.

Question 60

The gender-related aspects of the psychological self are known as

A) gender role types.
B) sex role identities.
C) sexual preference.
D) gender formation

Question 61

At the beginning of the semester, Dr. Smith provides her calculus class with a syllabus that outlines the rules and procedures the class will follow to ensure an equitable learning environment for all students. Dr. Smith emphasizes that if the procedures or rules seem unfair or create a hardship, she is willing to negotiate new rules. Dr. Smith's philosophy of class management is most consistent with Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) naive hedonism
B) law-and-order orientation
C) social contract
D) universal ethical principles

Question 62

Ben's friend Muhammed broke a window and consequently was punished. Ben said that Muhammed was bad because he had been punished. This would indicate that Ben was at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) conventional morality/interpersonal conformity
B) preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation
C) preconventional morality/conscience
D) principled morality/social contract

Question 63

The parenting style that elicits the most favourable school outcomes and psychological adjustment for teenagers is the ________ style.

A) egalitarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 64

Tanya tries to behave well so that she can avoid being punished for misbehaviour, and strives to be polite and friendly so that others will like her better. Tanya is most likely at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) conventional morality
B) principled morality
C) naive morality
D) postconventional morality

Question 65

A person who says "I pay income taxes and obey the posted speed limits because that is the law" is most likely reasoning at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral development.

A) conventional morality
B) naive hedonism
C) universal ethical principles
D) preconventional morality

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a topic adolescents and parents frequently argue about?

A) piercing the navel
B) the use of drugs
C) borrowing the car
D) doing the dishes

Question 67

Adolescent antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking is labelled

A) delinquency.
B) social aggression.
C) youth offences.
D) criminality.

Question 68

Young adolescents use which of the options listed below to reason things through?

A) Sometimes everyone is right.
B) God will decide right and wrong.
C) Follow the legal determination of right and wrong.
D) Follow the opinion of an authority figure.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding conflict between adolescents and their families?

A) Discord is widely experienced, but does not signify a major disruption of the quality of the parent-child relationship.
B) As a result of the increase in adolescent-family conflict, over 50% of families experience a substantial and pervasive deterioration of the parent-child relationship during early adolescence.
C) An individual teen's temperament and pubertal status may contribute to the degree of conflict with her parents.
D) Most adolescents and their families experience an increase in mild bickering or conflicts over issues such as chores or personal rights.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding romantic relationship patterns among homosexual teens?

A) Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12, roughly the same age as their heterosexual peers.
B) Homosexual boys notice and act on same-sex attraction earlier than girls do.
C) Most experience some degree of attraction to both sexes prior to self-identifying as gay or lesbian.
D) By age 13, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation.

Question 71

Canadian youth crime rates increase with age and peak at age _____ in females and age _____ in males.

A) 15; 17
B) 13; 12
C) 10; 12
D) 17; 18

Question 72

At Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning, the rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs, such as the family, peer group, or religion, become the basis of moral judgments.

A) social contract orientation
B) punishment and obedience orientation
C) conventional morality
D) naive hedonism

Question 73

At level I of Kolberg's stages of moral development-preconventional morality-judgments are based on

A) compliance with superior power.
B) the notion of retaliation.
C) the greatest good for the greatest number.
D) the expectations of others.

Question 74

Carol Gilligan proposes that there are two distinct moral orientations: ________ and ________.

A) justice; care
B) judgment; nurture
C) intimacy; legality
D) fairness; ethics

Question 75

Which of the following personality traits is a considered a risk factor for developing problem gambling habits?

A) depression
B) high impulsivity
C) low self-esteem
D) openness to experience

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding gambling and youth is true?

A) Gambling as an acceptable form of entertainment embraced by our society and is harmless to children.
B) Gambling is not in the same risk category as smoking, drinking, or drugs because the consequences of gambling are minor compared to those activities.
C) Adolescents display a higher incidence of gambling problems than adults, and youth are more likely than adults to develop a serious gambling problem.
D) Adolescents are more likely to wager valued possessions or buy lotto tickets than to gamble for money.

Question 77

Which one of the following factors is NOT associated with youth who commit crimes at an early age?

A) risky sexual behaviour
B) dropping out of school
C) drug and alcohol use
D) lower IQ scores

Question 78

Critics of Kohlberg's theory claim that his failure to consider ______ is a significant flaw.

A) IQ
B) emotions
C) ethnicity
D) education levels

Question 79

How is a teen's attachment relationship with her or his parents affected by the developmental processes of separation and individuation in adolescence?

A) As the teen becomes more autonomous and separate, the need for parents as a secure psychological base is eliminated.
B) The teenager must weaken and eventually break the attachment bond with her parents in order to become autonomous.
C) Even as relationships with peers become more important, teenagers continue to name parents as the people who are most close and important to them.
D) As a result of family conflict and increased autonomy during adolescence, attachment to the peer group is more important than attachment to parents.

Question 80

Psychologist Nancy Eisenberg suggests that empathy, the ability to identify with others' emotions, is ___________ moral development.

A) a causal factor in
B) a consequence of
C) both a cause and a consequence of
D) not necessary to achieve