Deck 4: From Social Interaction to Social Organizations

Question 1

What do sociologists call the entire cluster of statuses occupied by an individual?

A) status congruence
B) status constellation
C) status consistency
D) status set

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Joy has two children. She behaves abusively toward them and neglects to provide for their emotional and physical needs. From a sociological perspective, what is happening when she behaves this way?

A) She is violating the status of mother.
B) She is violating the role of mother.
C) She is violating the social structure.
D) She is violating her socialization.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the term used for the three building blocks of social interaction?

A) values, norms, and beliefs
B) norms, roles, and statuses
C) primary groups, secondary groups, and social categories
D) bureaucracies, groups, and collections

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the basis for the expectation that people should mourn a parent's death?

A) the idea that people should not have role strain
B) the idea that people should perform emotion labour
C) the idea that people should not have role conflicts
D) the idea that people should demonstrate emotion management

Question 5

According to research conducted by Charles Derber, what do North Americans usually turn their conversations toward?

A) things they care about emotionally
B) others
C) themselves
D) objectively important topics

Question 6

What is occurring in the following conversation, had by two people while watching television? Jane: "I am tired."
Dick: "Did you see that?"
Jane: "Yes, but I am really tired."
Dick: "Oh, but that act on TV looks so interesting!"

A) cooperation
B) an interaction ritual
C) competition for attention
D) a dramaturgical presentation

Question 7

Lucille and Lisa are lying in bed chatting. Every time Lucille tries to say how she feels about their upcoming wedding, Lisa interrupts her and interjects with statements about how terrible her work situation is. According to Charles Derber, what is Lisa doing?

A) losing the competition for dominance
B) losing the competition for attention
C) winning the competition for turn-taking
D) winning the competition for attention

Question 8

According to the textbook, which of the following determines the management of emotions?

A) cultural scripts
B) socially accepted displays of moods
C) competition between one's desires and one's responsibilities
D) one's willingness to perform for an audience

Question 9

Tony is having a conversation with his boss, Peter. Peter tells a story that Tony has already heard several times. At the appropriate point in the story, Tony laughs, even though he knew the ending of the story. What does a sociological analysis of this social interaction show?

A) gender role influences
B) social structural patterns of dominance and subservience
C) the operation of group cohesion
D) collective forces

Question 10

Sitting beside Benjamin at the movie theatre on their third date, Shoshanna feels the overwhelming urge to kiss him but instead waits for him to make the first move. Which of the following is she doing?

A) following a cultural script
B) overcoming a cultural script
C) ignoring a cultural script
D) writing a cultural script

Question 11

What is the term used for a recognized position in an interaction?

A) norm
B) status
C) role
D) station

Question 12

Carol works as a general floor manager in a high-end restaurant, ensuring that all customers are happy with the service and content by the end of their meals. What is she engaged in?

A) emotion management
B) emotion distancing
C) emotion labour
D) emotion contextualizing

Question 13

When Candida, a government employee who issues building permits, deals with the unreasonable behaviour of a customer, which of the following is she performing?

A) role conflict
B) emotional labour
C) dramaturgical analysis
D) role strain

Question 14

People have conventional expectations about what they should feel, how much they should feel, how long they should feel an emotion, and with whom they should share their feelings. What are emotions and their expression governed by?

A) status expectations
B) role expectations
C) emotional prerogatives
D) norms of emotional life

Question 15

In today's economy, nearly half the jobs women do involve substantial amounts of emotion labour. More women than men do emotion labour because they are better socialized to undertake nurturing roles. What does this component of their occupation require?

A) investment in people skills
B) emotional detachment and smiling
C) emotion labour
D) emotional truancy

Question 16

Kahlil holds the door open for another university student, who is following closely behind him and carrying a large stack of books. What is Kahlil engaged in?

A) playing a role
B) following a norm
C) recognizing a status
D) managing his emotions

Question 17

Laughter is not as spontaneous as people might think. What does a sociological analysis of laughter show?

A) gender role influences
B) social structural patterns of dominance and subservience
C) the operation of group cohesion
D) collective forces

Question 18

People's expectations concerning a mother's behaviour defines which of the following?

A) her norms
B) her authority
C) her status
D) her role

Question 19

Which of the following best describes most conversations, according to Charles Derber's research?

A) competitions for control
B) competitions for attention
C) self-control issues
D) dramaturgical issues

Question 20

According to the textbook, which of the following people is most likely to laugh more in a conversation?

A) Alice, a 20-year-old woman, in conversation with Robert, a 30-year-old man
B) Robert, a 30-year-old man, in conversation with Alice, a 20-year-old woman
C) a child, in conversation with an adult
D) an adult, in conversation with a child

Question 21

Which of the following perspectives argues that a greater inequality of payoffs to interacting parties will lead to a greater chance that there will be a breakdown in interaction?

A) exchange theory
B) dramaturgical analysis
C) conflict theory
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 22

The lead character in Avatar learns about himself and the world around him through his interaction as a member of the Na'vi. This method of developing an appreciation of the generalized other draws on the work of which of the following theorists?

A) Arlie Hochschild
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Erving Goffman
D) Charles Derber

Question 23

According to the textbook, why is conflict theory too narrow?

A) because some social interaction violates accepted norms
B) because social interaction often rests on resources
C) because the presentation of self has to be taken into consideration
D) because some social interaction is altruistic

Question 24

During an early season of the popular television series Grey's Anatomy, George, one of the main characters, steps out in front of a city bus to pull a woman to safety. What do his actions illustrate?

A) cooperation
B) interaction
C) altruism
D) identification

Question 25

As passengers board the aircraft upon which Damien is employed as a flight attendant, he smiles and greets them. Every time an elderly person passes him, he looks at his co-workers and rolls his eyes. What is his eye rolling an example of?

A) role management
B) emotion management
C) front-stage behaviour
D) backstage behaviour

Question 26

What does symbolic interactionism identify as the basis of social interaction?

A) individual psychological mindsets
B) constant negotiation of roles, statuses, and norms
C) cultural scripts that were learned during childhood
D) interpretive belief structures

Question 27

Carrie-Lee is embarrassed when her friends from college see her working as a Walmart greeter, so she explains to them that she is only doing it in order to find out first-hand how the company treats its employees. What is Carrie-Lee engaged in when she justifies her actions to her friends?

A) role conflict
B) role separation
C) role distancing
D) role expansion

Question 28

Which of the following, first undertaken by Erving Goffman, is one of the most widely applied approaches to a symbolic interactionist assessment of social interaction?

A) social interactionism
B) dramaturgical analysis
C) neo-functionalism
D) exchange theory

Question 29

Which of the following is altruistic or heroic behaviour based on?

A) learned norms
B) learned beliefs
C) learned rules of law
D) learned benevolence

Question 30

In whose work did dramaturgical analysis originate?

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Georg Simmel
C) Erving Goffman
D) Émile Durkheim

Question 31

Which of the following facts highlights the open-endedness of social interaction?

A) People accept mainstream norms, roles, and statuses as we interact with others.
B) People rarely change our presentation of self to ourselves.
C) People engage in altruistic behaviour.
D) People negotiate and modify norms, roles, and statuses as we interact with others.

Question 32

Every time Rachel gets together for coffee with Mike, he talks only about himself and ignores any attempts she makes to talk about her own situation. What is the likely outcome for this pair of friends?

A) They will continue being friends because Rachel will ignore her need for attention.
B) They will continue being friends because Mike will realize that he is being unfair.
C) They will cease being friends because Rachel's need for attention continues to be unmet.
D) They will cease being friends because Mike will need a new audience to give him the attention he craves.

Question 33

The line "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players," from Shakespeare's play As You Like It, illustrates which of the following?

A) neo-functionalism
B) dramaturgical analysis
C) symbolic interactionism
D) rational choice theory

Question 34

Brian, a first-year student at a university, is finding it puzzling that some of his professors don't insist on being called "Sir," or "Professor," or "Doctor." Instead they encourage him to address them by their first names. Brian is puzzled because in high school, all his teachers insisted on being called "Sir," or "Ms." Which of the following is the response that is required of him in adjusting to the new norms he must now deal with?

A) negotiate norms
B) solidify norms
C) challenge norms
D) reify norms

Question 35

If Larry distinguishes between a public persona and a view of his true self, which of the following is Larry engaged in?

A) role distancing
B) front stage performance
C) backstage performance
D) role concentration

Question 36

When Larry began teaching at the military academy he decided that, in order to be taken seriously by his students, he would have to refrain from making jokes all the time, as he normally did in his everyday life. By doing this, which of the following was Larry engaged in?

A) role distancing
B) front stage performance
C) backstage performance
D) role concentration

Question 37

What is the term used in dramaturgical analysis for public settings that require the use of props, set gestures, and memorized lines?

A) front stage
B) onstage
C) backstage
D) offstage

Question 38

Daniel and Sukumar are talking about where one can find the best deal on a brand of very expensive shoes. However, whenever Sukumar talks, Daniel either responds with "hmmmm" or does not respond at all, and then goes on to talk about his opinion of the best stores. What is Daniel doing?

A) He is attempting to be a good listener.
B) He is attempting to shift the conversation to another topic, like sports.
C) He is attempting to shift the conversation to himself.
D) He is attempting to increase his status.

Question 39

Which of the following schools of thought is based on the idea that social interaction involves competition over valued resources?

A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) dramaturgy
D) exchange theory

Question 40

What is occurring when a person exhibits little enthusiasm or commitment when adopting a role that's personally disagreeable or incompatible with his or her self-image?

A) role conflict
B) role rejection
C) role distancing
D) role strain

Question 41

Which of the following statements reflects the fact that facial expressions are a display of emotions that manifest social motives?

A) Facial expressions are insincere.
B) Facial expressions reflect an individual's personality.
C) Facial expressions are crafted for an audience.
D) Facial expressions are self-centred.

Question 42

What is the term used for an area of space 1.5 metres to 3.5 metres away from someone?

A) intimate zone
B) personal zone
C) social zone
D) public zone

Question 43

How can those who helped to save the lives of prisoners during the Holocaust be best described, compared to those who either actively participated in the killings or who pretended not to know what was happening?

A) Those who helped to save the prisoners were more conformist.
B) Those who helped to save the prisoners were more poorly socialized.
C) Those who helped to save the prisoners appreciated Jewish culture more.
D) Those who helped to save the prisoners were more devoutly religious.

Question 44

During World War II, why were many ordinary people able to murder millions of Jewish, Roma, and other people?

A) They believed that Jews and others were a threat to the existence of the German people.
B) Social norms required a population that would question authority.
C) They wanted to quell rebellion from Jewish and Roma leaders.
D) Bureaucracy is highly inefficient and most people had no idea of the large scale of the killings.

Question 45

Whenever Astrid goes out to the bar, she checks men's hands for a wedding ring. In sociological terms, what is she looking for?

A) evidence of rituals
B) evidence of social exchange
C) status cues
D) role distancing

Question 46

Which of the following leads us to ignore the immorality of our actions, giving rise to brutal and immoral behaviour?

A) norms of solidarity
B) idealized heroism
C) group goals
D) group laws

Question 47

When people first come into contact with someone, they try to get information that will help them understand both the situation and whomever they are dealing with. In this type of encounter, what should be paid attention to?

A) social organization
B) symbolic interactions
C) personal zones
D) status cues

Question 48

Based on Stanley Milgram's 1970s experiments with authority and what is known about the genocide during the Holocaust, which of the following people are most likely to harm a stranger if an authority figure tells them to?

A) people who are in the same room as a victim whom they can see and hear
B) people who are in a different room from a victim whom they can see and hear
C) people who are in a different room from a victim whom they can see but not hear
D) people who are in a different room from a victim whom they can neither see nor hear

Question 49

The textbook discusses an article in Cosmopolitan magazine that urges women to invade a man's personal space as a means of gaining his attention. Why might this work?

A) because it disrupts North American ideas of personal space between strangers
B) because it disrupts North American norms about gender and social status
C) because North American men enjoy having women invade their space
D) because North American norms are changing and men appreciate women who understand the shifts in contemporary culture

Question 50

Maddy is at the park and looking for someone interesting to talk with. She sees a number of women with strollers but dismisses them as uninteresting. What behaviour is Maddy engaging in?

A) profiling
B) stereotyping
C) social awareness
D) ideal-typing

Question 51

Dramaturgy suggests that people act in particular ways in public that are different from how they act in private. What is the reason for these differences in behaviour?

A) in order to practice impression management
B) in order to con people into believing they are something they are not
C) in order to make people more comfortable around them
D) in order to acquire more benefits at less cost

Question 52

Prior to the mid-1990s, most researchers agreed that facial expressions were a reflection of six emotions. It was held that these expressions were the same across all cultures. According to the textbook, which of the following is a concern that critics of this view have raised?

A) the number of emotions was increased to 11
B) the number of emotions was decreased to two basic emotions
C) facial expressions were determined mostly by the presence of an audience
D) facial expressions were the result of social conflict

Question 53

Simon from Manitoba is meeting his new sales manager, Leonard from British Columbia, for the first time. According to North American conventions, how far apart will they be most likely to stand at that first meeting?

A)0.0-0.5 metres
B)0.5-1.5 metres
C)1.5-3.5 metres
D)3.5 metres or more

Question 54

Harry and Ken are standing about one metre from each other. As seen through North American eyes, what is their relationship most likely to be?

A) lovers
B) friends
C) business
D) professional

Question 55

The film Avatar is set in the mid twenty-second century. The lead character, Jack, is sent to a moon inhabited by intelligent three-meter-tall humanoid creatures called the Na'vi. Because of an industrial accident, Jack is a paraplegic, but technological advances allow him to inhabit the body of a Na'vi. Jack learns about himself and the world around him through his interaction as a member of the Na'vi. This method of developing an appreciation of the generalized other draws on the work of which of the following theorists?

A) Arlie Hochschild
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Erving Goffman
D) Charles Derber

Question 56

Which of the following are people engaging in when they try to display themselves in the best possible way?

A) role distancing
B) dramaturgical analysis
C) impression management
D) backstage behaviour

Question 57

On April 7, 1997, two players from opposing teams in a professional hockey match were involved in a fistfight. What made this fight notable was that the two players, Wayne and Keith Primeau were brothers. Outside of hockey, Wayne and Keith were (and are to this day) close friends. They did not fight because they were angry at one another. In fighting each other, they were breaking the rules of hockey, as well as the expectations that most people have of how brothers act toward one another. From a sociological point of view, they can be seen to be conforming to which of the following?

A) manners
B) rules of interaction
C) interactive structures
D) norms of solidarity

Question 58

Which of the following is a form of nonverbal communication?

A) role distancing
B) status cues
C) stereotypes
D) role cues

Question 59

Why are humans better language translators than computers?

A) because meaning is context dependent
B) because humans understand more words than computers
C) because computers are only as knowledgeable as the humans who input data into them
D) because humans translate language through emotions, while computers cannot

Question 60

When people go to a job interview, which of the following are they most likely to employ?

A) dramaturgical analysis
B) role distancing behaviour
C) front stage behaviour
D) emotion labour

Question 61

In which of the following are norms, roles, and statuses agreed upon but not set down in writing?

A) a secondary group
B) a primary group
C) a bureaucracy
D) a status set

Question 62

Which of the following is the term sociologists use for impersonal organizations composed of a great many people occupying hierarchically arranged precisely defined positions?

A) a social group
B) a collective
C) a social arrangement
D) a bureaucracy

Question 63

According to the text, Polish Christians who helped to save Jews during World War II did so because of which of the following?

A) because of their level of educational attainment
B) because of their religious background
C) because they were estranged from mainstream norms
D) because they were strongly anti-racist

Question 64

Which of the following factors contributed to the Nazi regime's practice of genocide being operated so efficiently?

A) It was traditionally organized.
B) It was simply organized.
C) It was bureaucratically organized.
D) It was centrally organized.

Question 65

Subjects in Milgram's authority experiment were allowed to administer what appeared to be dangerous electric shocks. Which of the following did most subjects choose to do?

A) Most chose to disobey the authority figure.
B) Most chose to administer high-voltage shocks even though they were free to stop.
C) Most chose not to participate in the experiment because it involved harming others.
D) Most chose to administer shocks only if the shocks did little harm.

Question 66

Which of the following strategies followed by the Nazi genocide apparatus is characteristic of the bureaucratization of organizations?

A) It established lines of communication across departments.
B) It broke down the job into many small tasks.
C) It obtained supplies at the cheapest cost.
D) It introduced social networks into the command structure.

Question 67

Pavel was browsing in a crowded downtown second-hand bookstore while visiting New York City for the first time. It occurred to him that, even though he didn't know anyone in the store, all the people who were there nonetheless had at least one thing in common. What do sociologists call this?

A) a social category
B) a social group
C) a status collection
D) a norm agency

Question 68

Even if a structure of authority is new, questionable, and artificial, which of the following are people likely to do?

A) try to change it for their own personal benefit
B) try to change it for the overall good
C) be inclined to obey those in power
D) be unwilling to follow it

Question 69

Which of the following is characterized by a permanent, salaried staff of qualified experts and written goals, rules, and procedures?

A) a social group
B) a collective
C) a bureaucracy
D) a social arrangement

Question 70

Using a hand-delivered poster, Jasmine has decided to ask all the people in her apartment building for ideas about where she should look for a job for the summer. Why will this tactic likely bring her success?

A) because most people in the building have to be employed and therefore are more likely to know of employment opportunities
B) because many people in the building may not be employed and therefore likely know which places may be hiring
C) because most people in the building are likely to be strangers and therefore have a wide range of diverse connections
D) because most people would be impressed by such innovation and daring, and happily recommend her

Question 71

According to the text, why do most people find it difficult to disobey authorities?

A) They fear ridicule and social ostracism.
B) They wish to be part of a social category.
C) They seek punishment.
D) They are unaware that they are conforming.

Question 72

Solange wanted to see how many people it would take to hand-deliver a package from Vancouver, British Columbia, to her aunt in St. John's, Newfoundland. What should she make use of to make this happen?

A) a network
B) an organization
C) a group
D) a bureaucracy

Question 73

Steve is asked by his best friend to beat up a boy at their school whom Steve actually likes. According to the textbook, why would Steve do what his best friend asks?

A) because Steve is a rebel and thinks that beating people up for fun is "cool"
B) because Steve looks for any chance he can get to demonstrate his masculinity
C) because Steve's best friend has authority over him so he will conform
D) because Steve's loyalty to his best friend outweighs any feelings he may have that the act is immoral

Question 74

Jacqueline has lived all her life in the same apartment on the same street and has been in class with the same group of seven girls ever since kindergarten. They even all attended the same daycare in the lobby of the building they all live in. Which of the following best describes this group of friends?

A) a social category
B) a status collection
C) a primary group
D) a secondary group

Question 75

The group of 12 people on a jury is an example of which of the following?

A) a primary group
B) a social category
C) a secondary group
D) a status category

Question 76

Which of the following terms means achieving a bureaucracy's goals at the least cost?

A) effectiveness
B) sociological functioning
C) efficiency
D) hierarchy

Question 77

People who collect antique guitars are an example of which of the following?

A) a social category
B) a clique
C) a norm agency
D) a status collection

Question 78

Stanley Milgram's experiment teaches us which of the following?

A) We are free to walk away from an authority structure with no penalty.
B) We are inclined to obey those in power.
C) We will remain in the grip of an authority structure for the rest of our lives.
D) Authority structures have little to no effect on our choices.

Question 79

Which of the following best describes a social category?

A) a group of people against which we compare ourselves
B) a social group in which norms are agreed upon and put into writing
C) a bounded set of individuals who exchange material or emotional resources
D) a group of people who share similar status but do not identify with each other

Question 80

Which of the following best describes a social network?

A) a group of people against which we compare ourselves
B) a bounded set of individuals who exchange material or emotional resources
C) a group of people who share similar status but do not identify with each other
D) a group of people who share similar status but do not identify with each other