Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following statements about the visual sensory memory system is false?

A)The codes in it are of a semantic type.
B)The codes in it are quite similar to the original sensation.
C)Its traces last for 1 to 2 seconds,maximally.
D)Its codes seem susceptible to disturbance by other visual stimuli.

Answer 1

The codes in it are of a semantic type.

Question 2

The sensory memory associated with the visual sense is called the:

A)iconic memory system.
B)echoic memory system.
C)optical memory system.
D)occipital memory system.

Answer 2

iconic memory system.

Question 3

The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is:

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)rehearsal.
D)storage.

Answer 3

retrieval.

Question 4

Which of the following statements concerned with sensory memory is true?

A)Sensory memory affects both vision and hearing.
B)Sensory memory affects only vision.
C)Sensory memory affects only touch.
D)Sensory memory affects only hearing.

Question 5

Memory is classically defined as:

A)a capacity for learning.
B)the ability to retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Question 6

A visual image held in the sensory register is _____________.

A)an icon
B)a pictograph
C)a trace
D)a symbol

Question 7

Attention is the process of ________.

A)storing information
B)representing information
C)selectively noticing stimuli
D)recognizing visual sensations

Question 8

Iconic memory and echoic memory represent what many theorists call:

A)precepts.
B)imaginal systems.
C)sensory memory systems.
D)rapid retrieval systems.

Question 9

Unprocessed stimulation from the environment is first held in:

A)short-term store.
B)sensory memory.
C)long-term store.
D)intermediate store.

Question 10

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called:

A)memory.
B)cognition.
C)computer.
D)intelligence.

Question 11

What are the components of the information processing model in order?

A)retrieval,encoding,storage
B)encoding,capturing,retrieval
C)capturing,encoding,retrieval
D)encoding,storage,retrieval

Question 12

Sensory store memory:

A)holds information for as long as you rehearse it.
B)holds information for about 30 seconds.
C)holds information for one or two seconds.
D)processes information for permanent encoding.

Question 13

The auditory equivalent of the icon is the ____________.

A)echo
B)vibration
C)sound wave
D)neural trace

Question 14

Memory is:

A)a capacity for learning.
B)a system that allows people to retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Question 15

In what way are sensory memory and long-term memory similar?

A)Storage in both is essentially permanent.
B)Retrieval from both is immediate.
C)Both have a large capacity.
D)Both make exclusive use of semantic retrieval cues.

Question 16

The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant ones is ______.

A)encoding
B)attention
C)masking
D)chunking

Question 17

Iconic and echoic memory are types of _______ memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 18

What is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use?

A)cognition
B)memory
C)perception
D)sensation

Question 19

An echo usually stays in the sensory registers for __________.

A)one-quarter of a second
B)one second
C)several seconds
D)40 seconds

Question 20

The process of selective looking,listening,smelling,and feeling is called ____________.

A)retention
B)cognition
C)recognition
D)attention

Question 21

Many years ago,telephone numbers had only four or five digits.Even now,no more than seven digits are used for phone numbers.The most reasonable psychological explanation for this is that ________________.

A)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
B)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
C)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention
D)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention

Question 22

Information in short-term memory is retained ________.

A)for about 60 seconds
B)as long as it is rehearsed
C)for several seconds without rehearsal
D)up to several minutes

Question 23

The working memory is known as the _____________ memory.

A)tertiary
B)primary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 24

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)five,plus or minus two letters
B)seven,plus or minus two chunks
C)five,plus or minus two engrams
D)seven,plus or minus two numbers

Question 25

The capacity of STM is _______ items.

A)unlimited
B)7,plus or minus 2
C)12
D)22

Question 26

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)7 bits of information
B)7 chunks of information
C)12 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique
D)16 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique

Question 27

Most normal adults have a memory span:

A)of between 5 and 9 items.
B)that averages 7.
C)of 7,plus or minus 2.
D)all of the above.

Question 28

Information selected from sensory memory is transferred to conscious awareness or:

A)primary memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)factual memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 29

Information that has been transferred out of sensory memory enters:

A)long-term memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)savings.
D)either short-term or long-term memory depending on the level at which it is processed.

Question 30

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three nonsense syllables for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them.If the instructions to recall the syllables came immediately,the students were usually successful.If the instructions came even one second after the syllables were shown,the students were much less successful.The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that,in the latter case,_____________.

A)the icon never made it to the sensory registers
B)the icon was already stored in short-term memory
C)the icon faded after being stored in short-term memory
D)the icon faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 31

Memory span is _______ and is associated with _______ memory.

A)the duration that information is stored; short-term
B)the number of items stored; long-term
C)the number of items stored; short-term
D)the duration that information is stored; long-term

Question 32

The process by which we notice stimuli selectively is called:

A)attention.
B)recognition.
C)saving.
D)recalling.

Question 33

The short-term memory capacity (digit-span)in a normal adult is about:

A)9 items.
B)7 or 8 items.
C)4 or 5 items.
D)14 or 15 items.

Question 34

Verbal and visual codes are types of _______ encoding.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 35

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three notes of music for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them.If the instructions to recall the notes came immediately,the students usually succeeded.If the instructions came more than three seconds after the notes were played,the students were much less successful.The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that,in the latter case,_____________ .

A)the echo never made it to the sensory registers
B)the echo faded after being stored in short-term memory
C)the echo was already stored in long-term memory
D)the echo faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 36

Encoding is:

A)recalling information.
B)recognizing information.
C)representing information.
D)remembering information.

Question 37

If the most recent theories regarding the capacity of short-term memory are correct,then _____________.

A)five sentences should be easier to remember than five words
B)five sentences should be as difficult to remember as five words
C)five sentences should be more difficult to remember than five words
D)five sentences and five words should both be easier to remember than five letters,because the words and sentences both have inherent meaning

Question 38

What we are thinking of at any given moment,or what we commonly know as "consciousness," is ____________.

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)secondary memory
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 39

You looked up a friend's address for a letter you wrote.Suddenly the phone rings-wrong number.Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds,you've forgotten the address.Which memory system failed you?

A)permanent memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 40

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)5,plus or minus 2 pieces of information
B)11,plus or minus 2 chunks
C)15,plus or minus 2 engrams
D)3,plus or minus 2 numbers

Question 41

Your street address,telephone number,and social insurance number are stored in:

A)numerical memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 42

The average memory span consists of _______ items.

A)five
B)six
C)seven
D)nine

Question 43

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of __________.

A)rote rehearsal
B)cueing
C)chunking
D)categorizing

Question 44

Chunking aids:

A)understanding.
B)perception.
C)retention.
D)encoding.

Question 45

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday,what you ate for breakfast this morning,or who your spouse is,are stored in ______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 46

Information in short-term memory is coded _______.

A)abstractly
B)visually only
C)acoustically only
D)acoustically and visually

Question 47

Which memory system provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)long-term memory
B)sensory memory
C)primary memory
D)short-term memory

Question 48

Steve was recalling his first day in college,including walking into the wrong class,dropping his books as he left,and the long line at the registrar's office he encountered when he had to switch classes.These memories are examples of:

A)semantic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 49

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________.

A)elaborative rehearsals
B)flashbulb memories
C)eidetic images
D)eyewitness images

Question 50

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory. G O T O Y O U R B E D R O O M
However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term's memory span: Go to your bedroom.This illustrates _________.

A)chunking
B)backward masking
C)verbal coding
D)selective attention

Question 51

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

A)implicit memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 52

Chunking is a means of _______.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 53

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through a process called _______.

A)chunking
B)categorizing
C)rehearsal
D)cueing

Question 54

Which statement concerning long-term memory is TRUE?

A)Information in long-term memory is stored permanently.
B)Rehearsal is one of the primary methods by which information is moved from short-term to long-term memory.
C)The longer information is in short-term memory,the more likely it will be stored in long-term memory.
D)all of the above

Question 55

Chunking is a means of _______________.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 56

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

A)It does not operate on a conscious level.
B)It is a more recently identified type of memory.
C)It is concerned with the identification of only certain words and objects.
D)People with perfectly intact memories are often the focus of study.

Question 57

A soldier was injured when a mortar exploded next to him.Although he recovered from his wounds,he is not able to recall information from years ago.What term is used to describe this soldier's condition?

A)retroactive amnesia
B)retrograde amnesia
C)proactive amnesia
D)anteretrograde amnesia

Question 58

The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is __________.

A)emotional memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 59

The portion of long-term memory that stores specific information that has personal meaning is called __________ memory.

A)emotional
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)procedural

Question 60

Memory span is a characteristic of:

A)long-term memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 61

Semantic memory is organized __________.

A)in chunks
B)sequentially and chronologically
C)hierarchically
D)chronologically

Question 62

"Iconic" and "echoic" are to sensory memory as "episodic," "semantic," and "procedural" are to _______ memory.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 63

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called _______.

A)eidetic images
B)elaborative rehearsals
C)flashbulb memories
D)eyewitness images

Question 64

Connie lost her keys.She searches her memory for when she last had them,and goes to that place in the hope that it will help her remember where she misplaced them.Connie is ________ activating her _________.

A)unconsciously; semantic memory
B)consciously; semantic memory
C)unconsciously; episodic memory
D)consciously; episodic memory

Question 65

Retrieval cues ______.

A)are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
B)are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory
C)can be helpful in both long-term and short-term memory
D)have been recently shown to be inefficient in accessing available information in memory

Question 66

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in _______________.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 67

What theory of forgetting attributes it to the mere passage of time?

A)decay
B)proactive interference
C)repression
D)retroactive interference

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

A)events
B)concepts
C)time
D)place

Question 69

An individual's memory can be distorted by:

A)exposure to new information.
B)unconscious reconstruction.
C)being asked leading questions.
D)all of the above

Question 70

Flashbulb memories are:

A)eidetic memories.
B)clear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred.
C)photographic memories.
D)visual images that are extremely difficult to describe.

Question 71

Scott remembers all of the details of his wedding seven years ago.This information is most likely stored in _______ memory.

A)iconic
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)short-term

Question 72

The process of getting information out of memory is known as:

A)retention.
B)retrieval.
C)reconstruction.
D)reliable.

Question 73

An individual's semantic memory contains:

A)memories about events.
B)background knowledge about words,symbols,concepts,and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories.
C)autobiographical information about one's previous experiences.
D)the order and sequence of information from specific to general.

Question 74

Flashbulb memories ______________.

A)are not subject to periodic revision
B)usually concern events that are emotionally charged
C)are almost always highly accurate
D)usually concern events from early childhood

Question 75

Information that was either unintentionally committed to or unintentionally retrieved from memory is known as ___________ .

A)eidetic memory
B)procedural memory
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 76

Deciding what information to store and how to represent it is known as:

A)remembering.
B)decoding.
C)encoding.
D)recall.

Question 77

Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of _______ of information.

A)reconstruction
B)retention
C)coding
D)chunking

Question 78

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

A)events
B)concepts
C)time
D)place

Question 79

Flashbulb memories _______.

A)are not subject to periodic revision
B)concern events that are highly significant
C)are almost always highly accurate
D)include a memory's main subject,but not the background events

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

A)words
B)concepts
C)symbols
D)events