Deck 8: A: Memory

Question 1

After waking from a nap,a student rides his bike to the library,where he studies for his test and then talks with some friends.Which activity is most closely tied to his procedural memory?

A)talking with his friends.
B)studying for his test.
C)napping.
D)riding his bike.

Answer 1

riding his bike.

Question 2

Peter is writing his Introductory Psychology midterm and is struggling to find the correct answer in his mind.Which process of memory is eluding Peter?

A)consolidation
B)encoding
C)retrieval
D)storage

Answer 2

retrieval

Question 3

What process is occurring when information is initially turned into a representation in memory?

A)Storage
B)Retrieval
C)Encoding
D)Rehearsal

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

The professor has become so adept at reviewing students' papers that spelling errors just seem to jump out at him.Which term best explains this phenomenon?

A)the savings method.
B)iconic memory.
C)an explicit use of memory.
D)an implicit use of memory.

Question 5

Which error is most likely to be the result of knowledge compilation?

A)When asked for the capital of Canada,Sara mistakenly says "Toronto."
B)Sara needs to stop at the post office,but forgets as she drives her normal route home from school.
C)After taking a course in Chinese,Sara forgets the rule for future perfect tense in Russian.
D)Sara finds it difficult to learn her lines for an upcoming play.

Question 6

Pete's roommate is looking in the fridge and calling out to Pete the things he will need to buy at the grocery store.Although the list of items Pete hears is coming at him pretty fast,he notices that he still has a brief ability to hear the last word said.What type of memory is being described?

A)procedural
B)iconic
C)echoic
D)flashbulb

Question 7

In George Sperling's classic research on iconic memory,participants were presented with arrays of three rows of letters and numbers.In which procedure were they asked to recall only one row in the display?

A)savings
B)analytic-report
C)holistic
D)partial-report

Question 8

As part of a classroom demonstration,the teacher is reading a list of digits to test memory span.How many numbers will most students recall?

A)one to two
B)three to five
C)five to nine
D)ten to twenty

Question 9

A relative is showing his vacation slides.Where are the viewers' visual images first stored for a very brief time?

A)In procedural memory
B)In short-term memory
C)In iconic memory
D)In echoic memory

Question 10

Breanna is bragging because she just had her memory span tested and was able to remember 4 out of 10 items.What can be accurately said about Breanna's performance?

A)Breanna should be very pleased as most people only remember 1 or 2 items.
B)Breanna's performance was within the average range.
C)Breanna performed slightly below average.
D)Breanna shouldn't be bragging because the average individual will remember 10 items.

Question 11

Which statement about "photographic memory" is supported by research?

A)This type of memory ability is actually quite rare in adults.
B)It is more common to experience eidetic imagery.
C)This type of memory ability is actually not at all rare in adults.
D)Individuals with photographic memory,likely lack iconic memory.

Question 12

Who discovered that the memory span of the average individual is 7 items,plus or minus 2?

A)John Watson
B)Endel Tulving
C)George Miller
D)Alan Baddeley

Question 13

What is the definition of memory?

A)the capacity to visualize.
B)the capacity to feel and emote.
C)the capacity to perceive events.
D)the capacity to encode,store,and retrieve information.

Question 14

Tim's friend suffered a bike accident and is unconscious in the hospital.The nurses are asking Tim for her parent's phone number,and although Tim is now calm,he cannot remember it without looking at the phone and pretending to dial it.Tim's fingers remember the number when memory efforts fail.What concept does this scenario illustrate?

A)declarative retrieval.
B)procedural interference.
C)procedural dominance.
D)knowledge compilation.

Question 15

How does iconic memory differ from eidetic imagery?

A)Iconic memory is akin to looking at a photograph.
B)Iconic memory lasts for much longer periods of time.
C)Iconic memory lasts for much shorter periods of time.
D)Iconic memory allows one to recall specific details of a picture that is no longer present.

Question 16

While Krista is jogging in the park,the scene of a family enjoying a picnic catches her eye.After Krista turns away,what will happen to the image of the family?

A)It will immediately recede.
B)It will last for about one-half second.
C)It will last for about three seconds.
D)It will last for about five seconds.

Question 17

On their way to their 25th high school reunion,a husband asks his wife if she can remember the name of the "class clown" the year that they graduated.What term best captures the wife's attempt to retrieve this information?

A)partial-report procedure.
B)the savings method.
C)procedural memory.
D)explicit use of memory.

Question 18

When driving in a car,why do stores along the roadside seem familiar?

A)Memory enables us to have effortless continuity of experience from one day to another.
B)Memory enables us to remember the important events of our lives.
C)Objects that move are more readily encoded.
D)A keen awareness of one's surroundings has adaptive value.

Question 19

To determine if iconic memory has a large capacity,what did researcher George Sperling need to do?

A)compare the performance of participants in the partial-report procedure with those in the whole-report procedure.
B)determine how participants performed in the whole-report procedure.
C)compare the performance of participants in the whole-report procedure with previous studies of memory.
D)compare the performance of participants on iconic memory tasks with the performance of participants on eidetic imagery tasks.

Question 20

Martha is on a picnic with her poetry group.They first share what they did on the previous weekend,and then recite some of their favourite poems.A few of them take a break and consider a swim,while others plan what they'll do for their next meeting.Which of these activities would be an example of procedural memory?

A)Sharing what they did on the previous weekend.
B)Reciting poems.
C)Considering swimming.
D)Planning a future meeting.

Question 21

What are the two types of declarative memory first proposed by Endel Tulving?

A)implicit and explicit
B)procedural and automatic
C)implicit and episodic
D)episodic and semantic

Question 22

Lucy was asked how many windows there are in her house.To answer the question,Lucy formed a mental picture of her house.According to Alan Baddeley,which component of working memory would be used to form the mental image?

A)central executive
B)navigational pilot
C)visuospatial sketchpad
D)phonological loop

Question 23

Imagine that a directory assistance operator has just given Katie a telephone number.Surprisingly,as Katie hangs up to dial the number the telephone rings and it is a telemarketer.Although it takes Katie only 18 seconds to get him off the line,she has been prevented from rehearsing the number during that time.Based on a study that is described in the textbook,what will likely happen if Katie attempts to dial the number now?

A)She will forget all or almost all of the number.
B)She will remember only the last half of the number.
C)She will remember only the digits in the middle part of the number.
D)She will recall the majority of the numbers.

Question 24

Memories emerge most efficiently when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding.Which term best characterizes this phenomenon?

A)levels-of-processing effect.
B)encoding specificity.
C)serial position effect.
D)contextual distinctiveness.

Question 25

What memory process is required when taking a multiple-choice test?

A)recognition
B)recall
C)encoding
D)storing

Question 26

How is working memory best characterized?

A)A biological process occurring in the brain.
B)A physical area within the cerebral cortex.
C)A conduit for information coming from and going to long-term memory.
D)A mechanism that operates apart from short- and long-term memory.

Question 27

A student is taking a history test.One of the questions asks for the name of the founder of the American Red Cross.She is sure that she knows the name,but cannot retrieve it from memory.Which memory strategy would be most useful?

A)Use the alphabet as a cue.
B)Try to remember the context in which she learned the name.
C)Move on to the next item on the test and return to this one later.
D)Follow her instincts and write the first name that comes to mind.

Question 28

Over his lifetime,a physicist has learned many mathematical equations and facts.Where is this information primarily stored?

A)In semantic memory
B)In procedural memory
C)In episodic memory
D)In sensory memory

Question 29

Who first proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic types of declarative memories?

A)Alan Baddeley
B)George Miller
C)Endel Tulving
D)B)F.Skinner

Question 30

The textbook describes a famous research participant,S.F.,who was able to memorize eighty-four digits,though his memory for letters was about average.What lesson can be learned from this study?

A)Individuals like S.F.are unique,and the strategies used by S.F.are not applicable to the majority.
B)Anyone can structure and recall information as S.F.did,but the structure must be similar to the one used by S.F.
C)Information can only be structured if it is linked to rules,meaning,or codes in long-term memory.
D)Anyone can structure and recall information according to its personal meaning.

Question 31

Which component of working memory is used when deciding to attend to certain portions of a psychology lecture?

A)phonological loop
B)navigational pilot
C)visuospatial sketchpad
D)central executive

Question 32

As described in the textbook,researchers recruited college undergraduates for a study based on experience sampling.Participants were asked how challenging they found each task,and the extent to which their minds wandered from the tasks.What did the researchers discover?

A)people with lower working memory capacity reported less mind wandering overall.
B)people with lower working memory capacity could not complete the tasks.
C)when tasks were challenging,people with higher working memory capacity reported less mind wandering than people with lower working memory capacity.
D)people with higher working memory capacity were distracted by mind wandering much of the time.

Question 33

The last time Bev and Sue were in the city,they had a great meal,but now neither of them can remember the restaurant's name.Sue is looking at on-line restaurant listings in the hope that seeing the name will jog her memory.Which term best captures this approach to remembering?

A)recall
B)recognition
C)word identification
D)word stem completion

Question 34

A student has taken a summer job answering telephone calls for sales orders.He quickly learns that it is pretty easy to remember a customer's seven-digit phone number,but it is much more difficult to keep track of a sixteen-digit credit card number.According to the conclusions of researcher George Miller,why is the student having difficulty with longer strings of numbers?

A)the capacity of sensory memory is quite limited.
B)memory span covers only five to nine items.
C)retroactive interference has taken place
D)the information has not been transferred to his sensory memory.

Question 35

Alex and Jacob are thinking of all the words that rhyme with 'pat'.According to Baddeley,which component of working memory would they be using to accomplish this task?

A)the central executive.
B)a visuospatial sketchpad.
C)a phonological loop.
D)procedural memory.

Question 36

In general,what can be concluded when comparing recall and recognition memory tests?

A)only recognition requires a search using retrieval cues.
B)only recall requires a search using retrieval cues.
C)the retrieval cues for recall are more useful.
D)the retrieval cues for recognition are more useful.

Question 37

A father has sent his daughter to the grocery store.As his daughter leaves,the father can hear her repeating,"a dozen eggs and a loaf of bread" over and over again.What type of memory strategy is the daughter using?

A)the method of loci.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)chunking.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 38

A father sends his son to the corner store to pick up some groceries.Instead of remembering each individual item,the son groups the items according to food group.Which memory strategy is the son using?

A)peg word
B)method of loci
C)chunking
D)enrichment

Question 39

For most individuals who read this question,which of the following would probably be seen as a single "chunk" of information?

A)59482574
B)KUZ-HG
C)glasses,slippery
D)"I love you."

Question 40

Now middle-aged,a man can still remember his exploits on the football field when he was in high school and he is more than willing to discuss these memories with his children.Which type of memory is being described?

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)sensory
D)episodic

Question 41

A student has an upcoming test.Based on the principle of encoding specificity,what approach to studying the classroom material should the student take?

A)Study with a group of peers.
B)Study as he typically does,listening to music while lying in bed.
C)Study under conditions that will be similar to those under which he will be tested.
D)Study by repeating the material in the same order during each study session.

Question 42

Which scenario is an example of retroactive interference?

A)The teacher finds it more difficult each year to learn and remember student names.
B)The ability to play the piano makes it difficult to learn and remember how to strike the keys on a harpsichord.
C)The student has learned a new locker combination,but can't remember the old one.
D)Since the move to a different city,it has been difficult to remember the new postal code.

Question 43

In a study presented in the textbook regarding encoding specificity,questions were posed in either Mandarin or English.When were the participants most successful?

A)When the questions were related to mathematics rather than history.
B)When the answer was easier to describe in their native language.
C)When the answer matched the language in which the question was posed.
D)When the original researchers were not present.

Question 44

When Mika sees the supermarket cashier while she is in the ticket line at the theater,Mika recognizes her but cannot remember how she know her.To what can this phenomenon most likely be attributed?

A)a repressed memory.
B)the absence of an engram.
C)encoding specificity.
D)the existence of a prototype.

Question 45

What is one difficulty with the levels-of-processing theory?

A)there is uncertainty as to how processing information at different levels is related to memory.
B)very little research has validated the levels-of-processing approach.
C)there is uncertainty as to what constitutes "deep" and "shallow" processing.
D)the levels-of-processing theory has very little practical value in the real world.

Question 46

In a study that is mentioned in the textbook,scuba divers learned lists of words while they were either on a beach or under water.Under which condition did the divers demonstrate better recall?

A)under water.
B)on the beach.
C)under water,when the words had been learned under water.
D)under water,even when the words had been learned on the beach.

Question 47

In research that is described in the textbook,participants tried to learn lists of letters under two conditions.In one condition,each pair of letters was separated by two digits that had to be read.In the other condition,the first pair had four digits and the last pair had zero digits.What did the researchers discover?

A)poorer memory for the early items on the list when those items had been made more separate.
B)better memory for the items on the list with proportional spacing.
C)that the recency effect arose because the last few items were not very distinctive.
D)that making items distinctive made little difference in the performance of the participants.

Question 48

Given what is known about the serial position effect and distinctiveness,what approach should be taken in preparing for a test on a textbook chapter?

A)spend more time studying the beginning of the chapter,and attempt to make it distinctive from other parts of the chapter.
B)spend more time studying the middle of the chapter,and try to make it distinctive from other parts of the chapter.
C)spend more time studying the end of the chapter,and try to make it distinctive from other parts of the chapter.
D)spend equal amounts of time on each part of the chapter,and try to minimize the distinctiveness of each from the other parts of the chapter.

Question 49

When does retroactive interference occur?

A)When previously acquired information makes it more difficult to acquire new information.
B)When the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information.
C)When retrieval cues are phonologically based.
D)When information does not move from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 50

In an experiment by Endel Tulving and Donald Thomson that is described in the textbook,participants were given a list of word pairs to learn and were instructed to remember the second word of each pair only.Later they were asked to either recognize any second word of a pair that appeared on a list presented to them,or to recall the second word after being given the first word of the pair.What were the findings?

A)They were better at recognizing the words from the list they generated.
B)They were better at recalling the second words after being provided with the first words.
C)They were equally successful at recognition and recall tasks.
D)They were better at recovering memories when the context for remembering was changed.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

A)Jazmin calls her new boyfriend by her old boyfriend's name.
B)Jazmin calls her old girlfriend by her new girlfriend's name.
C)After learning Spanish,Jazmin finds it difficult to remember her previously-learned Italian verbs.
D)After learning how to play racquetball,Jazmin finds that her prior squash skills are diminished.

Question 52

How are primacy and recency effects best explained?

A)as a function of motivation.
B)as a function of distinctiveness.
C)as a function of attention.
D)as a function of proportionality.

Question 53

A researcher is conducting a study of memory.When it comes time for assessing what has been remembered,what should the researcher keep in mind?

A)the depth of processing will depend on the type of judgments participants are asked to make about experimental materials.
B)recall using short-term memory will be difficult to discriminate from recall using working memory.
C)implicit memory cannot be easily measured.
D)tests for implicit and explicit memory tend to obtain similar results.

Question 54

Researchers of implicit memory have investigated the relationship between encoding and retrieval by using priming based on physical features or meaning.What were the conclusions?

A)physical priming works best.
B)priming works best with fragment completion tasks.
C)the form of priming that works best is independent of how information is initially encoded.
D)priming works best when processes at encoding and retrieval match.

Question 55

A memory researcher is a believer in the levels-of-processing theory of memory.With which statement is she most likely to agree?

A)The more deeply information is processed,the more likely it is to be committed to memory.
B)Recognition memory is typically superior to recall memory.
C)Ultimately,all information is processed by memory to approximately the same degree or level.
D)Only information that is processed at the highest or most superficial level will be remembered.

Question 56

As preparation for a test,a student reads the textbook chapter.Later,while going over the material with his study group,he seems to recall the material at both the beginning and the end of the chapter,but he remembers little from the middle.Which term best characterizes this phenomenon?

A)primacy effect
B)recency effect
C)contextual distinctiveness
D)serial position effect

Question 57

A professor describes a graph that plots how often words from various positions in a list were recalled.What topic is the professor most likely discussing?

A)procedural memory.
B)encoding specificity.
C)the serial position effect.
D)flashbulb memories.

Question 58

In a study of implicit memory,a researcher is using "m_ss_l_" to determine if the participants will respond with the word "missile." What term best characterizes the type of task that is being implemented?

A)vowel completion
B)word completion
C)stem completion
D)fragment completion

Question 59

Abby is participating in an experiment in which she has to learn a list of words in a red room and then is tested either in the same red room or in a blue room.What are the investigators most likely studying?

A)memory span.
B)rehearsal.
C)encoding specificity.
D)metamemory.

Question 60

Which statement best characterizes proactive interference?

A)early childhood memories are extremely difficult to retrieve.
B)existing retrieval cues facilitate memory.
C)previously acquired information makes it more difficult to acquire new information.
D)newly acquired information makes it more difficult to remember previously acquired information.

Question 61

In a study that is described in the textbook,college students were asked to either perform or imagine performing actions.On a future memory test,what did the researchers find?

A)The students sometimes believed that they had performed actions that they had only imagined.
B)The students remembered performing only bizarre actions.
C)The students remembered performing only ordinary actions.
D)The students tended to believe that they had imagined actions they had actually performed.

Question 62

What has metamemory research shown about an individual's "feelings-of-knowing"?

A)They are not related to familiarity with the retrieval cue.
B)They can be fairly accurate.
C)They are no more accurate than would be expected by chance.
D)They are an example of intuition,a relatively unreliable sensation.

Question 63

Two-year-old Susie has just discovered that the soft,furry,four-legged creatures that she loves so much are "cats." Which term characterizes her mental representation of this category?

A)prototype.
B)concept.
C)schema.
D)stereotype.

Question 64

In trying to explain rugby to a friend,David finds himself using terminology from Canadian football,with which he is most familiar.What did Bartlett call this reconstructive process?

A)assimilating
B)leveling
C)sharpening
D)accommodating

Question 65

A child thinks of a restaurant as a place where you go when you are hungry,where you order your food at a counter,and where mommy pays for it before you get it.Which term best characterizes this child's mental representation of a restaurant?

A)schema.
B)engram.
C)prototype.
D)memory hierarchy.

Question 66

Concepts may be combined into larger units or "knowledge packages" that encode complex generalizations about experiences.Which term refers to these conceptual frameworks?

A)engrams.
B)basic level concepts.
C)schemas.
D)prototypes.

Question 67

In his impressive studies of memory,what did Sir Frederic Bartlett discover about participants who were asked to remember stories?

A)They were amazingly accurate in their recollections of details.
B)They were likely to include distortions in their reproductions.
C)They were more accurate in their story telling when a researcher was present.
D)They were consistent in maintaining the cultural themes of the original stories.

Question 68

A student is trying to commit to memory,for the first time,the various parts of the neuron.If she uses an elaborative rehearsal strategy to accomplish this task,what will she do?

A)write down the parts of the neuron repeatedly.
B)read aloud about the different parts of the neuron.
C)repeat the different parts of the neuron in her mind after reading about them.
D)imagine that the neuron is a person and that the body parts are similar to the neuron parts.

Question 69

Hannah is asked to name the composer of the "Maple Leaf Rag." She has prior familiarity with the "Maple Leaf Rag" so she thinks that she will be able to recognize the correct alternative when given multiple choices.Which theory undelies Hannah's belief?

A)accessibility hypothesis.
B)linguistic relativity hypothesis.
C)cue familiarity hypothesis.
D)contextual distinctiveness hypothesis.

Question 70

What do most mnemonic devices seem to have in common?

A)They use visual imagery.
B)They use kinesthetic imagery.
C)They provide efficient retrieval cues.
D)They operate unconsciously.

Question 71

What is one way to counter the next-in-line effect?

A)breathe deeply and control the level of anxiety in order to better remember information.
B)tell oneself to be aware of the effect.
C)use elaborative rehearsal as a defense against the effect.
D)ask to be placed last in line.

Question 72

An actor is using the method of loci to help remember the lines for a play.What does this method emphasize?

A)sound associations.
B)rhymes.
C)stories.
D)familiar locations.

Question 73

What term characterizes the average or most typical member of a conceptual category?

A)schema.
B)prototype.
C)exemplar.
D)engram.

Question 74

In trying to prepare for an exam,Chase forms visual images and makes stories that use concepts in creative ways.Which memory technique is being described?

A)encoding specificity.
B)metamemory.
C)chunking.
D)elaborative rehearsal.

Question 75

When trying to learn a list of items that will need to be remembered later,a person associates each item with one of a series of rhymes,such as "one is a bun," "two is a shoe","three is a tree" and so on.Which memory technique is being used?

A)the method of loci
B)the peg-word method
C)metamemory
D)feelings-of-knowing

Question 76

Which term is most likely to be classified as a basic level concept?

A)mammal
B)living creature
C)dog
D)Dalmatian

Question 77

Roy is studying for a test on the Civil War.When asked if he feels as though he knows the important information related to the Battle of Gettysburg,ideas related to the battle immediately enter his consciousness,and he feels confident in his knowledge.Which hypothesis explains Roy's "feeling-of-knowing"?

A)availability
B)good-match
C)accessibility
D)similarity

Question 78

Students at Northwestern University studied many of Ebbinghaus's original lists in an attempt to replicate his studies of memory.After many trials with many lists,what did the students discover?

A)an effect opposite to that found by Ebbinghaus.
B)no effect of interference,probably due to improved learning techniques.
C)proactive interference that was similar to that experienced by Ebbinghaus.
D)that actual words began to look like nonsense syllables.

Question 79

Certain strategies or devices encode a long series of facts,associating those facts with familiar and previously encoded information to enhance subsequent retieval.Which term refers to these memory strategies?

A)anagrams.
B)mnemonics.
C)engrams.
D)stereotypes.

Question 80

Imagine that Lil is fourth in line to give a short speech in class this morning.If the "next-in-line" effect is present,what can be predicted?

A)Lil will remember very little about the first speech.
B)Lil will remember very little about the speech that precedes her speech.
C)Lil will remember very little about the speeches that follow her speech.
D)Lil will have equal recollection of the three speeches given while in line that morning.