Deck 6: A: Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

Question 1

Although Jason was not thinking about what he had for dinner the night before,when his friend asked him about the meal,it sparked the recollection of his visit to a local restaurant and a very tasty spaghetti dish.Which term best reflects Jason's recollection of the dinner?

A)nonconscious processes.
B)preconscious memories.
C)unattended information.
D)the unconscious.

Answer 1

preconscious memories.

Question 2

Participants in a research study are asked to report what they are thinking about when a pager signals at different times during the day.What procedure is the researcher using?

A)experience-sampling
B)think-aloud protocol
C)within subjects
D)identification and recognition

Answer 2

experience-sampling

Question 3

According to the textbook,what can be said about consciousness?

A)It is cogent.
B)It is precise.
C)It is ambiguous.
D)It is tangible.

Answer 3

It is ambiguous.

Question 4

After eating a meal,Vikki is completely unaware of the digestive processes going on in her body.Which term best describes this phenomenon?

A)a nonconscious process.
B)a preconscious memory.
C)unattended information.
D)the unconscious.

Question 5

Wich idea is supported by the fact that individuals automatically use context to help decide between different meanings of ambiguous words in sentences?

A)Freud's concept of repression is valid.
B)language processes are not capable of being consciously influenced.
C)processes that operate below the level of consciousness can affect behaviour.
D)rational beings have considerable access to the activities of their own minds.

Question 6

In the years prior to the development of Freud's theory,what was generally believed about consciousness?

A)the best way to study the mind was through the use of the experimental method.
B)human consciousness was identical to nonhuman animal consciousness.
C)humans had access to all the activities of their own minds.
D)unconscious processes affected conscious behaviour.

Question 7

A woman has volunteered for an investigation of mental strategies.The experimenter asks her to express verbally what she is thinking as she works through some problems.What approach is the researcher likely taking?

A)introspecting.
B)using the experience-sampling method.
C)collecting think-aloud protocols.
D)measuring nonconscious processes.

Question 8

What is one role of the restrictive function of consciousness?

A)To hide feelings of fear or anger.
B)To decide if one can lift a heavy object without hurting oneself.
C)To tell the difference between the odours of fish and coffee.
D)To carry on a conversation at a noisy party.

Question 9

Ron is driving his son to a hockey game when he runs into a delay caused by construction.He thinks to himself that he should remember to avoid this road for the next few weeks.Which function of consciousness is being described?

A)planning
B)restrictive
C)selective storage
D)attentional

Question 10

Mandy needs to buy David a present.Mandy's ability to consider what things David has,how he might react to the gift,and how Mandy is going to pay for the gift are all made possible by which function of consciousness?

A)selective storage
B)preconscious
C)planning
D)restrictive

Question 11

After watching a television show on the use of physical punishment by parents,a husband and wife come to different conclusions about the efficacy of punishment.What is the most likely explanation for their disagreement?

A)Differences in consensual validation.
B)Differences in the cultural construction of reality.
C)Differences in personal construction of reality.
D)Differences in the restrictive function of consciousness.

Question 12

Winifred was raised in a community of Mennonites who for religious reasons live apart from the modern world.As a member of this community,Winifred will be required to withdraw from school on her 14^th birthday.What does the termination of Winifred's education signify?

A)planning construction of consciousness.
B)cultural construction of reality.
C)personal construction of reality.
D)restrictive construction of consciousness.

Question 13

When would a psychologist most likely use the experience-sampling method?

A)to determine how much daydreaming people do.
B)to determine what strategies people use to solve problems.
C)to determine how long it takes people to respond to changes in temperature.
D)to determine how hunger affects the ability to store new information.

Question 14

With respect to the term "consciousness," what point does the textbook make?

A)It is typically defined in terms of specific physiological processes that are occurring in the brain.
B)It refers to the contents of consciousness,not a general state of mind.
C)It refers to a general state of mind,not the contents of consciousness.
D)It can refer to a general state of mind or to its specific contents.

Question 15

Sigmund Freud believed that certain experiences are so painful and threatening that they are barred from consciousness.Which term best describes this phenomenon?

A)nonconscious processes.
B)preconscious memories.
C)unattended information.
D)repressed memories.

Question 16

A tourist had never been to Paris before,and when she got off the train she was totally confused.People were everywhere and she was being swept along by the crowd.Suddenly,she was aware that someone was calling her name.What does this example illustrate?

A)the unconscious.
B)preconscious memories.
C)unattended information.
D)nonconscious processes.

Question 17

In his classic text written in 1892,how did William James define psychology?

A)as the description and explanation of behaviour.
B)as the description and explanation of states of consciousness.
C)as the description and explanation of animal and human intelligence.
D)as the description and explanation of emotion and motivation.

Question 18

According to Sigmund Freud,what can be said about unconscious,repressed experiences?

A)They didn't actually occur.
B)They can easily be brought into conscious awareness.
C)They are no longer threatening.
D)They can still influence behaviour.

Question 19

Libby adopted Steven,a five-year old boy from a severely abusive home.As Steven grew up,Libby gradually spoke less and less about Steven's real parents.Libby believed that therapy wouldn't undo the damage done by Steven's real parents.Much to her surprise,by the time Steven was 20 he didn't have any recollection of his real parents or anything prior to the age of five.He was,however,very mistrustful and had problems forming relationships with others.What would Freud would most likely say about Steven's behaviour?

A)He is repressing the painful memories while still experiencing the strong feelings associated with the memories.
B)He is unconsciously attending to early,happy memories.
C)He is maintaining in preconsciousness any memories from early childhood.
D)He is denying the early abuse in order to protect his ego.

Question 20

When one's personal construction of reality remains relatively stable,what state is one also likely to experience?

A)consensual validation.
B)extreme sociability.
C)heightened activity in the left hemisphere.
D)a stable sense of self.

Question 21

After a great deal of long-distance travel,Kae experience fatigue,uncontrollable sleepiness,and a disruption of her sleep-wake schedule that continues for days.Which phenomenon is being described?

A)narcolepsy.
B)jet lag.
C)insomnia.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 22

What is the frequency of a sleep spindle?

A)1 to 2 cps
B)3 to 7 cps
C)8 to 12cps
D)12 to 16 cps

Question 23

Doug is arguing that the need for NREM sleep evolved to allow the brain to repair itself.Which term best captures this function of sleep?

A)conservation.
B)restoration.
C)incubation.
D)consolidation.

Question 24

A pilot flies regularly between Halifax and Amsterdam.The pilot also flies the Thunder Bay to Toronto route.When will the pilot experience the greatest symptoms of jet lag?

A)After flying either portion of the Halifax-Amsterdam route.
B)After flying northbound from Toronto to Thunder Bay.
C)After flying eastward from Halifax to Amsterdam.
D)After flying westward from Amsterdam to Halifax.

Question 25

Which statement about sleep and aging is supported by research?

A)the amount of REM sleep increases considerably over the years.
B)NREM diminishes more sharply than REM sleep over the years.
C)the amount of REM sleep decreases considerably over the years.
D)REM sleep remains fairly constant over the years,but NREM increases slightly.

Question 26

What methodological breakthrough for the study of sleep came in 1937?

A)electroencephalography.
B)experience-sampling.
C)hypnosis.
D)think-aloud protocols.

Question 27

A lab assistant is monitoring the EEG recordings of a patient in a sleep laboratory.The patient's brain waves change from about 14 cycles per second (cps)to 8-12 cps and then to 3-7 cps.What changes,if any,have likely occurred in the patient?

A)First the patient was deeply asleep,then lightly asleep,then awake.
B)The patient moved progressively from Stage 1 to Stage 3 sleep.
C)First the patient was awake,then relaxed,then in Stage 1 sleep.
D)The patient moved from REM sleep through stage 2 to stage 1.

Question 28

What statement about circadian rhythms is accurate?

A)They are bodily cycles that affect such things as arousal levels and metabolism.
B)They are patterns of rhyme and meter used in studies of language behaviour.
C)They are generally 90 minutes in duration.
D)They are likely to be found on tests of musical intelligence.

Question 29

What is one way to study the functions of consciousness?

A)To demonstrate how people's responses change when conscious processes are not allowed to function normally.
B)To demonstrate how people repress ideas.
C)To demonstrate that no matter how much a person has to attend to,conscious processes are consistently easy to use.
D)To demonstrate that behaviour is more strongly influenced by conscious than by unconscious processes.

Question 30

Which stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles?

A)1)
B)2)
C)3)
D)4)

Question 31

Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep?

A)The function of REM sleep is a mystery to scientists.
B)The EEG tracings during REM sleep vary greatly from person to person.
C)REM sleep is the period when most dreaming occurs.
D)The EEG tracings during REM sleep resemble those of a person who is awake.

Question 32

In which state is most of a person's sleep time spent?

A)dreaming.
B)in REM sleep.
C)in paradoxical sleep.
D)in NREM sleep.

Question 33

What type of electrical activity indicates a transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 sleep?

A)delta waves.
B)beta waves.
C)sleep spindles.
D)alpha waves.

Question 34

Joyce was just offered a flight attendant's position that requires flying across multiple time zones.She's worried about suffering from jet lag.What will her physician most likely prescribe?

A)melatonin
B)oxytocin
C)sedatives
D)anti-anxiety pills

Question 35

Sheena has been asked to live in a special room in which there are no windows,clocks or watches,and no access to time cues of any sort.How will these conditions affect Sheena's biological clock?

A)Her biological clock will be disrupted,showing little consistency from day to day.
B)Her biological clock will be unaffected and she will establish a 24-hour cycle.
C)Her biological clock will be just a few minutes longer than 24 hours.
D)She will show little change in her biological clock,whereas a male will show about a 23-hour rhythm.

Question 36

The EEG tracing of the patient in the sleep laboratory shows that brain waves have slowed to about 1 to 2 cycles per second.In addition,breathing and heart rate have decreased.What stage of sleep is the patient most likely enjoying?

A)Stage 1.
B)Stage 2.
C)Stage 3 or 4.
D)REM.

Question 37

What synchronizes the human internal "pacemaker" with the 24-hour day/night cycle?

A)the rods and cones of the eye.
B)exposure to sunlight.
C)the consumption of food.
D)the changes in temperature that are associated with night and day.

Question 38

Conscious processes are often affected by

A)reflexes.
B)subliminal messages.
C)unconscious processes.
D)repressed memories.

Question 39

How many periods of REM sleep do most individuals achieve per night?

A)0-2
B)2-4
C)4-6
D)6-8

Question 40

A friend has just read an account of the need to have adequate amounts of REM and NREM sleep.What advice is most important to provide to help him accomplish this task?

A)Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day of the week.
B)Take short naps.
C)Adjust sleep time to match the hours of darkness.
D)Eat a sleep-inducing snack approximately 1 hour before bedtime.

Question 41

Marc showed the greatest increase in REM sleep when he was a participant in the experiment conducted at Trent University (Smith et al.,2004).What else can likely be said about Marc's experience?

A)He showed the least improvement on the Tower of Hanoi.
B)He showed the most improvement on the Tower of Hanoi.
C)He performed at baseline levels on the final Tower of Hanoi test.
D)He was exempt from the Tower of Hanoi test.

Question 42

An individual suffers from somnambulism.What type of behaviour will most likely be exhibited?

A)Sleep talking.
B)Sleep walking.
C)Bed wetting.
D)Cessation of breathing.

Question 43

A therapist espouses a Freudian perspective of dream interpretation.When she interprets dreams what is she most likely to do?

A)refrain from being concerned about the effects of dream work.
B)work backwards from the latent content to the manifest content.
C)believe that the dreams reveal the patient's unconscious wishes.
D)believe that dreams include universal symbols,but not idiosyncratic symbols.

Question 44

In a seminar on dream analysis,a woman recounts a dream in which she went on a boat ride down the Nile river.It was so hot that she wanted to take off her shirt.After a while she became very hungry,but all the guides could offer her to eat were bananas.What would most dream researchers likely agree upon?

A)the dream definitely has a hidden meaning.
B)her dream appears to be a lucid dream.
C)all she remembers is the latent content of the dream.
D)all she remembers is the manifest content of the dream.

Question 45

David is a 7-year old boy who is sleepwalking at a friend's house.His friend,warned of this behaviour,knows that David is sleeping but doesn't know how to get him back to bed.Should he be afraid of waking David up?

A)Yes.Waking a sleepwalker can result in combative behaviour.
B)Yes.It is dangerous to the sleepwalker to wake them.
C)No.David is awake on some level and is aware of his environment.
D)No.David will be confused by the sudden awakening,but it is inadvisable to allow him to navigate through an unfamiliar environment while asleep.

Question 46

What did researchers discover about the relationship between sleep efficiency and longevity?

A)there was no relationship between sleep efficiency and longevity.
B)the most important factor was the time at which people went to bed.
C)people who spent the highest percentage of bedtime asleep lived the longest.
D)those individuals who spent the highest percentage of bedtime asleep experienced higher rates of obesity.

Question 47

Who wrote,The Interpretation of Dreams?

A)William Domhoff.
B)J)Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley.
C)Barbara Tedlock.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 48

Which sleep disorder can be characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and a complete loss of muscle control during wakefulness?

A)insomnia
B)sleep apnea
C)restless legs syndrome
D)narcolepsy

Question 49

A six-year-old child suddenly awakens in a state of extreme arousal accompanied by panicky screams.What sleep disorder is this child most likely experiencing?

A)somnambulism.
B)sleep apnea.
C)narcolepsy.
D)a sleep terror.

Question 50

Nick stops breathing hundreds of times during the course of the night.From which condition does Nick likely suffer?

A)oxygen deprivation disorder.
B)cataplexy.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 51

What do most scientists believe about narcolepsy?

A)It is often diagnosed in puberty.
B)It is related to oxygen deprivation.
C)It has a genetic basis.
D)It is a disorder of NREM sleep.

Question 52

Which statement about sleep disturbances is supported by research?

A)sleep disturbances are found in 43% of sleep participants who have no complaints of insomnia.
B)most individuals have a sleep disturbance.
C)most individuals are aware of their sleep disturbance.
D)38% of sleep participants complain of insomnia when they actually sleep normally.

Question 53

A man has difficulty sleeping.He rarely falls asleep quickly,is frequently aroused during sleep,and wakens too early in the morning.Which sleep disorder is most likely being described?

A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)nightmares.

Question 54

Which sleep disorder would probably be of the most concern if one was being driven somewhere by a person who has this sleep disorder?

A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)subjective insomnia.

Question 55

In a classroom exercise,a student is recounting a dream in which she finds herself exploring a steamy tropical jungle,when suddenly she comes upon a group of monkeys dressed in tuxedos talking to one another.In terms of Freudian dream analysis,what is the student describing?

A)hostile yearnings.
B)the latent content of the dream.
C)the manifest content of the dream.
D)her hidden desires.

Question 56

What does research on nightmares suggest?

A)They are more likely to be experienced by children than by adults.
B)They are not related to real-life experiences.
C)They occur on average about once per year in undergraduate students.
D)They increase in likelihood as one ages.

Question 57

Which term reflects the distortion process by which the hidden meaning of a dream is transformed into what is remembered by the dreamer?

A)manifest content.
B)latent content.
C)dream wish.
D)dream work.

Question 58

A young child frequently wakes up in the night upset about a dream.The child recalls the dream in vivid detail and is afraid to go back to sleep.What is this child most likely experiencing?

A)insomnia.
B)sleep terrors.
C)nightmares.
D)somnambulism.

Question 59

A student reports that he hardly sleeps at all.His roommate says that he appears to sleep deeply and is not even bothered by dorm noises when he is asleep.Which condition is most likely being described?

A)hypersomnia.
B)subjective insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 60

A girl has a dream in which she is terribly frightened when she is abducted by space aliens.Then she is taken to a fantastically beautiful solar system and is overjoyed when she is made queen of her new world.What does the presence of strong emotional and sensory content in this dream suggest?

A)It occurred during NREM sleep.
B)It occurred during REM sleep.
C)It occurred during either REM or NREM sleep.
D)It did not occur in either REM or NREM sleep.

Question 61

Which statement most closely represents J.Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley's activation-synthesis model of dreaming?

A)Dreams originate with an unconscious wish or motive.
B)Dreams result from neural signals in the brain stem that stimulate areas of the brain's cortex.
C)A dream occurs when a person has an unresolved conflict or problem.
D)Latent content is often more important than manifest content in the interpretation of dreams.

Question 62

George,who typically drinks a substantial amount of alcohol arrives at the local drug treatment centre complaining of nausea,sweating,tremors,and other physical symptoms.He comments that he has not had a drink of alcohol for quite some time.What can likely be said about George's experience?

A)He has developed a tolerance for alcohol.
B)He suffers from psychological dependence on alcohol.
C)He has a craving for alcohol.
D)He has become addicted to alcohol.

Question 63

Which statement about dream content is accurate?

A)There is a great deal of continuity with the dreamer's fantasies.
B)There is frequent discontinuity with the dreamer's waking concerns.
C)There is a great deal of continuity with dreamer's waking concerns.
D)There is frequent discontinuity with the dreamer's desires.

Question 64

According to recent studies,what substance may account for individual differences in hypnotizability?

A)norepinephrine.
B)serotonin.
C)GABA.
D)COMT.

Question 65

When she first started taking drugs,an addict found that they markedly affected her perceptions.Now,however,she finds that greater dosages are required to achieve the same effects.Which term best reflects this experience?

A)withdrawal.
B)psychological dependence.
C)tolerance.
D)intolerance.

Question 66

Paul practices meditation to achieve a deep state of tranquility.In achieving this state,Paul also achieves the primary goal of meditation.What is this goal?

A)focus consciousness on altruistic and pro-social behaviours.
B)achieve a state of heightened bodily arousal but lowered awareness.
C)help individuals feel physically relaxed and provide a time-out from tension.
D)change consciousness to enhance self-knowledge and well-being.

Question 67

What does the term,hypnotic analgesia mean?

A)the use of hypnosis to reduce anxiety.
B)hypnotic techniques designed to reduce fear.
C)the use of hypnosis to reduce pain.
D)the tendency for hypnotized individuals to have amnesia for the event.

Question 68

What is the relationship between sleep and hypnosis?

A)Sleep and hypnosis are controlled by the same brain structures.
B)Sleep and hypnosis are similar to the hibernation state.
C)People respond to hypnotic commands when in Stage 1 sleep.
D)Sleep plays no part in hypnosis.

Question 69

What can be said about dream interpretation among the Anchuar Indians of Ecuador?

A)It is punished severely.
B)It follows the Freudian emphasis on individual importance.
C)Iit s part of the customs of the culture.
D)It is practiced only by those on the margins of the society.

Question 70

Jocelyn is high in hypnotizability.Therefore,what can likely be said about her pain tolerance?

A)She is unable to tolerate painful stimuli as much as someone who is low in hypnotizability.
B)She is better able to tolerate painful stimuli when she is not hypnotized.
C)She is better able to tolerate painful stimuli whether she is hypnotized or not.
D)She is able to tolerate more painful stimuli than someone who is low in hypnotizability.

Question 71

What does dream researcher Stephen LaBerge believe about lucid dreaming?

A)It is more common in Western cultures.
B)It enhances self-confidence for the individual.
C)It distorts the natural process of dreaming.
D)It is a trance state much like hypnosis.

Question 72

What conclusion about hypnosis has been generally supported by research?

A)being hypnotized involves turning personal control over to another.
B)all individuals are equally hypnotizable by a skilled hypnotist.
C)hypnosis is not just a kind of "placebo response."
D)hypnosis is generally ineffective in the control of pain.

Question 73

A worker states to his friend that he craves alcohol and can't wait to get home to drink a few cans of beer.From this description,what has this individual most likely developed?

A)A tolerance for alcohol.
B)A physiological dependence on alcohol.
C)An addiction to alcohol.
D)A psychological dependence on alcohol.

Question 74

Robyn wants to take control of her dreams and direct them in a way that would satisfy her own needs.According to some dream researchers,what should Robyn do?

A)drink warm milk before going to sleep.
B)sleep with eye shades to keep out light and movement.
C)learn techniques for lucid dreaming.
D)learn how to prevent her eyes from moving during dream states.

Question 75

Which individual is most likely to dream about swimming with sharks at a tropical island?

A)An aquarium owner who just took a trip to a tropical island and swam with sharks.
B)A young child with a pet fish.
C)A woman with a fear of over-powering men.
D)A salmon fisherman.

Question 76

Ray is learning mindfulness meditation as opposed to concentrative meditation.What instructions is he likely to be given?

A)focus on and regulate breathing.
B)minimize external stimulation.
C)generate specific mental images.
D)let thoughts and memories pass freely through the mind.

Question 77

Marvelous Marvin is hypnotizing some audience members for a comedy show.What is the purpose of his hypnotic induction?

A)It encourages participants to fall asleep.
B)It is primarily for entertainment value.
C)It distracts participants so that they do not realize that they are being hypnotized.
D)It minimizes external distractions and encourages concentration.

Question 78

What did researcher Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues ask experienced lucid dreamers to do to signal their awareness of dreaming?

A)Grind their teeth.
B)Move their index fingers in a circular pattern.
C)Move their eyes in a distinctive pattern.
D)Verbalize that they were dreaming.

Question 79

How does dream interpretation made by non-Western groups,such as the people of the Ingessana Hills and the Kalapolo Indians of central Brazil differ from Freudian interpretation?

A)They view dreams as a vision of the future.
B)They focus more on childhood experiences and repressed wishes.
C)They don't rely on symbolism in their interpretations.
D)They encourage religious leaders to keep the content of their dreams secret.

Question 80

Blake is a neuropsychologist who knows too well how growing older is associated with a thinning of the cerebral cortex.If he wanted to minimize this natural consequence of aging,what should he do?

A)eat a low sodium diet.
B)meditate.
C)take anti-inflammatory medications.
D)sleep 8 hours per night.