Deck 2: Drug-Taking Behavior: the Personal and Social Concerns

Question 1

12 The DAWN reporting program reaches practically all emergency department patients in the United States.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

9 The margin of safety measure of a particular drug is a more conservative (in the direction of safety)measure of drug toxicity than the therapeutic index for that drug.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

4 Distinguish between the major DSM-IV-TR criteria for a diagnosis of substance dependence and a diagnosis of substance abuse and the new DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder,as defined by the American Psychiatric Association.

Answer 3

no answer

Question 4

7 Examining the properties of a drug effect is that same as examining the properties of the drug itself.

Question 5

14 According to 2011 DAWN statistics,most ED visits involved alcohol only.

Question 6

8 If an LD100 dose were to be given to a group of 50 mice,all of them would die.

Question 7

5 If a drug is ED50,it means the drug will become toxic if 50 mg of the drug is taken.

Question 8

4 Drug safety depends on the possibility that the drug can be toxic at low doses compared to other drugs.

Question 9

6 Each effect produced by a particular drug will have its own dose-response curves.

Question 10

3 Define behavioral tolerance and explain how this phenomenon might account for a drug-related overdose fatality,even though the dose might have fallen short of the lethal range.

Question 11

6 Discuss how harm reduction may be a better alternative than use reduction.

Question 12

2 Picture yourself as an emergency room physician at a metropolitan hospital that participates in the DAWN reporting system.What questions would you ask an incoming patient who is displaying symptoms that might be drug-related? What circumstances might prevent you from making an accurate record of the role drugs may have played in these symptoms?

Question 13

10 The higher the margin of safety ratio,the more toxic the drug.

Question 14

3 There are substances that exist which do not have any potential for toxicity.

Question 15

5 Distinguish between pharmacological,economically compulsive,and systemic types of drug-related violence.Give a specific example for each type.

Question 16

13 According to 2011 DAWN statistics,about 1/4 (27 percent)of drug-related ED visits involved some use of illicit drug use only.

Question 17

1 Describe the therapeutic index and margin of safety measures as a way of understanding drug toxicity.Include in your answer an explanation of the denominator and numerator that go into each ratio.

Question 18

11 A problem with street drugs is that the user doesn't know the toxicity risks until the drug has been used.

Question 19

1 Cocaine has been used as a local anesthetic in the United States.

Question 20

2 Water has the potential for being a psychoactive substance.

Question 21

25 Drug abusers take drug doses which are well beyond the LD-response curve amounts.

Question 22

30 The concept of physical dependence originates from observations of heroin abusers.

Question 23

15 DAWN statistics are collected for ED visits involving alcohol use alone by individuals twenty-one and older.

Question 24

20 Injecting heroin followed by snorting heroin is an example of polydrug use.

Question 25

29 Behavioral tolerance is based on Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 26

31 The existence of physical dependence in a particular drug hinges upon the presence of physical withdrawal syndromes,should the individual stop taking the drug.

Question 27

22 According to recent DAWN statistics,there has been a greater number of drug-related ED for visits prescription and OTC medications alone than with illicit drugs alone.Narcotic analgesics are on the rise.

Question 28

23 There are more fatalities from chronic smoking of tobacco than from illicit drug use.

Question 29

21 In the DAWN reports,cocaine,heroin,and alcohol-in-combination cases are almost always lethal.

Question 30

17 A patient mentions drinking eight glasses of vodka and gin during a drug-related ED visit.This is an example of an alcohol-in-combination DAWN case.

Question 31

18 Polydrug use refers to the use of a drug at different dosage levels from administration to administration.

Question 32

24 If an individual experiences drug tolerance,an increasing dose must be taken over time in order to maintain the same level of drug effect.

Question 33

19 Multiple substance use is another name for polydrug use.

Question 34

27 Tolerance is maximized when the user always takes the drug in the same setting.

Question 35

34 Withdrawal symptoms involve symptoms generally opposite from the original effect of the drug.

Question 36

16 Men outnumber women two-to-one in terms of ED visits involving illicit drug use.

Question 37

32 Withdrawal symptoms are the approximately the same for every psychoactive drug.

Question 38

28 Drug tolerance is to setting as behavioral tolerance is to repetition.

Question 39

26 In most cases,the dosage levels taken by drug abusers would be lethal if taken by a first-time user.

Question 40

33 Continuing drug-taking behavior in order to avoid withdrawal is one indication of physical dependence.

Question 41

39 The greater the extent of drug-taking behavior during pregnancy,the more likely there will adverse consequences during labor and delivery.

Question 42

44 Prescription drugs have little effect on pregnant woman and the newborn.

Question 43

48 Violence resulting directly from the physiological effects of an injected drug is referred to as systemic violence.

Question 44

46 Fetal effects of methamphetamine are unknown but likely to be similar to effects of cocaine-reducing normal fetal blood flow.

Question 45

47 There is a statistical association between the use of illicit drugs and crime.

Question 46

50 The high price of illicit drugs on the street contributes to the incidence of economically compulsive violence.

Question 47

51 Systemic violence might include robbing a shopkeeper in order to get money to buy drugs.

Question 48

45 All psychoactive drugs have the same adverse effects on the fetus.

Question 49

42 Needle exchange programs are available in all fifty states.

Question 50

52 Under a laissez-faire philosophy,the government would assert little or no regulatory control with respect to drugs.

Question 51

54 The smoking of opium in the United States was opposed at least in part because of its association with Chinese immigrants.

Question 52

41 In 2009,the ban on federal funding for needle exchange programs was lifted.

Question 53

36 In an experiment discussed in the text,laboratory animals would choose cocaine over food even if the animal was starving to death.

Question 54

40 A dirty needle carries the risk of HIV infection but not of hepatitis infection.

Question 55

53 Under the Harrison Act,cocaine was defined as a narcotic but opiate drugs were not.

Question 56

37 Tolerance,withdrawal symptoms,and unintentional overuse are three of the seven criteria for substance dependence.

Question 57

43 Needle-exchange programs have increased the prevalence of heroin abuse in recent studies.

Question 58

38 The placental barrier protects a fetus from toxic substances in the mother.

Question 59

35 Most addicts completing the withdrawal process in its entirety do not become re-addicted.

Question 60

49 Tendencies toward violence have been observed during times of crack withdrawal as well as crack intoxication.

Question 61

9 When reporting the ED50 of a drug,the "50" refers to __________.

A)50 milligrams of the drug
B)50 percent of the test population
C)volunteers 50 years of age or older
D)50 percent of the maximal dose that is possible to administer

Question 62

1 According to the text,each year we spend in the United States approximately __________ on health care for either specialty services,behavioral consequences,or the prevention of alcohol and illicit drug abuse.

A)5 billion
B)10 billion
C)20 billion
D)25 billion

Question 63

63 Year to year,there is a clear cut correlation of budget allocations used for drug regulation and the availability of illicit drugs.

Question 64

61 "Drug czars" were established as a result of the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act.

Question 65

6 An S-shaped graph (dose-response curve)helps explain __________.

A)drug addiction
B)drug elasticity
C)drug toxicity
D)none of the above

Question 66

2 An extreme case of intoxication can involve which of the following non-drug substances?

A)broccoli
B)chocolate
C)water
D)sushi

Question 67

3 If a drug is dangerous,poisonous,or in some way interferes with a person's normal functioning,that drug is said to be __________.

A)toxic
B)addictive
C)illicit
D)acute

Question 68

8 An effective dose (ED)of a drug depends upon __________.

A)what drug effect is being observed
B)what percentage of the test population you have specified
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B

Question 69

7 As dose level rises,it is likely that the effect produced by the drug __________.

A)rises as well
B)rises and then falls
C)falls and then rises
D)remains the same

Question 70

59 Schedule IV drugs have the highest potential for abuse.

Question 71

62 Expenditures to carry out the war on drugs are up by more than 1,400 percent since 1981.

Question 72

10 The LD-response curve for a particular drug will always be positioned ________ with respect to the ED-response curve.

A)on top
B)farther to the left
C)farther to the right
D)at the bottom

Question 73

11 Analogy: The ED-response curve is to the LD-response curve as __________.

A)effective is to lethal
B)emotional is to linguistic
C)early is to late
D)illicit is to licit

Question 74

4 ________ is defined as the possibility that the short-term effects of a particular drug will trigger a toxic reaction.

A)Acute toxicity
B)Collateral toxicity
C)Conditional toxicity
D)Chronic toxicity

Question 75

56 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 did not apply to growers of marijuana.

Question 76

58 Five "schedules" of controlled substances resulted from the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.

Question 77

5 A dose-response curve is generally shaped as a(n)__________.

A)S
B)U
C)inverted U
D)inverted V

Question 78

57 Harry J.Anslinger was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)during the 1930s.

Question 79

60 Heroin is an example of a Schedule I drug.

Question 80

55 Though cocaine was not defined as a narcotic,it was still affected by the Harrison Act of 1914.