Deck 8: Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

Question 1

What percent of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series?

A)less than 1%
B)between 5% and 10%
C)about 65%
D)about 90%

Answer 1

about 65%

Question 2

Following orders is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Answer 2

obedience

Question 3

When Milgram tested the assumption that the subjects blindly obeyed instructions because they were in a "safe" university setting,he found that:

A)the setting had no effect on the subjects' behavior.
B)the setting had little effect on the subjects' behavior.
C)subjects applied greater levels of shock in a non-university setting.
D)subjects applied much lower levels of shock in a non-university setting.

Answer 3

the setting had little effect on the subjects' behavior.

Question 4

What is the tendency to make internal attributions when we succeed and external attributions when we fail?

A)self-attribution error
B)fundamental attribution error
C)self-serving bias
D)actor-observer bias

Question 5

Assigning a trait to a person explains that person's behavior and _________________.

A)helps explain our own behavior
B)lowers our feelings of guilt
C)predicts future behavior
D)lowers that person's anxiety

Question 6

The person who conducted the most well-known research on obedience is _______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Kelley

Question 7

_______ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Carolyn Sherif
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 8

Inferring characteristics of people based on their observable behavior is called ___________.

A)social psychology
B)attribution
C)attitudes
D)personality psychology

Question 9

Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called:

A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)obedience.
D)consent.

Question 10

What did Milgram study?

A)the authoritarian personality
B)bystander apathy
C)the effects of watching violence on television
D)obedience to authority

Question 11

Milgram is known for his research in:

A)prejudice.
B)group think.
C)obedience.
D)deindividualization.

Question 12

The tendency to overestimate the number of people who hold the same opinions as we do is called _____________.

A)a schema
B)the self consensus effect
C)the self-fulfilling prophecy
D)the false consensus effect

Question 13

When others act,our attention is focused on __________.When we act,our attention is focused on ___________.

A)the environment; ourselves
B)them; the environment
C)their facial expressions; our feelings
D)their body language; our appearance

Question 14

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the dependent variable was the:

A)learner's incorrect responses.
B)intensity of shock delivered.
C)learner's screams of pain.
D)number of mistakes made by the learner.

Question 15

The Milgram obedience study has been criticized on the basis of:

A)validity.
B)ethics.
C)reliability.
D)applicability.

Question 16

In Milgram's studies about _______ percent of his subjects administered the entire range of electric shocks.

A)25
B)45
C)65
D)85

Question 17

Research has indicated that when we set the stage for the self-fulfilling prophecy,we are _____________ that behavior.

A)observing
B)criticizing
C)guiding
D)evaluating

Question 18

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the _______ was a confederate of the experimenter.

A)subject
B)female subject
C)learner
D)normal person

Question 19

The theory that addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behavior is __________ theory.

A)exchange
B)social learning
C)attribution
D)social influence

Question 20

In the famous Milgram experiment on obedience,who received a shock?

A)the "learner"
B)no one
C)the confederate
D)the subject

Question 21

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others,she didn't want to be rejected by her peers,so she began shoplifting along with them.Jane probably experienced _______ when she stole.

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)reactance
C)central route change
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 22

A relatively stable organization of beliefs,feelings,and behavior tendencies toward something or someone else is a(n)__________.

A)affect
B)cognition
C)archetype
D)attitude

Question 23

The tendency to base attributions solely on behavior without considering the situation is called:

A)projection.
B)behavioral relevance.
C)fundamental attribution error.
D)hedonic relevance.

Question 24

Asch (1951)used __________ to study informational conformity.

A)the "autokinetic effect"
B)the latency of response
C)social loafing in a tug of war group
D)line lengths

Question 25

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and thoughts is called

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)obedience.
D)persuasion.

Question 26

According to Festinger,the feeling of discomfort that results from the realization that our beliefs and our behaviors are discrepant is called:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 27

Asch had subjects judge the length of straight lines after they heard "fake" subjects consistently give the same incorrect length judgment.Under this kind of social influence,the real subjects conformed to a distorted view of reality on about ________ of the judgment trials.

A)90%
B)1/3
C)50%
D)2/3

Question 28

The fundamental attribution error is based on the:

A)confirmatory bias.
B)need to believe that one can control one's fate.
C)basic distrust that we have of other humans.
D)need to accurately detect causes of behavior.

Question 29

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called _______.

A)the primacy effect
B)defensive attribution
C)fundamental attribution error
D)the just world hypothesis

Question 30

Learned,relatively enduring feelings about objects,events,or issues are called ___________.

A)norms
B)opinions
C)attitudes
D)emotions

Question 31

To conform is to yield to __________.

A)social norms
B)cognitive dissonance
C)secondary processes
D)response cues

Question 32

Whenever a person has two contradictory cognitions at the same time,a state of _______ exists.

A)cognitive congruence
B)nonreciprocity
C)cognitive dissonance
D)identity diffusion

Question 33

What is the process of explaining why certain events occurred or why a particular person acted in a certain manner?

A)attribution
B)causality analysis
C)ascribing
D)stereotyping

Question 34

Changing one's behavior in response to real or perceived social pressures is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 36

Even though he thought the Army Reserve's short hair regulation was silly,Ted really wanted the extra money Reserve duty provided to him,so he kept his hair short.This is an example of:

A)conformity.
B)reactance.
C)private acceptance.
D)a role.

Question 37

Behavior that occurs when we change our actions or attitudes because of real or imagined group pressures is called _____________.

A)cooperation
B)coercion
C)obedience
D)conformity

Question 38

The fundamental attribution error refers to:

A)people's tendencies to ignore situational causes of behavior and favor internal explanations.
B)people's tendencies to ignore internal causes of behavior and favor external explanations.
C)people's tendencies to deal with someone else's behavior without trying to figure out what made them behave that way.
D)people's tendencies to go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves.

Question 39

The cognitive process of deciding who or what caused an event is:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 40

What theory was advanced by Festinger?

A)balance
B)cognitive heuristic
C)cognitive dissonance
D)confirmation bias

Question 41

Even though she thought it was silly,Emily wore pink and green ribbons in her hair as her friends did.This is an example of:

A)a group role.
B)a group norm.
C)conformity.
D)obedience.

Question 42

Behavior directed at helping others with no thought or expectation of personal gain is called _______ behavior.

A)primacy
B)conformity
C)altruistic
D)manipulative

Question 43

Failure to critically evaluate ideas when concern is for reaching agreement is called _________.

A)group polarization
B)social comparison
C)groupthink
D)deindividuation

Question 44

Deindividualation is:

A)being more concerned with group consensus than making the best decision.
B)excluding a person based on a superficial characteristic.
C)viewing people negatively because of their membership in a group.
D)when people assume the identity of a group.

Question 45

When a group exerts such strong pressure to conform that it prevents people from expressing critical ideas,the group is suffering from __________.

A)groupthink
B)polarization
C)risky shift
D)deindividuation

Question 46

The most important situational variable in altruism is the _______.

A)weather
B)time of day
C)presence of other people
D)ambiguity of the situation

Question 47

A very cohesive group,insulated from outside opinion,with a respected leader must make a decision quickly.As they deliberate,this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called

A)deindividuation.
B)social facilitation.
C)groupthink.
D)group polarization.

Question 48

In Asch's research study on conformity,he found that students conformed to group behavior:

A)only on difficult tasks.
B)at least one-third of the time.
C)only if they knew the individuals in the group.
D)over half of the time.

Question 49

According to research,the larger the group,the:

A)safer you are.
B)more likely you are to receive help.
C)more likely you are to give assistance.
D)less likely you are to give or receive help.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a step in making a decision to help?

A)supplying help
B)moving away to observe
C)noticing the distressed person
D)interpreting the situation

Question 51

According to the text,the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba was a result of ___________.

A)a weak leader
B)groupthink
C)risky shift
D)group polarization

Question 52

A major reason why people won't help when there are many bystanders is because:

A)of diffusion of responsibility.
B)people are egoistic.
C)people like to see others hurt.
D)people are not altruistic.

Question 53

Losing personal identity while assuming the identity of the group is known as:

A)discrimination.
B)group think.
C)deindividualation.
D)conformity.

Question 54

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by _______.

A)Asch
B)Luchens
C)Milgram
D)Singer

Question 55

The technique used for studying conformity was developed by:

A)Festinger.
B)Asch.
C)Lewin.
D)Thorndike.

Question 56

If a person sees a victim in dire need,but doesn't know how to help,that person will most likely:

A)stay with the victim.
B)do nothing.
C)go for help.
D)attempt to offer first aid.

Question 57

_______ is a response to pressure exerted by norms that are generally left unstated.

A)Conformity
B)Compliance
C)Obedience
D)Deindividualization

Question 58

Asch's studies showed that conformity to group pressure occurred about _______ of the time.

A)5%
B)35%
C)65%
D)95%

Question 59

Deindividuation would be most likely to occur:

A)in a small group.
B)when a group is first forming.
C)when one is bored or depressed.
D)in a large group.

Question 60

Altruistic behavior is behavior that:

A)is intended to be helpful to others.
B)unintentionally harms others.
C)intentionally harms others.
D)has no known motivation behind it.

Question 61

According to Irving Janis,the Bay of Pigs fiasco occurred because of:

A)a weak leader.
B)group think.
C)the risky shift phenomenon.
D)group polarization.

Question 62

Discrimination differs from prejudice in that it is:

A)unjustified.
B)a behavior.
C)an attitude.
D)negative.

Question 63

Which of the following conditions is NOT conducive to group think?

A)critical evaluation of ideas
B)a strong leader
C)individuals who are proud to be members of the group
D)a close-knit group

Question 64

Group think can be avoided by:

A)having a strong leader.
B)inviting outsiders to give their opinions.
C)striving for a consensus among members.
D)having bright,well-informed members.

Question 65

In which of the following situations would a person be LEAST likely to feel deindividuated?

A)riding a subway
B)attending a football game
C)during a math class
D)while watching a movie in a movie theatre

Question 66

The notion that "mental patients are dangerous" is an example of a(n):

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 67

Which of the following conditions is conducive to creating a group think effect?

A)the illusion of disagreement
B)a weak leader
C)failing to critically evaluate ideas
D)members who do not like each other

Question 68

Which of the following is a negative,often aggressive behavior aimed at the target of prejudice?

A)stereotypes
B)bias
C)discrimination
D)reactance

Question 69

Which of the following phenomena usually involves an excessively negative,overgeneralized assumption about a socially defined category of people?

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 70

_______ puts people into categories with each category having its own set of characteristics.

A)Stereotyping
B)Prejudice
C)Discrimination
D)Bias

Question 71

Prejudice differs from discrimination in that it is:

A)unjustified.
B)a behavior.
C)an attitude.
D)negative.

Question 72

Stereotypes can easily become the basis for ________.

A)primary drives
B)negating the primacy effect
C)self-fulfilling prophecies
D)the development of unifying traits

Question 73

According to research,prejudice is reduced when people must:

A)come into contact with one another.
B)change their attitudes and behaviors.
C)cooperate with one another to achieve a goal.
D)live together.

Question 74

Over-simplified generalizations about the characteristics of a group are called:

A)prejudices.
B)stereotypes.
C)biases.
D)discrimination.

Question 75

In which of the following situations would a person most likely feel deindividuated?

A)at a football game
B)at a bridge game
C)at a church social
D)in a math class