Deck 13: A: Emotion,stress,and Health

Question 1

How are moods different from emotions?

A)Moods are typically short-lived.
B)Moods are more closely tied to triggering events.
C)Moods may last several days.
D)Moods are relatively intense.

Answer 1

Moods may last several days.

Question 2

Which statement is consistent with Charles Darwin's view of emotions?

A)different cultures have different types of emotional responses.
B)there is little point or purpose to the function of emotions.
C)emotional responses are learned through experience.
D)children show similar patterns of emotional responses across cultures.

Answer 2

children show similar patterns of emotional responses across cultures.

Question 3

According to Charles Darwin,which statement about emotions is true?

A)They are designed to deal with recurring situations in the world.
B)They are most relevant in situations that are novel in a species' experience.
C)They are unpredictable and personal states of mind.
D)They are likely to vary dramatically from human to human.

Answer 3

They are designed to deal with recurring situations in the world.

Question 4

In his work on facial expressions,what did Paul Ekman discover?

A)Darwin's view of emotion was substantially incorrect.
B)all facial expressions are universal.
C)cultures express all emotions in the same way.
D)a set of emotional expressions is universal to the human species.

Question 5

According to Paul Ekman's neuro-cultural theory of emotions,which statement is accurate?

A)evolution is more important than culture in the development of emotions.
B)similarities found between emotional expressions in different cultures are based primarily on brain similarities across all humans.
C)emotions reflect the joint contributions of evolution and culture.
D)biological mechanisms that control emotions are more important in adults than in children.

Question 6

When a grandfather smiles at his infant granddaughter,she responds by moving toward him.If he looks angry,what is she likely to do?

A)remain unaffected
B)feel confused
C)move away
D)avert her eyes

Question 7

A four-month-old baby is participating in an experiment in which he is repeatedly shown the photograph of a man frowning.After repeated exposures to this photograph,he loses interest.If the baby is like other infants who respond in similar situations,when a new photograph showing a man smiling is presented,what will he do?

A)cry.
B)search for his mother.
C)look away.
D)show renewed interest.

Question 8

A study reported in the textbook demonstrated the contrast between American and Japanese beliefs about behavioural displays for pain.Participants in both cultures completed the Appropriate Pain Behavior Questionnaire (APBQ).What did the results reveal?

A)Japanese participants provided lower scores on the APBQ: they indicated less approval for open emotional expressions of pain.
B)Japanese participants provided higher scores on the APBQ: they indicated more approval for open emotional expressions of pain.
C)both the Japanese and American participants had similar scores on the ABPQ: both indicated less approval for open emotional expressions of pain.
D)both the Japanese and American participants had similar scores on the ABPQ: both indicated more approval for men's emotional displays than women's displays.

Question 9

What did Silvan Tompkins' studies on the emotional responses of human infants indicate?

A)Infants who are presented with identical stimuli will show completely unique responses.
B)Infants will quickly learn to use emotions as a way of getting reinforcers.
C)Infants seem "prewired" to respond emotionally to certain stimuli.
D)Infants ignore intense stimuli unless they have learned to be fearful.

Question 10

The textbook describes a cross-cultural experiment in which the wrists of Chinese,Japanese,and American infants were grasped and held immobile to elicit anger responses.To elicit fear responses,the infants were presented with a loud disembodied toy gorilla head whose eyes lit up.What did this study reveal?

A)the infants from all three countries produced similar behavioural responses.
B)the American infants showed distress in the form of increased breathing rate but the other infants did not show distress in this way.
C)the infants reacted with distinctly different facial expressions for fear and for anger.
D)there were no differences in facial expressions for the infants from the three countries.

Question 11

The textbook presents an anecdote dealing with the Wolof people of Senegal.The incident that is described involves the apparent suicide of a woman and the emotional response of the onlookers.What is the point of the anecdote?

A)there are cultural norms for the expression of emotion.
B)people throughout the world recognize the same basic emotions.
C)the range of emotional expression is genetically inherited.
D)differing cultures express most emotions in the same way.

Question 12

In a cross-cultural study of facial expressions described in the textbook,members of the Fore culture had difficulty distinguishing between two emotions.What are these two emotions?

A)happiness and sadness.
B)disgust and contempt.
C)fear and surprise.
D)hate and hostility.

Question 13

In his book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals,what position does Charles Darwin take with respect to emotions?

A)They are learned behaviours.
B)They develop through observation and imitation.
C)They are maladaptive.
D)They evolved.

Question 14

In the context of emotion,what does the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands accomplish?

A)Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.
B)Reduction of the emotional response to stimulation.
C)Preparation of the body for potential danger.
D)Calming of the body after an emergency has passed.

Question 15

Based on Paul Ekman's view of emotional expressions,what should one conclude?

A)Darwin's theory of emotions is not valid.
B)emotional responses are primarily learned responses to specific situations.
C)all species have the capacity to express all possible emotions.
D)there are seven basic emotional expressions.

Question 16

Larry wants to travel widely,but his grasp of foreign languages is minimal.He asks his friend,Joshua if people from other cultures will be able to recognize when he is happy,sad,or angry,just from his facial expressions.How should Joshua respond?

A)few people from other cultures will be able to identify these emotions.
B)people from other cultures should be able to identify these emotions.
C)people from other cultures will be able to identify just anger.
D)research suggests that only females will be able to identify these emotions.

Question 17

In an incident described in the textbook,one of the authors was attending the funeral of an American friend of Syrian descent.Whenever a visitor would enter the funeral parlor,a group of women would shriek and wail.Why did the women respond in this manner?

A)They mistook the visitor for the brother of the deceased.
B)They were hired to display appropriately strong emotions.
C)They were genuinely grief-stricken.
D)They felt personally responsible for the death of the individual.

Question 18

Under which condition are both divisions of the autonomic nervous system most likely to be involved in preparing the body for emotional responses?

A)when the arousing stimulation is intense.
B)when the arousing stimulation is pleasant.
C)when the arousing stimulation is unpleasant.
D)when the arousing stimulation is mild.

Question 19

The operation of the autonomic nervous system during emotional responses is complex.What type of stimulation renders the parasympathetic division more active?

A)mild,unpleasant
B)strong,unpleasant
C)mild,pleasant
D)strong,pleasant

Question 20

Accordiing to a study described in the textbook,what shapes Japanese individuals' views of acceptable behavioural displays of pain?

A)traditional stoicism.
B)traditional penance.
C)traditional practices.
D)traditional heritage.

Question 21

According to research,what type of mood helps students to carry out school work more efficiently and creatively?

A)pleasant.
B)elated.
C)negative.
D)neutral.

Question 22

In the context of emotion,peripheralist theory is to centralist theory as

A)Robert Zajonc is to Carl Lange.
B)Stanley Schachter is to Richard Lazarus.
C)William James is to Walter Cannon.
D)Stanley Schachter is to Paul Ekman.

Question 23

Which statement about emotions is consistent with the beliefs of William James?

A)emotions are experienced after the body reacts.
B)people feel emotions when what happens is expected.
C)people will respond only when they are not emotional.
D)behavioural responses follow emotional responses.

Question 24

In the approaches to emotion taken by Stanley Schachter and Richard Lazarus,where is the greatest emphasis placed?

A)on how signals from the thalamus are routed to the cortex.
B)on visceral reactions to emotional stimuli.
C)on innate links provided by evolution.
D)on cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal.

Question 25

Which statement about the role of cognitive appraisal in emotional experience is supported by research?

A)cognitive appraisal is not a valid phenomenon.
B)cognitive appraisal is an important process,but not the only one.
C)people first respond instinctively,then search for cognitive explanations.
D)cognitive appraisal is of least value in explaining responses to ambiguous or novel situations.

Question 26

Why do individuals continue to be aroused for some time after an emergency has passed?

A)the individual is uncertain if the source of threat may return.
B)cognitive appraisal maintains the individual in an aroused state.
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine may still be circulating in the bloodstream.
D)the parasympathetic system has not yet been activated

Question 27

Mrs.James feels sad.She asks her husband William for his advice on how she can reduce her feelings of melancholy.If William James is the famous psychologist and co-developer of the James-Lange theory of emotion,what would he likely suggest to his wife?

A)She should start smiling and giggling.
B)She should discuss her problems with a humanistic therapist.
C)She should use introspection.
D)She should consider antidepressants.

Question 28

A wife comes home from work and finds her husband studying for a test.Trying to be thoughtful,she tells him how much she appreciates his dedication to school.Based on research on the relationship between affect and cognition,how will her husband most likely respond?

A)be positively affected by her comments and do better on his test.
B)be distracted by her comments and do poorly on his test.
C)not be affected one way or another by the compliment.
D)feel better about himself,but be unaffected with respect to his test performance.

Question 29

When asked if a particular emotional experience produces a distinct pattern of activity in the autonomic nervous system,how would a cross-cultural researcher most likely respond?

A)The answer is no.
B)The answer is yes.
C)No answer can be given at this time as insufficient research has been conducted in this area.
D)There is no definitive answer as the physiology of emotion is currently a topic of considerble debate.

Question 30

Contrary to the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion,when one experiences strong arousal without any obvious cause,how does such arousal tend to be interpreted?

A)as irrelevant.
B)as neutral.
C)as positive.
D)as negative.

Question 31

What has the research indicated about individual differences in subjective well-being?

A)genetics has an important impact.
B)life experience has little if any impact.
C)social relationships have little lasting influence.
D)judgments of subjective well-being are based on positive emotions alone.

Question 32

An emotion-arousing stimulus has two simultaneous effects,causing bodily arousal via the sympathetic nervous system and a subjective experience via the cortex.Which theory of emotion is being described?

A)James-Lange
B)Lazarus-Schachter
C)Cannon-Bard
D)Ader-Cohen

Question 33

An individual will sometimes experience a strong feeling of liking attached to certain stimuli but not know consciously why.Which researcher would strongly agree with this statement?

A)Stanley Schachter
B)Richard Lazarus
C)Walter Cannon
D)Robert Zajonc

Question 34

Which scenario best characterizes the "mere exposure effect"?

A)people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to,even when the stimuli are not consciously recognized.
B)people stop responding emotionally to a stimulus,simply because it has become familiar.
C)males will express sexual interest in a female with whom they are not familiar.
D)people become emotionally upset by the simple presentation of a neutral stimulus.

Question 35

Researchers have suggested that there are two distinct systems in the brain that handle approach-related and withdrawal-related emotional responses.Which part of the brain houses these two systems?

A)the left amygdala only
B)the occipital lobe
C)the frontal lobe only
D)the different hemispheres

Question 36

In the 1920s,Walter Cannon outlined the first scientific description of the way animals and humans respond to danger.Which term best characterizes this dual stress response?

A)general adaptation syndrome.
B)fight-or-flight response.
C)tend-and-befriend response.
D)sympathetic arousal.

Question 37

What does the research suggest about positive moods?

A)produce more creative problem solving.
B)detract from concentration.
C)promote detailed information processing.
D)detract from mental agility.

Question 38

A woman's life is in constant turmoil.She has been having problems with her marriage,her children have recurring illnesses,and the company that she works for may be going out of business.Which term best reflects the woman's experience?

A)acute stress.
B)chronic stress.
C)hozho.
D)hardiness.

Question 39

Which parts of the brain integrate the hormonal and neural aspects of arousal?

A)reticular activating system and thalamus.
B)hypothalamus and limbic system.
C)hippocampus and pons.
D)cerebellum and cortex.

Question 40

In an experiment described in the textbook,participants watched short films that put them in happy,neutral,or sad moods.Via videotape,the participants were then required to judge the guilt or innocence of people who said they had stolen a movie ticket.In general,what did the findings indicate?

A)happy moods resulted in greater belief that people were being dishonest.
B)sad moods resulted in more belief that people were being dishonest.
C)happy moods made no difference in judgments.
D)sad moods made no difference in judgments.

Question 41

A worker believes that anyone who is working under pressure must be experiencing a great deal of stress.What information should this worker consider?

A)working under pressure is actually beneficial.
B)some people may not experience stress when working under pressure.
C)the relationship between pressure and stress remains unclear.
D)most individuals have a tendency to exaggerate the amount of stress that they are experiencing.

Question 42

A criminal is in a police lineup.He is breathing quickly,his heart is racing,and his blood pressure is highly elevated.In addition,his stomach feels uneasy.What is the most likely source of these symptoms?

A)autonomic nervous system.
B)somatic nervous system.
C)hippocampus.
D)thalamus.

Question 43

When a web-based survey was conducted of adults across the United States after the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked on September 11,2001,what did researchers find?

A)individuals who watched more television coverage had fewer symptoms of PTSD.
B)the attacks on the Pentagon significantly raised the incidence of PTSD in the Washington D.C.area.
C)the group most affected were those who lived in the New York City metropolitan area.
D)less exposure to television coverage raised the probability of the occurrence of symptoms of PTSD.

Question 44

In a study described in the textbook,procrastinators were compared to nonprocrastinators who had been assigned a paper that was due late in the semester.What did the researchers discover about the procrastinators?

A)They had more symptoms of physical illness early in the semester.
B)They had fewer symptoms of physical illness early in the semester.
C)They had fewer symptoms of physical illness late in the semester.
D)They received better grades on their papers.

Question 45

Within the last six months,Jason has gotten married,found out that he's going to be a father,landed a great job,bought a new house,lost his best friend to cancer,and discovered that his parents are getting a divorce.What should Jason understand about the relationship between major changes in life situations and stress?

A)both positive and negative life changes may be sources of stress.
B)only negative life changes contribute to stress.
C)changes in life situations appear not to be related to stress.
D)positive life changes are actually more stressful than negative life changes.

Question 46

Beth has been exposed to a stressful event.According to research,what role will her interpretation of the stressful event play in terms of her stress response?

A)It can affect her body's physiological responses.
B)It has very little to do with the amount of stress that she will experience.
C)It is not as important as the physiological effects of stress itself.
D)Genetic inheritance has a greater influence than cognitive appraisal.

Question 47

Researchers conducted an experiment with the goal of comparing students' predictions about their emotional responses to their actual responses.They asked the students to predict how they imagined they would feel if their grade on an assignment were higher or lower than their prediction,or pretty much accurate.They later asked them how the actual outcomes made them feel.What did the researchers discover?

A)students experienced much more rejoicing over a higher than expected grade than they thought they would.
B)students' predictions about their future emotions were pretty much accurate.
C)students on average did somewhat worse on their assignments than they had predicted.
D)students did somewhat better than they had expected but they experienced much less rejoicing about these better-than-expected results than they had predicted.

Question 48

Which structure in the brain has sometimes been referred to as the stress center because of its important role in emergencies?

A)hippocampus.
B)thalamus.
C)hypothalamus.
D)autonomic nervous system.

Question 49

Which is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A)exhaustion,alarm,resistance
B)exhaustion,resistance,alarm
C)alarm,resistance,exhaustion
D)resistance,alarm,exhaustion

Question 50

Why is the hypothalamus referred to as the stress center?

A)It determines whether a situation is stressful or not.
B)It is the part of the brain that is most damaged when the organism is under stress.
C)It is responsible for activating the flight-or-fight response.
D)It relays information about stressful events to the reticular formation.

Question 51

A study examined individuals who worked full time in university administration,with their effort largely focused on the quality of student life.What did the results of this study reveal?

A)more meetings were associated with greater fatigue and higher subjective workload.
B)less meetings were associated with greater fatigue and lower subjective workload.
C)more meetings were associated with greater feelings of happiness and lesser subjective workload.
D)less meetings were associated with higher subjective workload.

Question 52

In response to stress,which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex and signals various organs to release approximately thirty other hormones into the bloodstream?

A)adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
B)thyrotropic hormone (TTH)
C)epinephrine
D)norepinephrine

Question 53

Gary has been stressed chronically.According to Hans Selye's discovery,what will be the outcome of the increased production of "stress hormones" in Gary's body?

A)an increase in feelings of generalized anxiety.
B)a breakdown in the immune system.
C)an increased susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes.
D)a decrease in the sexual response cycle.

Question 54

Bob and Sue are experiencing the same stressor.A recent analysis by health psychologist Shelley Taylor suggests that physiological responses to stress may have different consequences for females than for males.According to Taylor,how would Sue most likely respond to a stressor?

A)with fight but not flight.
B)with flight but not fight.
C)with tend-and-befriend.
D)with both fight-or-flight and tend-and-befriend.

Question 55

A student just realizes that there is an important test the next day and he has not yet started preparing.This stress-inducing realization will trigger which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A)exhaustion
B)alarm
C)resistance
D)procrastination

Question 56

Which statement about the distinction between acute psychological stress and chronic psychological stress is accurate?

A)The distinction is identical to the distinction between acute physiological and chronic physiological stress.
B)The distinction is sometimes difficult to make.
C)The distinction is determined by the severity of the symptoms.
D)The distinction is based on whether the source of the stress is internal or environmental.

Question 57

Nathan was a participant in the development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.What role would Nathan most likely have played?

A)listed all of the stressful events that had occurred in his life.
B)described how he would have reacted in a number of ambiguous social situations.
C)rated a series of individuals on the basis of how well-adjusted they appeared to be.
D)estimated the amount of readjustment required for a variety of life changes.

Question 58

Some children are playing a trivia game.In the "Famous Scientists" category,a player must identify the first modern researcher to investigate the effects of continued severe stress on the body and the originator of the general adaptation syndrome.Who is this individual?

A)Walter Cannon.
B)Donald Meichenbaum.
C)William James.
D)Hans Selye.

Question 59

When the Social Readjustment Rating Scale was updated in the 1990s,what did the researchers discover?

A)participants felt they had better control over their stress responses.
B)the life-change unit estimates had decreased by 45 percent.
C)men in the 1990s reported experiencing more stress in their lives than women did.
D)people reported experiencing higher levels of stress than the original 1960s sample.

Question 60

Researchers have looked at the relationship between happy events (uplifts)and irritating events (hassles).What did these researchers discover about the inflammatory factors indicative of cardiovascular disease?

A)They are affected by uplifts only.
B)They are affected by undesirable life events only.
C)They are affected positively by daily hassles and negatively by uplifts.
D)They respond in a positive way to uplifts by decreasing these factors and in a negative way to hassles by increasing these factors.

Question 61

Research has demonstrated that people can experience positive outcomes from deeply negative events.Which term best characterizes this phenomenon?

A)Posttraumatic growth.
B)Tend and befriend.
C)General adaptation syndrome.
D)Cognitive appraisal.

Question 62

According to the textbook,if health researchers wish to continue the trend toward an improved quality of life,which contributing factors to death must be addressed?

A)lifestyle factors.
B)infectious disease.
C)primitive civilizations.
D)the lack of vaccines.

Question 63

A student finds examinations to be very stressful.If he decides to cope by using a problem-directed coping strategy,what might he do?

A)go to a movie the night before an exam to distract himself.
B)tell himself that exams are not a valid way to evaluate his knowledge.
C)speak to his teachers about alternative methods of evaluation.
D)use meditation before taking an exam.

Question 64

One study examined the impact of informational and emotional support for men and women who were undergoing facial surgery.What did the results reveal?

A)People who had less social support anticipated their surgery with more sadness,required more anesthesia,and had briefer hospital stays.
B)People who had more social support anticipated their surgery with less anxiety,required less anesthesia,and had briefer hospital stays.
C)Men and women were equally affected by emotional support.
D)Women benefitted more than men from informational support.

Question 65

In a study on a group of women diagnosed with breast cancer,researchers observed these women over the course of a year to determine how their mental and physical health evolved.What did the results reveal?

A)women who were doing the best were the ones who were able to use perceived benefits to engage in positive reappraisal coping.
B)women who were doing the worst were the ones who received the least amount of informational support.
C)women who were doing the best were the ones who were able to use perceived losses to engage in negative reappraisal coping.
D)women who were doing the worst were the ones who were unable to engage in any kind of reappraisal coping.

Question 66

Within the biopsychosocial model,which scenario best exemplifies health behaviour?

A)taking one's temperature every morning.
B)taking medications that have been prescribed by a physician.
C)exercising regularly to prevent future illness.
D)treating oneself to a night out after losing five pounds.

Question 67

A friend is trying to deal with her stressors.She plans on applying the three-phase process of stress inoculation proposed by cognitive-behaviour therapist Donald Meichenbaum.What step should she take first?

A)identify new behaviours that will negate her self-defeating behaviours.
B)appraise the consequences of any adaptive behaviours she emits.
C)redefine her problems in terms of causes and results.
D)avoid negative self-talk.

Question 68

An individual believes that the course of his chronic illness cannot be directly influenced by the attitude he takes toward his illness and that only the advances of medical science can help him.Based on the research on the effects of perceived control,what will be the most likely outcome for this individual?

A)He will receive less support from family and friends.
B)His chances for a poor psychological adjustment will increase.
C)He will die from his illness.
D)He will show both physical and psychological benefits from his realistic approach.

Question 69

If one's stressors are uncontrollable,which coping techniques would be most appropriate?

A)problem-focused
B)somatically-focused
C)emotion-focused
D)cognitively-focused

Question 70

What approach to managing stress is superior?

A)Emotion-focused coping.
B)Problem-focused coping.
C)Multiple coping strategies.
D)Anticipatory coping.

Question 71

In helping a student deal with her fear of speaking in public,her counsellor asks her to be aware of the origins of her fear,then identify new behaviours that negate her fear,and finally evaluate how these new behaviours are working for her.Which term characterizes this three-phrase process?

A)anticipatory coping.
B)stress inoculation.
C)general adaptation.
D)stress moderation.

Question 72

Which statement about stress moderator variables is accurate?

A)They filter the usual effects of stressors.
B)They increase the potential impact of a stressor.
C)They are primarily innate.
D)They typically eliminate the source of stress.

Question 73

A man's wife of 25 years has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and has been given no more than three months to live.As a way to help the husband reduce his stress,what approach should be recommended?

A)implement the general adaptation response
B)implement the fight-or-flight response.
C)adopt an emotion-focused coping style.
D)adopt a problem-focused coping style.

Question 74

Elaine has earned her degree and is going on a potentially stressful job interview.When she arrives at the location of the interview,she imagines that the people she will be speaking with are all stand-up comedians,which makes her smile and relax.Which type of coping strategy is Elaine using?

A)stress inoculation.
B)cognitive reappraisal.
C)socioemotional support.
D)informational support.

Question 75

What is the general goal of health psychology?

A)To encourage individuals globally to undergo regular medical checkups.
B)To use psychological knowledge to promote wellness.
C)To apply the principles of medicine to treat the physical body and the psyche.
D)To foster the biomedical approach to treatment.

Question 76

Which causes of death have been appropriately ranked from highest to lowest?

A)heart disease,cancer,influenza and pneumonia,accidents
B)accidents,heart disease,cancer,strokes
C)strokes,cancer,accidents,heart disease
D)cancer,heart disease,accidents,influenza and pneumonia

Question 77

Days before a student is scheduled to make a presentation in class,she works out a plan for relieving the anxiety associated with giving the presentation.Which term best captures this student's approach?

A)Type A behaviour.
B)Type B behaviour.
C)anticipatory coping.
D)primary appraisal.

Question 78

Romeo is no longer in love with Juliet,but is afraid to tell her.Recently,he has found himself watching more television than usual and fantasizing about taking a vacation instead of having to confront Juliet.What approach is Romeo using as a way to reduce his stress level?

A)anticipatory coping
B)problem-directed coping
C)emotion-focused coping
D)perceived control

Question 79

When a man's wife approaches him about the many problems in their marriage,he is puzzled and wonders privately if he should take his wife's concerns seriously.According to Richard Lazarus,what process is the the man illustrating?

A)emotional appraisal.
B)primary cognitive appraisal.
C)secondary cognitive appraisal.
D)denial.

Question 80

Researchers have found that both informational and emotional supports are effective for different people in different situations.Generally,what appears to matter in terms of support?

A)that there is a match between what an individual wants and what an individual gets.
B)that the individual accepts and benefits from the support that is offered.
C)that informational support is almost always critical to recovery whereas emotional support is not.
D)that emotional support is almost always critical to recovery whereas informational support is not.