Deck 5: Exstintion: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Question 1

The structure that serves as our biological clock is:

A)the heart with its pace-maker cells.
B)the pituitary gland.
C)the pineal gland.
D)the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus.

Answer 1

the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus.

Question 2

Biological rhythm is defined as:

A)a periodic,more or less regular,fluctuation in a biological system.
B)an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Answer 2

a periodic,more or less regular,fluctuation in a biological system.

Question 3

A biological clock,located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the _______________,controls circadian rhythm.

A)spinal cord
B)neurons
C)axon
D)hypothalamus

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

____________ reflect the adaptation of organisms to the many changes associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis.

A)Endogenous rhythms
B)Circadian rhythms
C)Hormonal rhythms
D)External rhythms

Question 5

When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous,we mean that:

A)they are generated by an internal biological clock.
B)they are influenced by our environment.
C)they are produced by our heart's rhythm.
D)they are determined by an individual's experience and therefore vary from person to person.

Question 6

.Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock,located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)corpus callosum.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 7

_______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

A)Entrainment
B)Internal desynchronization
C)Seasonal affective disorder
D)Dissociation

Question 8

Jet lag is also called:

A)internal desynchronization.
B)circadian desynchronization.
C)hormonal rhythms.
D)external desynchronization.

Question 9

Kiyoshi planned to take over-the-counter melatonin supplements in order to restore the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle that was typical before she began college.After reading her psychology textbook,Kiyoshi decided that:

A)she should refrain from taking the supplements because the long-term safety is unknown.
B)the supplements would be most effective if she were to take them on a long-term basis.
C)she should check and make sure her supplements meet the federal standards for quality.
D)she should check and make sure her supplements meet the federal standards for dosage.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate according to studies of internal desynchronization?

A)When people fly across several time zones,sleep and wake patterns take several days to return to normal.
B)When people fly across several time zones,temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
C)At present,there is no reliable way to avoid a period of jet lag when flying across several time zones.
D)When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule,then workers should be switched as infrequently as possible.

Question 11

Circadian rhythm is defined as:

A)a fluctuation in a biological system,synchronized with external cues.
B)an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is NOT true about biological rhythms?

A)Our sleep-wake cycle,temperature cycle,and hormone cycle are normally synchronized with each other.
B)Changes in our sleep schedule,for example when working at night,affect only the sleep-wake cycle and not other circadian rhythms.
C)Internal desynchronization occurs when our sleep-wake cycle,our temperature cycle,and our hormone cycle are out of sync with each other.
D)Internal desynchronization results in decreased in efficiency and an increased number of accidents in night-shift workers.

Question 13

Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of:

A)adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
B)survivors of trauma that experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
C)depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood-sugar levels.
D)disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Question 14

When people live in an environment free of any time cues and are allowed to sleep,eat,and work whenever they want,they typically follow a:

A)28.0-hour cycle.
B)22.8-hour cycle.
C)24.3-hour cycle.
D)26.0-hour cycle.

Question 15

Although the most common biological rhythms people experience are circadian:

A)humans also have some longer cycles that are about a month in length.
B)humans also have some shorter cycles that are about 90 minutes in length.
C)humans also experience both longer and shorter cycles.
D)humans experience some shorter cycles,but don't experience seasonal rhythms like some animals do.

Question 16

Melatonin is:

A)a hormone that fluctuates on about a 90-minute cycle.
B)a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of darkness.
C)a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of daylight.
D)a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers sleep.

Question 17

Because of genetics:

A)some people have longer than normal circadian rhythms.
B)some people have shorter than average circadian rhythms.
C)some people have circadian rhythms that vary in length from day to day.
D)some people are early birds and others are night owls

Question 18

The use of bright lights to "reset" the biological clock:

A)has been successful in treating jet lag,but only when flying from east to west.
B)works well with shift workers but not with people who travel across time zones.
C)works well in the laboratory,but not so well in the real world.
D)works well with females,but not with males.

Question 19

_______________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Norepinephrine
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 20

When researchers have tested the accuracy of biorhythm charts by examining occupational accidents in light of the charts' predictions,they have found the charts:

A)to be useful only for those working in outdoor occupations.
B)to be useful only for women and not for men.
C)to be useful only for healthy individuals with no chronic illnesses.
D)to be useless.

Question 21

Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived.She is now at risk of developing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

A)hallucinations and delusions.
B)extreme irritability.
C)reduced levels of the hormone cortisol.
D)the loss of mental flexibility and creativity.

Question 22

NREM sleep is characterized by:

A)slow,rolling eye movements.
B)vivid,unrealistic dreams.
C) slow brain waves called delta waves.
D)muscle paralysis.

Question 23

Chronic insomnia affects about _______________ of all adults.

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)25 percent
D)35 percent

Question 24

Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room and begins to talk.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)third
D)fourth

Question 25

Controlled studies indicate that:

A)phototherapy is effective in alleviating most cases of SAD.
B)low levels of negative ions are effective in most cases of SAD.
C)phototherapy is not effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD.
D)SAD is not a true disorder.

Question 26

Mitch emphatically states that he never dreams.If Mitch spent the night in a sleep laboratory,it would be most likely that:

A)Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid,irregular brain activity.
B)instead of dreaming,Mitch would engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep.
C)Mitch's sleep cycle would include four stages of non-REM sleep but no stage of REM sleep.
D)Mitch's electroencephalogram would show only slow,rolling eye movements.

Question 27

During the night,two types of sleep alternate with each other; they are:

A)alpha sleep and delta sleep.
B)Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep.
C)REM and NREM sleep.
D)relaxed sleep and alert sleep.

Question 28

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid,irregular waves.His blood pressure rises,his heart rate increases,and his skeletal muscles go limp.Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

A)James is chronically sleep deprived and his sleep,like his daytime activities,is abnormal.
B)James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep.
C)James is experiencing unusual sleep because earlier he engaged in strenuous physical activities.
D)James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during paradoxical sleep.

Question 29

During the night:

A)REM sleep periods become longer.
B)delta waves increase.
C)dreaming decreases in frequency.
D)NREM sleep periods involve a more and more active EEG.

Question 30

On average,REM sleep periods last about:

A)5 minutes.
B)20 minutes.
C)30 minutes.
D)90 minutes.

Question 31

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

A)the brain is very active,yet the body is entirely inactive.
B)the body is very active and restless,but the brain is very inactive.
C)the eyes are open,though the person remains asleep.
D)colorful dreams occur,in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 32

Sleep deprivation can result in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)decline of hormones necessary for a proper immune system.
B)decline in mental flexibility,attention,and creativity.
C)occurrence of hallucinations and delusions.
D)increased muscle pain and lack of coordination.

Question 33

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes or so.

A)30
B)90
C)150
D)210

Question 34

When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep they found that:

A)it does,but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.
B)it does,but the dreams are longer and more fantastical than in REM sleep.
C)it does not,unless the person has been chronically sleep deprived.
D)it does not,unless the person is a patient with a severed corpus callosum.

Question 35

The reason that REM sleep occurs is:

A)to allow the mind to solve the day's problems during sleep.
B)to allow memories to form.
C)to release tensions from the previous day.
D)unknown.

Question 36

REM sleep occurs for the first time:

A)within 10 minutes of falling asleep.
B)after about an hour of sleep.
C)about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.
D)after about 3-4 hours of sleep.

Question 37

When sleep researchers have studied humans and other species they found that:

A)only the higher mammals,such as humans,the great apes,and bottlenose dolphins experience REM sleep.
B)moles,because they can hardly move their eyes at all,are unable to experience REM sleep.
C)humans begin to show evidence of REM sleep during the first two weeks after birth.
D)nearly all mammals,with the exception of spiny anteaters,bottlenose dolphins,and the porpoise,experience REM sleep.

Question 38

Narcolepsy involves:

A)unpredictable daytime attacks of sleep.
B)inability to breathe while sleeping.
C)a need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night.
D)a need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night.

Question 39

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which:

A)a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day.
B)a person has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning.
C)a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.
D)a person experiences bursts of aggressive behavior during sleep.

Question 40

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that about _______________ of women have PMS symptoms predictably over their cycles.

A)5 percent
B)15 percent
C)25 percent
D)35 percent

Question 41

Which of the following does NOT support the cognitive approach to dreaming?

A)The dreams of young children do not have true narratives until age 7 or 8.
B)Sensory deprivation results in daytime thoughts much like dreaming.
C)As cognitive abilities change during childhood,dreams do not change.
D)As the brain matures,the nature of dreaming changes.

Question 42

During _______________ dreams,people are aware that they are dreaming and feel as though they are conscious.

A)REM sleep
B)slow-wave sleep
C)lucid
D)latent

Question 43

Research suggests that we typically forget our dreams upon waking because:

A)dreams often arouse anxiety that could intrude into our daily life.
B)they are based on random neural activity forming disjointed images with no meaning.
C)they often are sexual or violent in nature and our conscious mind represses them.
D)cortical neurons that control the initial storage of new memories are turned off during sleep.

Question 44

Which approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that goes on when we are awake?

A)the problem-focused approach
B)the psychoanalytic approach
C)the cognitive approach
D)the activation-synthesis approach

Question 45

_______________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 46

Sleep appears to be necessary for _______________,a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable.

A)consolidation
B)reinforcement
C)encoding
D)preservation

Question 47

Sigmund Freud would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)dreams are the royal road into the unconscious.
B)every dream is meaningful,no matter how absurd the images seem.
C)the key to analyzing a dream will be found in the manifest content.
D)not everything in a dream is symbolic.

Question 48

Who said that dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious"?

A)Allan Hobson
B)William Shakespeare
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Rosalind Cartwright

Question 49

REM sleep appears to be associated with _______________,which is a process by which the synaptic changes associated with a recently stored memory become durable and stable.

A)consolidation
B)manifest content
C)entrainment
D)seasonal rhythms

Question 50

The dreams of males and females differ because:

A)their daily concerns differ.
B)their brains differ,both anatomically and chemically.
C)their unconscious desires differ.
D)their needs differ.

Question 51

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that:

A)the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes,thoughts,and conflicts.
B)there is no purpose to dreaming,dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
C)the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems.
D)dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 52

A problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that:

A)all dreams are attempts to solve our problems.
B)dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.
C)although dreams often represent our problems,they do not help us solve them.
D)we are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems.

Question 53

German researchers have recently discovered that sleep enhances _______________ as well as consolidation.

A)processing speed
B)problem solving
C)physical coordination
D)creativity

Question 54

Biological researchers would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)during REM sleep,brain areas involved in memory and perception are particularly active.
B)during REM sleep,synaptic connections associated with recent memories are strengthened.
C)dreams are an interpretation by cortex of random neural activity in the pons.
D)brain stem mechanisms fire spontaneously and the cortex tries to synthesize the signals.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation of dreams?

A)Dreams provide a channel for the release of built-up energy.
B)Dreams represent the current concerns or problems in our life.
C)Dreams represent creative activity during sleep.
D)Dreams are a modification of our normal cognitive processes.

Question 56

Who said that getting through a crisis takes "time,good friends,good genes,good luck,and a good dream system"?

A)Allan Hobson
B)William Shakespeare
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Rosalind Cartwright

Question 57

All of the following have been results from the problem-focused approach to dreaming EXCEPT:

A)college students tend to dream about grades and being unprepared for an exam.
B)Palestinian children in violent areas report more themes of persecution in their dreams than do Palestinian children in peaceful environments.
C)until recently,women were more likely than men to dream about children,family members,and household objects.
D)men are more likely to dream about their anxieties,such as failing an important exam.

Question 58

The average adolescent needs about _______________ hours of sleep a night.

A)6
B)8
C)10
D)12

Question 59

Who said that sometimes "a cigar is only a cigar"?

A)Allan Hobson
B)William Shakespeare
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Rosalind Cartwright

Question 60

According to the cognitive approach,our dreaming thoughts are more unfocused and diffuse than our waking thoughts because:

A)the brain is less active during dreams.
B)we have no sensory input or feedback from our bodies during dreams.
C)dreams are not focused on a particular problem.
D)dreams have symbolic rather than actual meaning.

Question 61

Who said that dreams are "children of an idle brain"?

A)Allan Hobson
B)William Shakespeare
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Rosalind Cartwright

Question 62

The sociocognitive approach to hypnosis suggests that:

A)the hypnotized person is unconsciously playing a role.
B)the hypnotized person is consciously faking or playing a role.
C)hypnosis is a unique state distinct from normal consciousness.
D)hypnosis is an interaction between the executive and the imaginative functions of an individual's mind.

Question 63

The dream theory that currently seems to have the most support is the:

A)Freudian theory of dreaming.
B)problem-solving approach to dreaming.
C)cognitive approach to dreaming.
D)activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

Question 64

Ernest Hilgard argued that hypnosis involves:

A)dissociation.
B)a loss of memory.
C)failure to monitor behavior.
D)role playing.

Question 65

A "hidden observer" is:

A)a person,out of sight of the hypnotist,who monitors the process to make sure the hypnotist does not violate ethical standards.
B)a part of the mind of the hypnotized person that watches but does not participate.
C)a friend or family member who observes the hypnosis to protect the hypnotized person.
D)the part of a person's mind that participates in hypnosis.

Question 66

The American Psychological Association would agree that hypnosis may be used successfully in all of the following circumstances EXCEPT in:

A)alleviating chronic pain.
B)reducing nausea in people undergoing chemotherapy.
C)refreshing the memories of robbery victims.
D)anesthetizing people undergoing dental work.

Question 67

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is correct?

A)Hypnosis enables people to relive memories from infancy and early childhood.
B)Hypnosis reduces errors in memory because hypnotized people do not confabulate.
C)Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth.
D)Hypnosis demonstrates that memories are accurately stored in the brain.

Question 68

Hypnosis:

A)increases the overall accuracy of the subject's memories because individuals do not confabulate when hypnotized.
B)is a procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensation or behavior of the subject,who cooperates by altering cognitive functioning in accordance with the suggestions.
C)can produce age regressions in which adult subjects show the brain waves and mental performance of a young child.
D)has been recommended by the American Psychological Association as an effective procedure to refresh eyewitness testimony in a court of law.

Question 69

Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

A)The likelihood of being hypnotized depends on the skill of the hypnotist.
B)Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will.
C)Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
D)A hypnotized person can do things that they could not do otherwise.

Question 70

During his lecture on dream theories,Professor Grant points out that a weakness of _______________ theory is that some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve concerns during sleep.

A)psychoanalytic
B)problem-focused
C)cognitive
D)activation-synthesis

Question 71

In his dream,Andy is an infant crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost.Which theory would be most receptive to an explanation that while Andy was sleeping,neurons in his pons that stimulate leg-muscle movement were active?

A)psychoanalytic
B)problem-focused
C)mental housekeeping
D)activation-synthesis theory

Question 72

During his lecture on dream theories,Professor Hundt points out that the interpretations are often far-fetched in _______________ theory.

A)psychoanalytic
B)problem-focused
C)cognitive
D)activation-synthesis

Question 73

The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming states that:

A)the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes,thoughts,and conflicts.
B)there is no purpose to dreaming,dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
C)the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems.
D)dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 74

Ernest Hilgard,a pioneer in hypnosis research,argued that:

A)hypnosis results from the social interaction of a therapist and the expectations of the subject.
B)hypnosis involves dissociation in which one part of the mind operates independently of others.
C)the hypnotized person is merely faking or playacting.
D)hypnosis creates a unique state in which people can do extraordinary things.

Question 75

One of the weaknesses of the problem-focused theory of dreaming is that:

A)there is no reliable way to determine latent meanings.
B)some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve ongoing concerns during sleep.
C)the theory doesn't explain non-REM dreams.
D)the theory says more about REM sleep than about dreaming.

Question 76

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming,the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the:

A)reticular activating system.
B)cortex.
C)pons.
D)medulla.

Question 77

During REM sleep,neurons in the _______________ fire spontaneously.

A)medulla
B)cerebellum
C)reticular activating system
D)pons

Question 78

This dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes,thoughts and conflicts:

A)problem focused.
B)cognitive.
C)psychoanalytic.
D)activation-synthesis.

Question 79

The activation-synthesis theory proposes that:

A)cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives.
B)cortex is active during dreaming and triggers activity in other brain structures.
C)the activity in the pons constructs or synthesizes dream narratives.
D)dreams are active attempts to synthesize solutions to problems.

Question 80

This dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express ongoing concerns of waking life:

A)problem focused.
B)cognitive.
C)psychoanalytic.
D)activation-synthesis.