Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

What can be said about self-development during adolescence?

A) It is slow and focused.
B) It is rapid and turbulent.
C) It is the final phase of socialization.
D) It is adult-like.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the Spitz research on infants and young children, social deprivation creates developmental delays and which of the following?

A) increased health-related problems leading to death
B) resistance to caring contact
C) hyper-sexuality
D) attention deficit disorder

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following features of the monkey experiment conducted by Margaret and Harry Barlow is the most important in demonstrating the importance of the emotional relation between a mother and her child?

A) that even with less milk the monkeys responded better to the cloth covered fake mother
B) that monkeys responded well to fake mothers
C) that they used a control group and an experimental group
D) that they used a species of animal that was close in many ways to humans

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following terms is described as the process by which people learn culture?

A) status consistency
B) normative acquisition
C) socialization
D) resocialization

Question 5

Which of the following terms describes the individual's conscious experience of a distinct, personal identity that is separate and meaningful from all other people?

A) personality
B) self
C) status
D) socialization

Question 6

Which of the following people pioneered the social scientific interpretation of the process by which the self emerges?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Sigmund Freud
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Harry Harlow

Question 7

According to the discussion of the "wild boy of Aveyron" in the text, which of the following happens to people who were NOT socialized as children?

A) They become temperamental and moody.
B) They grow up dependent upon political figures for leadership.
C) They have intense personal relationships as adults.
D) They do not realize their human potential.

Question 8

The Harlows raised baby rhesus monkeys in various conditions of isolation during their early socialization process. What did they conclude from their research?

A) Emotional attachment is based on the amount of food given.
B) Emotional attachment is volatile.
C) Emotional development is related to feeding.
D) Emotional development requires affectionate cradling.

Question 9

What do both human babies and baby rhesus monkeys require?

A) caring contact
B) regular grooming and bathing
C) fixed amounts of food
D) soothing maternal sounds

Question 10

When does the process of socialization begin?

A) when a child begins to speak
B) when a child starts attending school
C) soon after birth
D) at the onset of adolescence

Question 11

How does the process of socialization actualize people?

A) It prompts physical maturation.
B) It follows a universal pattern.
C) It unleashes the potential to be human.
D) It creates a moral person.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes self-image, or the sense of self?

A) a set of ideas and attitudes about who one is as an independent being
B) something that is present at birth
C) a private personality
D) an individual's expression and awareness of his/her genetic code

Question 13

Which of the following terms refers to the behaviour expected of a person who occupies a particular position in society?

A) role
B) norm
C) status expectation
D) folkway

Question 14

What is the term for society's main socializing institutions, which include family, peers, and schools?

A) agents of socialization
B) social modifiers
C) socializers
D) social change agents

Question 15

According to symbolic interactionists, the first step of infants' participation in social interaction marks the beginning of self-development. What is this step?

A) learning how to make eye contact
B) learning to distinguish self from main caregivers
C) learning how to smile
D) learning right from wrong

Question 16

As illustrated by the "wild boy of Aveyron" in the textbook, what occurs without childhood socialization?

A) Adults have intense but inappropriate personal relationships.
B) Most of our human potential remains unlocked until we are socialized.
C) Humans become overly violent.
D) Children grow up and become dependent upon external authorities for leadership.

Question 17

Which of the following does René Spitz's research show?

A) Infants who experience plenty of social interaction in their first year of life grow up normally.
B) Infants deprived of their mothers in their first year of life can grow up completely normally.
C) Without childhood socialization, most of our human potential cannot be realized.
D) Infant socialization is not as important to development as adolescent socialization.

Question 18

Which of the following ideas is the main sociological contribution of Freud's theory of the emergence of self?

A) The self does not emerge until adolescence.
B) The self emerges during early social interaction.
C) The self is formed in a haphazard manner.
D) The self is formed in response to repressed sexual feelings.

Question 19

Judging from the examples discussed in the text of children who lack social contact, which of the following can be said about the ability to learn culture and become fully human?

A) It is based on intelligence.
B) It begins only after learning language.
C) It is an inevitable part of human nature.
D) It is a potential.

Question 20

In Freud's view, how is the development of one's personality achieved?

A) through a difficult and stressful process of socialization
B) through a short process of resocialization
C) through a playful and peaceful process of socialization
D) through a long process of resocialization

Question 21

Natasha is constantly worried about her appearance and whether she will be smart enough to do well in math in secondary school, despite being conventionally "pretty" and having good grades in math all through primary school. What is happening to Natasha in this situation?

A) She has internalized her culture's messages about females.
B) She has allowed her ego to suppress her id.
C) She has developed a crack in the looking-glass self.
D) She has failed to fully integrate the generalized other.

Question 22

Which of the following features of George Herbert Mead's work is most characteristic of the symbolic interactionist perspective?

A) his focus on the role of children in reinforcing social values in the community
B) his focus on humour as a vehicle for internalizing social norms
C) his focus on the role that others' perceptions of us have in our perceptions of ourselves
D) his focus on a developmental theory of socialization

Question 23

According to George Herbert Mead, which of the following defines the fourth stage of role-taking?

A) the social other stage
B) the ability to take the role of the significant other
C) the "mature me" stage
D) the ability to take the role of the generalized other

Question 24

Which social scientist developed the concept of the "looking-glass self"?

A) Carol Gilligan
B) Charles Horton Cooley
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 25

Which of the following is synonymous with the concept "role-taking"?

A) kindness
B) compassion
C) sympathy
D) empathy

Question 26

Mead's explanation of the development of self focused on what uniquely human ability?

A) relying on intuitive intelligence
B) experiencing guilt
C) forming social bonds with others
D) taking the role of another

Question 27

Which of the following is the initial stage in Mead's theory of self-development through role-taking?

A) taking the role of the other
B) imitating significant others
C) taking the role of the generalized other
D) pretending to be other people

Question 28

As an infant, Sarita cries when hungry or tired or when she needs her diaper changed. When all of her needs are taken care of, she smiles happily. What did George Herbert Mead call this aspect of the self?

A) the "id"
B) "I"
C) "me"
D) "you"

Question 29

Which of the following terms does George Herbert Mead use for the subjective, impulsive self?

A) id
B) I
C) me
D) looking-glass self

Question 30

What basic idea contends that our self-evaluations depend largely on how we believe others perceive us?

A) the generalized other
B) the looking-glass self
C) socialization
D) Freud's model of the unconscious

Question 31

Which of the following theories was developed by the American sociologist George H. Cooley?

A) the role-taking theory
B) the theory of I and me
C) the self-development theory
D) the looking-glass theory

Question 32

From a sociological perspective, which of the following best describes the development of cognitive skills and moral conscience?

A) They are the outcome of traumatic social experiences.
B) They are shaped by the structure of society and one's position within it.
C) They are the result of submitting to social sanctions.
D) They are shaped primarily by one's parents.

Question 33

According to G. H. Mead, what component of the self is the repository of cultural standards?

A) me
B) I
C) moral self
D) conscience

Question 34

Joshua is a nine-year-old boy who is already highly skilled at soccer and sought after as a teammate. According to Mead, what is his success dependent upon?

A) taking the role of the self
B) repressing the significant other
C) evoking memories
D) simultaneously taking the role of several others

Question 35

According to Gilligan's research on the development of self-image, which of the following gives rise to self-image differences in boys and girls?

A) the influences of fathers, who determine moral development
B) the individual moral choices of a person
C) the different cultural standards passed on to boys and girls
D) the different organization of each person's community

Question 36

According to Freud, when do infants begin to form a self-image?

A) when they reach the age of three
B) when their demands are denied
C) when they see that their needs are the same as their parents'
D) when they begin to smile

Question 37

Although she is very thin, Heidi is convinced that everyone around her believes she is overweight. She adapts her eating behaviours so that she eats very little and when she does eat, she makes herself vomit in order to try to keep her weight down. Which of the following concepts describes Heidi's behaviour?

A) the ego managing the id and the superego
B) the looking-glass self
C) taking the role of other
D) faulty development at the abstract moral stage

Question 38

Which of the following is best known for research on the differential impact of early socialization on boys and girls?

A) Margrit Eichler
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Harriet Martineau
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 39

Which of the following is George Herbert Mead known for studying?

A) the effects of bureaucracy on the personality
B) socialization in rhesus monkeys
C) cultural differences in social distance
D) the self as a product of socialization

Question 40

Which of the following best summarizes the result of Carol Gilligan's research on how social position affects socialization?

A) Parents and teachers pass on different cultural standards to each gender.
B) Parents and teachers pass on the same cultural standards to each gender.
C) Boys tend to develop lower self-esteem than girls do.
D) Girls tend to develop lower self-esteem than boys do.

Question 41

Which of the following does a comparison of ancient China and ancient Greece show?

A) that society plays a major role in socialization of religion and morality
B) that socialization patterns are typical regardless of the language that agents of socialization use
C) that socialization occurs embedded in, although separate from, social institutions
D) that society plays a major role in the way we think and the way we think of ourselves

Question 42

Which of the following best describes the Thomas theorem?

A) Phenomenology provides us with the best framework for understanding human behaviour.
B) Situations that we define as real become real in their consequences.
C) People's perceptions of reality are changed by a postsecondary education.
D) The ability to connect the personal to the public stems from our reactions to others.

Question 43

According to the text, students may believe that they are evaluated solely on their academic performance; however, other factors are involved. Which of the following criteria help to determine success in school and in the work world?

A) physical appearance
B) class, gender, and race
C) socialization
D) status

Question 44

Many students from poor and racial-minority families reject the hidden curriculum in schools. According to the textbook, what do they tend to do?

A) They are skeptical of the ability of school to open job opportunities or other paths of achievement for them.
B) They are hostile toward other poor groups, whom they view as competitors for scarce resources.
C) They are generally receptive to alternative classes that stream them into class-appropriate job opportunities.
D) They work harder and faster than other students to overcome the disadvantages they have.

Question 45

Which of the following is the most important factor in the relative decline in importance of the family as a primary agent of socialization?

A) the expansion of participation of Canadians in postsecondary education, especially after 1950
B) the expansion of the participation of women in the work force, especially after 1950
C) the introduction of publicly funded health care after WW2
D) the introduction of mandatory education after WW1

Question 46

Which of the following terms refers to socialization that occurs outside the family after childhood, and for which schools are largely responsible?

A) subpar socialization
B) ancillary socialization
C) primary socialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 47

From the observations of teachers' and students' roles in creating a self-fulfilling prophecy, sociologists concluded that "situations that we define as real become real in their consequences." By which of the following terms is this conclusion known?

A) the Thomas theorem
B) the hidden implementation of social sanctions
C) the manifest function of schools
D) natural consequence

Question 48

Darlene has generally gotten above average grades in university but her grades take a nosedive when she takes a class with Professor Jameson. After studying for days and then failing the midterm exam, she gets discouraged and decides against studying for the final exam, deciding that it would not make any difference in her test score. Consequently, she fails the final exam. Which sociological concept best explains Darlene's situation?

A) the Thomas theorem
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the hidden curriculum
D) gender discrimination

Question 49

Conflict theorists acknowledge that many students from poor and racial-minority families reject the hidden curriculum in schools. Which of the following best describes why?

A) They hope that the school will open job and work opportunities for them.
B) They are receptive to being placed in alternative classes.
C) They are sceptical of the ability of school to open job opportunities for them.
D) They are hostile toward other groups to which they do not belong.

Question 50

In school, students are not just taught how to prepare for the job market, but also how to be conventionally "good citizens." Which of the following is this an example of?

A) the Thomas theorem
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the process of socialization
D) the hidden curriculum

Question 51

Which group of sociologists were the first to be interested in the concept of the hidden curriculum?

A) social constructionists
B) symbolic interactionists
C) functionalists
D) conflict theorists

Question 52

Since the 1950s, which of the following has occurred in Canada as a result of the demands of work and the escalating divorce rate?

A) The socialization function of schools and peer groups has decreased.
B) Childhood socialization has become more difficult and stressful.
C) The importance of family socialization has become even more pronounced.
D) The socialization function of the mass media has decreased.

Question 53

Which of the following is considered by sociologists to be the most important agent of socialization?

A) schools
B) the family
C) the mass media
D) peer groups

Question 54

Which of the following best illustrates the Thomas theorem?

A) The 1980 decision to boycott the Moscow Olympics because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan resulted in fewer records being set in those games.
B) The 1973 oil crisis resulted in the so-called "toilet paper panic." The rumour of an expected shortage of toilet paper-resulting from a decline in the importation of oil-caused people to stockpile supplies of toilet paper and this caused a shortage.
C) The 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia because of ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians by Serbians resulted in approximately 500 civilian casualties.
D) The 1929 crash of the New York stock market lead to a decade-long economic depression, with lower commodity prices and worldwide mass unemployment.

Question 55

According to the text, the influence of some socialization agents increased in the twentieth century, while the influence of others declined. Which of the following important socialization agents has declined in influence?

A) the family
B) schools
C) peer groups
D) the mass media

Question 56

Which of the following terms is defined as the process of mastering the basic skills required to function in a society during childhood?

A) resocialization
B) anticipatory socialization
C) secondary socialization
D) primary socialization

Question 57

As discussed in the text, working class and racial-minority students often reject the hidden curriculum. Why do they do this?

A) because they believe that they are evaluated only on the basis merit
B) because they expect to achieve little if they play by the rules
C) because they view rejecting the hidden curriculum as a political act
D) because they internalize teachers' expectations

Question 58

When expectations lead to the very situation that was anticipated, which of the following has occurred?

A) a status conflict
B) a role conflict
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) a hidden curriculum

Question 59

Students receive implicit lessons in schools that are not part of the standard curriculum; these lessons teach them how to be "conventionally good citizens." Which of the following terms is used to describe these implicit lessons?

A) covert socialization
B) hidden curriculum
C) civility studies
D) compassionate curriculum

Question 60

If people believe a bank is going to fail, this can cause them to withdraw their money, which in turn leads to the bank's failure. What concept does this example illustrate?

A) a role conflict
B) a hidden curriculum
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) a status conflict

Question 61

According to the text, which of the following do elementary school peer groups prepare children for?

A) assumption of responsibility for decisions
B) their own self-socialization
C) class and racial inequality in the adult world
D) the challenges of dating

Question 62

What is the term for people who are not necessarily friends but are about the same age and hold similar status?

A) a status set
B) a peer group
C) colleagues
D) a cohort

Question 63

Parents greatly influence teens' decisions to smoke. Which of the following has an even greater influence on teens' decisions to smoke?

A) advertising and commercials
B) peers
C) grandparents
D) celebrities and actors

Question 64

Sociological research shows that families have more influence on many important areas of life than peer groups do, including which of the following areas?

A) musical preferences
B) peer affiliations
C) educational aspirations
D) clothing choices

Question 65

What are the Internet, The New York Times, Avatar, and your sociology textbook examples of?

A) mass media
B) multinational corporations
C) agents of socialization
D) non-governmental organizations

Question 66

According to the research reported in the textbook, which of the following traits has the most influence on girls' popularity?

A) emotionality
B) competitiveness
C) nurturance
D) attractiveness

Question 67

Research shows that teachers are able to influence student performance on tests by telling randomly assigned students that they are going to do well. Which of the following does this illustrate?

A) a status conflict
B) a role conflict
C) a hidden curriculum
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 68

Which of the following can be summarized by these words: "What people define to be real, is real in its consequences"?

A) the Thomas theorem
B) role consistency
C) Merton's dilemma
D) a status set

Question 69

What is the term for the socializing agent that is often dominant from middle childhood through adolescence?

A) mass media
B) school
C) family
D) peer group

Question 70

According to the text, which of the following is one of the significant effects that the mass media has on youth?

A) It helps them analyze violent behaviour.
B) It helps them respond to in-depth interviews.
C) It helps them construct their identity.
D) It helps show them inappropriate male and female behaviour.

Question 71

Which of the following is the best example of a status?

A) first year student in a postsecondary institution
B) first man on the moon
C) last King of France
D) last person to leave the Titanic on a lifeboat

Question 72

Which of the following are examples of the mass media?

A) shopping malls
B) television and the Internet
C) government documents
D) diaries and letters

Question 73

According to the text, the conflict between parents and adolescents is a clash of which of the following?

A) societies
B) subgroups
C) values
D) cultures

Question 74

In which of the following ways can peers be a positive influence on adolescents, despite the conflict between parent and adolescent generations?

A) They help integrate young people into the larger society.
B) They illuminate the boundaries between deviance and crime.
C) They help isolate teens so they can form youth subcultures that serve as a source of social change.
D) They initiate adult responsibilities.

Question 75

Which of the following best describes hierarchically arranged, adolescent, social cliques?

A) They operate in the same ways independently of gender.
B) They are divided according to dominant interests and activities.
C) They reflect the arrangement of classes and racial groups in adult society.
D) They are implemented by reinforcing parentally sanctioned norms.

Question 76

Chris, an otherwise intelligent student, fails a test. His teacher calls him "stupid." As a result, Chris starts to believe he's stupid and continues to do poorly in class. What is this an example of?

A) a status inconsistency
B) blaming the victim
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) an open curriculum

Question 77

Which of the following is the term for a recognized social position that an individual can occupy?

A) role model
B) status
C) peer group
D) social stratum

Question 78

As soon as Jocelyn got into secondary school, she changed her style of dress and the music she enjoyed, and she took up new activities. Which agent of socialization is most likely responsible for these changes?

A) her family
B) her school
C) her peer group
D) the mass media

Question 79

According to the text, youth in adolescent peer groups do which of the following?

A) begin to develop their own identities
B) resist media influences
C) learn deviant and rebellious activities
D) reject the social values of youth subcultures other than their own

Question 80

According to the text, the conflict between adolescents and parents is sometimes intense, but it is also which of the following?

A) irrelevant
B) minor
C) immature
D) temporary