Deck 7: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

In the 1920s, Professor Sandiford administered IQ tests. What recommendation did he make based on his results?

A) Canada's education system should especially serve the "forgotten" gifted learners.
B) Certain racial groups had inferior intelligence and therefore should be streamed into vocational training.
C) Canada's education system should favour the advancement of science and technology, and leave literature and the "softer" subjects in the elementary schools.
D) Canada must adopt selective immigration to keep Canada safe from misfits and defectives.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During World War II, the Canadian government relocated, interned, and confiscated the assets of all Japanese Canadians who lived anywhere near the British Columbia coast, blaming them for attacks on Pearl Harbor to the south. What were the Japanese Canadians in this situation?

A) traitors
B) scapegoats
C) immigrants
D) racialized exemplars

Answer 2

B

Question 3

At various points in history, people of Irish, Jewish, and southern Italian descent were referred to as "black." What does this demonstrate?

A) that racial distinctions are social constructs
B) that racial distinctions are not arbitrary
C) that race as a concept has no social significance
D) that racial distinctions are tied to ethnic categories

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why is it extremely difficult to distinguish groups on the basis of so-called race?

A) There is only one global genetic individual.
B) Genetic differences are now too plentiful to count.
C) Social conditions have become similar for everyone.
D) A high degree of intermixing has taken place.

Question 5

According to the textbook, why are Koreans in Japan more likely than Koreans in Canada to pursue careers in sports?

A) because multicultural societies like Canada provide more competition in the realm of sports
B) because the Koreans who choose to immigrate to Canada have different career motivations that those who choose to remain in Japan
C) because they have more opportunities in all professional areas in Japan
D) because they experience less prejudice and discrimination in Canada

Question 6

Which of the following terms does Tiger Woods use to identify his mixed ancestry?

A) mixed Caucasian
B) Afro-Cuban
C) Thai-Afro-Caucasian
D) Cablinasian

Question 7

Robert hates competing in the math competition at school when there are a lot of Asian competitors because he believes they are innately much better at math. What does Robert's attitude illustrate?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) scapegoating
D) authoritarianism

Question 8

Based on the example of Professor Peter Sandiford, which of the following characterizes the position of many people whose views are contradicted by available evidence?

A) They use science to replicate the research to see where they made their mistake.
B) They ignore or explain away conclusions that challenge their beliefs.
C) They seek out competing explanations to try to arrive at an explanation "in the middle."
D) They change their beliefs to incorporate the new knowledge.

Question 9

Antoine, a 15 year-old-black youth growing up in Toronto, has shown great ability as an athlete, excelling in hockey and in basketball. He has also shown great promise in his academic pursuits, and has to choose between two different summer camps: one is a sports camp for gifted athletes and the other is a science camp for gifted students. Which of the following statements provides Antoine with the most relevant information to keep in mind in deciding between the camps?

A) The chances of achieving upward mobility for people from racialized minorities are NOT greater through academic excellence than through professional sport.
B) There is less racism in professional sports than there is in science.
C) The chances of achieving upward mobility are greater for everyone through academic excellence than through professional sport.
D) Professional hockey players make more money than scientists.

Question 10

Jillian walks into the cafeteria as her friend Peter is telling a racist joke. What does Peter's behaviour illustrate?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) scapegoating
D) authoritarianism

Question 11

According to research, which of the following environments has a big impact on IQ and other standardized test scores?

A) physical environment
B) social environment
C) national environment
D) pastoral environment

Question 12

Which of the following has the biggest influence on IQ scores?

A) social setting
B) definition of the situation
C) badly flawed research
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 13

According to the text definition, which of the following terms is used to describe an arbitrary social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers?

A) prejudice
B) stereotype
C) racism
D) race

Question 14

What is the effect of promoting athletes predominantly as suitable role models for black youth?

A) It gives true hope to the underprivileged.
B) It removes the stigma from successful people of colour.
C) It deflects black youths' efforts away from academic endeavours.
D) It deflects attention from public issues, like poverty and racism.

Question 15

According to the text, why do sociologists believe that "race matters"?

A) because it allows social inequality to be created and maintained
B) because it is a good way to organize social experiences
C) because people have an innate need to see differences
D) because it has been proven to indicate significant genetic differences among people

Question 16

Janet, a white woman, is walking down the street by her house and notices a large dark-skinned man walking toward her on the sidewalk. Frightened, she swiftly crosses the road away from him. What does Janet's behaviour illustrate?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) scapegoating
D) authoritarianism

Question 17

What happened as the Jewish population experienced upward mobility?

A) Their IQ scores rose.
B) IQ scores were no longer used.
C) Aptitude tests replaced IQ scores.
D) Their IQs were less often measured.

Question 18

What does the example of Tiger Woods demonstrate about identifying oneself as "black," "white," "Asian," and so forth?

A) Racial identification is a matter of personal choice.
B) Racial identification is actually simple to determine with the correct scientific tools.
C) Racial identification is seldom clear-cut.
D) Racial identification is based on expensive genetic testing.

Question 19

What conclusion does the textbook reach regarding "race"?

A) that "race" does not matter
B) that "race" is meaningless because racial differences in thought and behaviour do not exist
C) that "race" is significant because people believe it is and they act toward others on the basis of their beliefs
D) that "race" is the most important factor responsible for people's position in the stratification system

Question 20

According to sociological research, which of the following factors has the greatest influence on athleticism?

A) social conditions
B) motivation
C) biology
D) race

Question 21

Sociologists have identified a number of factors that determine racial and ethnic inequality. Some of these factors have been shown to be more important than others. Which of the following lists correctly orders the factors in order of importance from least important to most important?

A)1. history and tradition; 2. culture; 3. biology
B)1. social structure; 2. biology; 3. educational shortcomings
C)1. economics; 2. social structure; 3. history and tradition
D) l. biology; 2. culture; 3. social structure

Question 22

Which of the following phrases did John Porter, one of the founders of Canadian sociology, use to describe Canada's ethnically and racially stratified society?

A) an apartheid system
B) a zero mobility system
C) a caste system
D) a vertical mosaic

Question 23

Which of the following is the main difference between race and ethnicity?

A) Ethnic distinctions are cultural.
B) Ethnic distinctions are personal.
C) Ethnic distinctions are sociological.
D) Ethnic distinctions are biological.

Question 24

Which of the following does the textbook define as a disadvantaged person or category of people that others blame for their own problems?

A) visible minority
B) intruder
C) outsider
D) scapegoat

Question 25

Which of the following theoretical approaches to race and ethnicity in Canada argues that Canadian society has low mobility due to a value system that encourages the retention of ethnic culture?

A) internal colonialism
B) biological determinism
C) vertical mosaic
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 26

What accounts for the success of immigrant Jews and Koreans in Canada?

A) their religious beliefs
B) their literacy, skill, and urban background
C) their being in the right place at the right time
D) their strong communities

Question 27

Most sociologists stress which of the following as a determinant of the economic success or lack of success of ethnic and racial groups?

A) social structural conditions
B) culture
C) subcultural attitudes
D) race

Question 28

What term is used for a socially defined category of people with physical markers perceived as socially significant?

A) discrimination
B) stereotypes
C) prejudice
D) race

Question 29

When we compare the incomes of white Canadians with the Canadian-born children of non-white immigrants, what do we see?

A) Canadian-born children of non-white immigrants have higher incomes.
B) Upper-class white Canadians earn higher incomes than the upper-class children of non-white immigrants.
C) There is no difference in income.
D) The vertical mosaic is still apparent.

Question 30

The Mi'kmaq, the Coast Salish, and the Mohawk are all examples of which of the following in Canada?

A) ethnic groups
B) races
C) assimilators
D) majority groups

Question 31

What can be learned through John Lie's story of his changing ethnic identity and the experiences that emerged as a result?

A) Experiences and opportunities shift depending upon others' perceptions.
B) It is possible to conceal one's ethnic origins to avoid negative consequences.
C) It doesn't matter who one really is, just who people think one is.
D) What matters most is who one is, not who people think one is.

Question 32

Race is to biology as ethnicity is to ___________.

A) race
B) ethnic group
C) culture
D) society

Question 33

Around the early 1900s, Sicilians living in Canada started thinking of themselves as Italian Canadians rather than as people from a particular town or area in Italy. What was the reason for this shift in thinking and self-identification?

A) They had assimilated into the vertical mosaic.
B) They had an urge to preserve their pluralism.
C) Other Canadians defined them that way.
D) They could no longer go back to Italy.

Question 34

What is the broad notion contained in the quote by French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, "the anti-Semite creates the Jew"?

A) The identity of "Jew" in particular is a socially constructed identity based on angst.
B) Jewish identities are shaped mainly by anti-Semitism.
C) People's identification with a particular ethnic identity is shaped in part by how others perceive and act towards them.
D) Identity based on hatred is unstable and changeable.

Question 35

What sort of group is composed of people whose perceived cultural markers are deemed socially significant?

A) a stereotypical group
B) an in-group
C) an ethnic group
D) a subculture

Question 36

Alisha is studying the process of identity formation among second-generation "immigrants" and is trying to determine which theory will allow her to analyze how people negotiate identity. Which sociological theory would work best for her analysis?

A) internal colonialism
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionism
D) split labour market theory

Question 37

According to research, what really matters in determining the economic success of an ethnic or racial group?

A) social structural advantages
B) their cultural values
C) their HWQ (hard work quotient)
D) social solidarity created by community coalitions

Question 38

Mouna has recently immigrated to Canada from Turkey. She graduated from medical school and worked as a doctor for three years before emigrating, yet she has not been able to find work in Canada as a doctor. What is the likeliest reason for this?

A) Canadian mechanisms for recognizing accreditation of foreign credentials are poorly developed.
B) She doesn't have any Canadian medical experience.
C) Medical training in Turkey is inferior to Canadian medical education.
D) There are too many qualified doctors in Canada already.

Question 39

"Jewish and Korean immigrants were successful because they were hardworking and educated, while West Indians were less successful economically because they lacked these values." What does this opinion overlook?

A) social structural differences in opportunity
B) the flexibility of culture
C) cultural diversity
D) the insignificance of ethnic identity

Question 40

Why did John Porter and other sociologists modify their views on the vertical mosaic by the 1970s?

A) because economic differences among ethnic groups diminished
B) because Canadian-born people began to do less well economically than recent immigrants
C) because the structure of mobility opportunities in Canada was reduced significantly in the decades after World War II
D) because immigrants began to arrive in Canada with higher levels of education

Question 41

What is the definition of colonialism?

A) people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over people in another country
B) one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country and preventing the assimilation by segregating the subordinate group
C) the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as "a race" or "a people"
D) the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population

Question 42

Andy is assigned an exercise in his sociology class whereby he records the ethnic backgrounds of his five closest friends and then asks his parents and grandparents to do the same. He discovers that not one of them lists a single non-white friend. According to the textbook, what can this likely be attributed to?

A) active racism
B) a legacy of internal colonialism
C) the lack of non-white immigrants in Canada historically
D) the current lack of diversity in Canada

Question 43

Which of the following is the term for people from one country invading another and changing or destroying the native culture?

A) internal colonialism
B) colonialism
C) nationalism
D) expropriation

Question 44

Canada's indigenous peoples were first mistakenly called "Indians" by Christopher Columbus. What happened to this label?

A) The indigenous maintained their tribal identities and ignored this imposed "Indian" identity.
B) It became a signal of their submission to the colonizers' cultural prerogatives.
C) It has fallen out of use entirely within First Nations communities.
D) It was accepted by the indigenous as their identity as a collective opposition to the European settlers and occupiers.

Question 45

What is the definition of expulsion?

A) one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country and preventing assimilation by segregating the subordinate group
B) people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over people in another country
C) the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as "a race" or "a people"
D) the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population

Question 46

What did Hitler's systematic plan to exterminate people of Jewish extraction during World War II exemplify?

A) expulsion
B) conquest
C) colonization
D) genocide

Question 47

Ole looks forward to the Norske Dager festival every year, as he can spend the weekend catching up with family and friends, practising his few remembered words of Norwegian, and walking around in his Viking outfit scaring people. What is Ole engaged in?

A) symbolic ethnicity
B) ephemeral ethnicity
C) transitory ethnicity
D) false ethnicity

Question 48

Which of the following Canadians is most likely to be able to enjoy symbolic ethnicity?

A) Malcolm, the Scottish bartender
B) Jacques, the Senegalese doctor
C) Trinh, the Vietnamese corporate lawyer
D) Russell, the South Asian comedian

Question 49

Which of the following involves people in one country gaining virtually complete control over other people in the same country, and seeking to destroy their culture?

A) internal colonialism
B) expulsion
C) domination
D) colonialism

Question 50

Where racism is prevalent, a visible minority group lacks the freedom to enjoy a symbolic ethnicity. Which of the following would best describe their racial identity?

A) more apparent than their cultural identity
B) imposed on them by non-minority groups
C) more important than any associated ethnic identity
D) minimized if a strong ethnic identity is formed

Question 51

Steven is a store owner downtown and is convinced that Aboriginal people are thieves. Every time an Aboriginal person comes into his store, he follows them around, finding any excuse he can to kick them out of the store. What is Steven practising?

A) racism
B) pluralism
C) assimilation
D) expulsion

Question 52

What is the definition of internal colonialism?

A) people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over people in another country
B) one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country and preventing assimilation by segregating the subordinate group
C) the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population
D) the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as "a race" or "a people"

Question 53

Which of the following Canadians would have the most ease and success choosing his race and ethnicity?

A) Robert, a 35-year-old Jamaican lawyer
B) Jung-Hwa, a 25-year-old Korean student
C) Conan, a 20-year-old Scottish hair stylist
D) Peter, a 30-year-old Métis construction worker

Question 54

Which of the following best characterizes racial identities in societies where racism is common?

A) Racial identities are ignored.
B) Racial identities are a natural reason for prejudice.
C) Racial identities are compulsory.
D) Racial identities are categorized as either bad or accepted.

Question 55

What is ethnicity for most Irish Canadians?

A) like institutional racism
B) imposed
C) a matter of choice
D) beyond negotiation

Question 56

Why did Malcolm X think it didn't matter to a racist whether a person of African origin is a professor or a panhandler?

A) Race is the background of a professional identity.
B) Race is only at the forefront of a racist's self-identity.
C) Racial identities are flexible where racism is common.
D) Racial identities are compulsory where racism is common.

Question 57

Which of the following best describes the ethnic identity of present-day Irish Canadians?

A) symbolic ethnicity
B) class consciousness
C) ethnic pluralism
D) temporary ethnicity

Question 58

Prior to the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994, the movement of black South Africans was restricted by the notorious pass laws. These laws required black South Africans, but not South Africans of European heritage, to carry identity papers at all times, and made it illegal for South African blacks to be in a wide range of restricted areas unless they could prove they worked in those areas. Which of the following is the most accurate term to describe the relation between the two ethnic groups in South Africa before 1994?

A) colonialism
B) relativism
C) pluralism
D) institutional racism

Question 59

Learning from the history of relations between the British and the French in Canada, which of the following areas of public life is the best to control if a group wishes to hold power over another?

A) language
B) religion
C) commerce
D) culture

Question 60

What does Herbert Gans call a nostalgic attitude toward ethnicity?

A) cultural ethnicity
B) social structural ethnicity
C) traditional ethnicity
D) symbolic ethnicity

Question 61

The Canadian government forced Aboriginal children into the residential schooling system, which imposed European language, culture, and religion upon them. Which of the following terms best describes the consequences of these actions?

A) expulsion
B) internal colonialism
C) occupation
D) cultural genocide

Question 62

What form of internal colonialism did the Québécois experience at the hands of the British in 1759?

A) religious assimilation
B) negotiated identity
C) conquest
D) ethnic assimilation

Question 63

Historically, internal colonialism resulted in which of the following?

A) upward social mobility for ethnic groups
B) racism
C) assimilation of indigenous populations
D) pluralism

Question 64

In the post-Quiet Revolution period, Québécois governments implemented initiatives, such as active state interventions in non-francophone institutions and compulsory French language training. Which of the following was the primary goal of these initiatives?

A) to guarantee continued federal transfer payments to Quebec
B) to maintain francophone pride
C) to preserve cultural distinctiveness as a tourist attraction
D) to ensure that the Québécois community could survive and gain equality

Question 65

Which of the following has as its consequence the prevention of assimilation of colonized groups through segregation of jobs, housing, and social contacts?

A) resistance to domination
B) expulsion
C) internal colonialism
D) ecological succession

Question 66

In 1759, the British conquered the French in North America. What term do sociologists use for the social consequences that were created and have remained in place by this conquest?

A) bilingualism
B) ethnic stratification
C) internal borders
D) political duality

Question 67

What was the primary process of internal colonialism used by the Europeans against Canada's Aboriginal peoples?

A) forcibly removing Aboriginal peoples from their territories
B) forcing autonomy on Aboriginal people through the wording of the Indian Act
C) enforcing Aboriginal peoples' acceptance of bad treaty terms
D) forcing Aboriginal peoples into the wrong end of the split labour market

Question 68

What happened to the Beothuk people of Newfoundland and Labrador after the arrival of Europeans?

A) They were forced to attend residential schools.
B) Over time, they acquired a symbolic ethnicity.
C) They were able to negotiate their ethnicity.
D) They became victims of genocide.

Question 69

The current reduced longevity and high rates of poverty, unemployment, ill health, and violence within Canada's Aboriginal populations are a consequence of which of the following?

A) internal colonialism
B) culture lag
C) cultural resistance
D) assimilation

Question 70

What best describes John A. Macdonald's plan for Canada's Aboriginal people?

A) assimilation
B) conquest
C) slavery
D) expulsion

Question 71

According to critics, the passage of the Indian Act, the establishment of the reserve system, and the creation of residential schools was an attempt to obliterate the First Nations people in Canada, not assimilate them. Thus, Canada is accused of which of the following?

A) cultural genocide
B) racism
C) nationalism
D) colonialism

Question 72

What term is used for the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population?

A) relocation
B) expulsion
C) colonialism
D) slavery

Question 73

According to the text, who have been the main victims of internal colonialism in Canada?

A) German Canadians
B) Japanese Canadians
C) Dutch Canadians
D) Aboriginal peoples

Question 74

The Canadian government instituted a policy of forcibly placing Aboriginal children in residential schools. Which of the following terms best describes the effects this had on Aboriginal cultures?

A) cultural genocide
B) slavery
C) institutional racism
D) conquest

Question 75

In a class discussion on the treatment of Aboriginals by the Canadian government, Jesse described what happened to his grandmother when she was a child. At around the age of 8 years she was forcibly removed from her parents' home and taken to a school over 800 kilometres away. At the school she was forbidden to speak her own language and prevented from seeing her parents. She didn't see her mother for six and a half years. What was the name of this kind of school?

A) segregation school
B) relocation school
C) residential school
D) assimilation school

Question 76

René and Jacques were discussing their grandparents experience growing up in Quebec City in the Great Depression. Both of their grandparents remembered very clearly that all the men who worked with them on the docks were French-speaking, and how they came to resent that, even though all the work was done in French, their bosses never bothered to learn to speak French. What do sociologists call this phenomenon?

A) bilingualism
B) ethnic stratification
C) linguistic assimilation
D) ethnic assimilation

Question 77

Which of the following can be thought of as a catalyst for the upsurge in Quebec nationalism in the 1960s?

A) the Quiet Revolution
B) secularization
C) the October Crisis
D) large-scale international immigration

Question 78

What is the intentional extermination of an entire ethnic or racial population called?

A) genocide
B) relocation
C) colonialism
D) expulsion

Question 79

Which of the following prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized from the colonizers in terms of jobs, housing, and social contacts?

A) racism
B) internal colonialism
C) ethnocentrism
D) cultural genocide

Question 80

According to the textbook, what type of internal colonialism most accurately describes the treatment of Canada's Aboriginal peoples in the eighteenth century?

A) expulsion
B) invasion
C) genocide
D) assimilation