Deck 11: Human Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Collecting the responses of different people at different ages all at the same time characterizes _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Answer 1

cross-sectional

Question 2

Developmental norms are useful because they ___________________.

A)tell parents when their child will begin to talk
B)tell parents when their child is ready to talk
C)give an indication of future skills and potentials
D)alert parents to extreme developmental deviations

Answer 2

alert parents to extreme developmental deviations

Question 3

Dr.Halk is studying the influence of getting older on intelligence.He tests a group of first-graders,a group of third-graders,and a group of sixth-graders.They are all tested in one day.This is an example of _________ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)mixed design
D)fixed effects

Answer 3

cross-sectional

Question 4

Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?

A)It takes a relatively short period of time.
B)It is quite flexible.
C)It can measure stability of behaviour.
D)It is extremely practical.

Question 5

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________ methoD)

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 6

Comparing the same group of people on the same measure(s)over a lengthy time period defines _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 7

A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school.To explore her hypothesis,she records the TV watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community.She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade.This method is ________.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)convergent
D)experimental

Question 8

Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?

A)It cannot measure the stability of behaviour.
B)Cultural experiences cannot be controlled.
C)It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
D)Historical influence cannot be controlled.

Question 9

A psychologist spends his entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 10

An audience of 20-year-olds finds a series of off-colour jokes highly amusing.A group of 50-year-olds finds the same jokes highly offensive.It is concluded that,as people age,their senses of humour become more rigid and narrow.The major difficulty in drawing conclusions of this sort is that _______.

A)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
B)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
C)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken
D)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken

Question 11

The description and explanation of behaviour changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called __________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 12

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________.

A)longitudinal method
B)correlational method
C)cross-sectional method
D)case study method

Question 13

A weakness of longitudinal studies is that they _______.

A)take far too long to gather the appropriate data
B)cannot eliminate sample biases
C)cannot distinguish age differences from cohort differences
D)do not distinguish significant from non-significant relationships

Question 14

How one develops is determined by continuous interaction between _________ and __________.

A)learning; environment
B)heredity; environment
C)nurture; environment
D)heredity; nature

Question 15

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 16

The description and explanation of behaviour changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called _________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 17

Cultural and historical influences are BEST controlled using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 18

Dr.Halk is studying a group of 25 youngsters from the time they are born until they reach school age.This is known as _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)mixed design
C)longitudinal
D)historical

Question 19

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 20

Dr.Cross is studying whether the psychological trait of dependency vs.independence changes as one gets older.He collects data from first-,fourth-,and ninth-graders.Dr.Cross is studying the relationship between age and dependency/independence using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)case study
D)applied

Question 21

An approach that is concerned with description and explanation of changes within an individual and between individuals from conception until death is call the _______ approach.

A)whole life
B)life span developmental
C)entire life developmental
D)childhood/adulthood developmental

Question 22

The __________ roughly resembles a human being.

A)zygote
B)fetus
C)embryo
D)placenta

Question 23

Which of the following developmental sequences is in correct order?

A)embryo,zygote,fetus,infant
B)ovum,embryo,fetus,infant
C)fetus,embryo,ovum,infant
D)ovum,fetus,embryo,infant

Question 24

At birth,babies ______________.

A)are colour-blind,except for black,white,and shades of grey
B)can distinguish only blues and purples in addition to black,white,and shades of grey
C)can distinguish most,but not all,colours
D)can distinguish all of the colours

Question 25

The life span development approach has which of the following goals?

A)Describe the physical changes that occur between birth and adolescence.
B)Describe and explain behaviour changes within an individual and differences between individuals from conception to death.
C)Explain the results of learning from conception to death.
D)Investigate the influence of heredity and environment upon individuals from conception to death.

Question 26

A newborn baby is called a __________.

A)neonate
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)bionate

Question 27

The drug most abused by pregnant women is __________.

A)nicotine
B)marijuana
C)cocaine
D)alcohol

Question 28

From the second week until the third month after conception,the developing organism is called a(n)__________.

A)neonate
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)embryo

Question 29

The study of psychological and physical changes from conception to death is _______ psychology.

A)personality
B)developmental
C)evolutionary
D)physiological

Question 30

Which statement about maturation is true?

A)It ends at puberty.
B)It is a more or less automatic thing.
C)It is only used to describe psychological changes,not physical changes,in a growing child.
D)It begins at birth.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of newborns?

A)They are passive creatures who eat,sleep,and remain relatively oblivious to their world.
B)Most of their senses operate very poorly at birth.
C)They hear and understand very little of what is going on around them.
D)They absorb and process information from the outside world almost as soon as,or even before,they enter it.

Question 32

The period of development from conception to birth is called the __________.

A)neonate period
B)prenatal period
C)natal period
D)postnatal period

Question 33

The ability to see the world in three dimensions is called __________.

A)visual acuity
B)visual acumen
C)depth perception
D)spatial awareness

Question 34

The visual cliff was developed to measure __________.

A)whole-part perception
B)object perception
C)distance perception
D)depth perception

Question 35

A reflex crucial to an infant's survival is __________.

A)cooing
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)stepping

Question 36

Toxic substances such as alcohol and nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects are called __________.

A)neuroleptics
B)teratogens
C)pathogens
D)antigens

Question 37

Gloria was born prematurely.She may be able to live outside her mother's body if:

A)she was born less than 2 months before she was due.
B)she had passed her age of viability.
C)she was in the seventh or later month of her prenatal development.
D)all of the above

Question 38

The field of _______ focuses on the questions of how people of different ages differ from one another and what caused those differences.

A)personality
B)comparative psychology
C)developmental psychology
D)geriatrics

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a stage of development?

A)ovum
B)uterine
C)embryo
D)fetal

Question 40

When infants are presented with a sound at one side of their heads,they __________.

A)do not appear to perceive it
B)will begin to cry
C)will try to move away from it
D)will turn their head toward it

Question 41

Research indicates that onset of puberty _______________.

A)has remained relatively unchanged for several centuries
B)is occurring at later ages than ever before in developed countries
C)is occurring at earlier ages than ever before in developed countries
D)is less important to teenagers today than it has been historically

Question 42

Betty and Bob are 12-year-old twins.Which of the following is probably an accurate statement about their physical development?

A)Bob should almost double his strength during his teen years.
B)Betty should almost double her strength during her teen years.
C)Betty and Bob's strength will remain equal during their teen years.
D)At age 10,Bob should have been stronger than Betty.

Question 43

When adolescents are asked what they MOST dislike about themselves,they are most likely to say they dislike their __________________.

A)personality
B)social status
C)physical appearance
D)inability to control their own life

Question 44

Fifteen-year-old Harriet has begun to write an impassioned novel about growing up in Canada.In her novel she describes her experiences in a way that portrays herself as unique and special,such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before.Harriet's writings most clearly reflect __________________.

A)her sense of autonomy
B)the personal fable
C)the period of rebellion common to all adolescents
D)her developing sense of conscience

Question 45

Human and animal neonates come into the world equipped with a number of built-in responses called _______.

A)reflexes
B)tropisms
C)instincts
D)motor programs

Question 46

In humans,the machinery for perceiving the world:

A)must await the second year of physical maturation.
B)is pretty much ready at birth.
C)develops during the second half of the child's first year.
D)is pretty much dependent on learning experiences.

Question 47

Most young adolescents are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as __________.

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 48

At birth,the infant's nervous system is best described as _________.

A)complete
B)modified
C)incomplete
D)immature

Question 49

Which of the following are newborn humans capable of doing?

A)locating sound sources
B)discriminating their mother's voice from other voices
C)noticing the differences among three objects
D)all of the above

Question 50

An infant will turn his head toward anything that touches his cheek.This is the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 51

Which of the following phenomena is most closely associated with the concept of critical period?

A)classical conditioning
B)imprinting
C)motor programs
D)creolization

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT incompletely developed at birth?

A)myelinization
B)size of the brain
C)cortex
D)none of the above

Question 53

The observation that infant attachment occurs in a variety of cultures supports the idea that ______ play(s)a role in attachment.

A)learning
B)society
C)child-rearing practices
D)heredity

Question 54

When adults are surprised by a loud noise,they often show the startle reflex.In infants,the same reflex is called the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 55

During prenatal development,the organism depends on the ________ to exchange food and waste products with the mother's bloodstream.

A)ovum
B)umbilicus
C)placenta
D)uterus

Question 56

In order to make the transition from dependence on parents to dependence upon one's self,the adolescent must develop a stable sense of ____________________.

A)identity
B)control
C)status
D)acceptance

Question 57

Parents often feel that,as their child gets older,the child shares less intimacy with them.Which statement about the intimacy between parents and adolescents is true?

A)Adolescence is noted for a decrease in parent-child intimacy.
B)Adolescence is noted for an increase in parent-child intimacy.
C)The intimacy the child has with the parent stays about the same through adolescence as it was in childhood.
D)Adolescents become less intimate with peers during this period.

Question 58

Postnatal is to after being born as _______ is to before being born.

A)fetal
B)prenatal
C)neonatal
D)pregnancy

Question 59

Researchers have discovered that during specific periods in one's life,certain abilities must develop or they will not develop later.These are known as ____________.

A)developmental milestones
B)imprinting
C)critical periods
D)maturational readiness

Question 60

The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is __________.

A)voice change
B)intellectual growth
C)the growth spurt
D)emotional upheaval

Question 61

The cessation of menstruation is called __________.

A)menopause
B)endometriosis
C)menarche
D)the climacteric

Question 62

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction appears to be true?

A)It is low for elderly couples.
B)It is highest for young adults.
C)It may reach its highest level during late adulthood.
D)It is highest for those who marry young.

Question 63

One way to minimize the effects of aging on physical condition is to _______.

A)not worry about aging
B)have a proper diet
C)engage in vigorous exercise
D)all of the above

Question 64

The vast majority of older adults are __________.

A)impotent or incapable of sexual response
B)uninterested in sex,even if capable of sexual activity
C)sexually active,but no longer orgasmic
D)sexually active and orgasmic

Question 65

A disorder common in late adulthood that is characterized by losses in memory and cognition,and changes in personality,and that is believed to be caused by deterioration of the brain's structure and function is __________.

A)Wernicke's syndrome
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 66

The most severe challenge to be faced during adulthood is probably __________.

A)divorce
B)loss of one's job
C)retirement
D)death of a spouse

Question 67

Generativity or stagnation are two feelings that may dominate a person's life during:

A)middle adulthood.
B)young adulthood.
C)late adulthood.
D)the period after he is told that he has a terminal illness.

Question 68

According to Erik Erikson,the crucial task confronting a person approaching death is that of establishing or attaining _______.

A)trust
B)ego identity
C)ego integrity
D)autonomy

Question 69

In one study,a little more than half of the elderly people surveyed reported being __________ than/as when they were younger.

A)much less happy
B)somewhat less happy
C)just as happy
D)somewhat happier

Question 70

George,at age 42,lost his job,was divorced by his wife,and couldn't seem to keep friends for very long.George came more and more to feel that he was accomplishing nothing with his life.According to Erikson,George is probably:

A)not going to undergo a midlife transition.
B)about to undergo a nervous breakdown.
C)experiencing feelings of stagnation.
D)not responsible for his own life situation.

Question 71

During late adulthood,husbands and wives:

A)find they cannot express their true feelings.
B)often have a high level of marital satisfaction.
C)often have a low level of marital satisfaction.
D)turn to children for companionship.

Question 72

As children approach their teen years,contact with _______ becomes more important in their development.

A)peers
B)parents
C)teachers
D)adults

Question 73

Men experience __________ in testosterone levels between the ages of 48 and 70.

A)virtually no decline
B)a gradual decline of between 10 and 20 percent
C)a gradual decline of between 30 and 40 percent
D)a gradual decline of between 50 and 60 percent

Question 74

The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is _______.

A)voice change
B)intellectual growth
C)the growth spurt
D)emotional upheaval

Question 75

The pattern of events that is repeated in each new generation is referred to as the __________.

A)developmental sequence
B)family cycle
C)family circle
D)family pattern

Question 76

Older people who were often labelled as "senile" in the past were most likely suffering from __________.

A)normal aging
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 77

According to Erikson's theory,the _______ stage of development occurs in old age.

A)generativity versus stagnation
B)intimacy versus isolation
C)integrity versus despair
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 78

The emergence of sexual feelings in adolescence is closely followed by and intertwined with a need for _______.

A)independence
B)control
C)excitement
D)intimacy

Question 79

A gradual and inevitable decline in the life processes begins in __________.

A)adolescence
B)young adulthood
C)middle age
D)old age

Question 80

Which of the following ages is considered the period of adolescence?

A)11-13 years
B)13-15 years
C)10-15 years
D)12-19 years