Deck 8: Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

If Timothy acts the way that boys are expected to act, what is he following?

A) his gender role
B) his male persona
C) his mail entity
D) his gender identity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What do the feelings, attitudes, and behaviours typically associated with being male or female constitute?

A) sex identity
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender role

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is consistent with a person's sexuality?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following depends on being born with distinct male or female genitals, and having a genetic program that releases either male or female hormones to stimulate the development of your reproductive system?

A) sex
B) gender identity
C) gender role
D) gender

Question 5

What is the main lesson the textbook draws from the story of baby Bruce/Brenda/David?

A) Social learning of gender begins very early in life.
B) Biology establishes most of gender identity, and society helps a little.
C) Sex is organized around biological factors.
D) Biology is destiny.

Question 6

Which of the following is consistent with a person's gender?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 7

According to many researchers, before what age should gender reassignment take place to have a chance of success?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 8

Research shows that babies first develop a vague sense of being a boy or a girl at approximately what age?

A) six months old
B) one year old
C) two years old
D) three years old

Question 9

Dr. Bains discovers that, when the male embryos she's been researching in the lab failed to receive a significant dose of testosterone at about six weeks of gestation, the genitalia failed to fuse to form a penis. If this embryo was carried to full term, what would we call the resulting infant today?

A) female
B) hermaphrodite
C) intersexed
D) bisexual

Question 10

If Timothy thinks of himself as a boy, which of the following has he formed?

A) his male persona
B) his gender role
C) his male entity
D) his gender identity

Question 11

What term is used for babies born with ambiguous genitals due to a hormone imbalance in the womb?

A) asexual
B) intersexed
C) transsexual
D) bisexual

Question 12

When people behave according to widely shared expectations about how males or females are supposed to act, which of the following have they adopted?

A) their sex
B) their gender identity
C) their gender
D) their gender role

Question 13

According to research, when do children develop a complete sense of gender identity?

A) between the ages of one and two years
B) between the ages of two and three years
C) between the ages of two and five years
D) between the ages of four and six years

Question 14

Jack is playing with his friends in the backyard. His slightly younger friend Tyler brings over one of his sister's dolls and Jack tells him they can't play with the doll because they are boys. What has Jack learned that he is passing on to Tyler?

A) his sex
B) his sexuality
C) his gender
D) his gender role

Question 15

Although Dr. John Money claimed that the sexual reassignment of baby Bruce was successful, in reality it wasn't. According to the textbook, which of the following was one reason for the lack of success?

A) the lack of support for the sex reassignment from baby Bruce's parents
B) the inescapable influence of biology
C) the surgery occurred after baby Bruce had learned a male gender identity
D) the treatment baby Bruce received was incorrect

Question 16

Which of the following is consistent with a person's sex?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 17

Which of the following is consistent with a person's gender identity?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 18

Sean and Katie were thrilled at the prospect of their second child. When baby Stephen was born, they were told by their physician that the baby was what is known as intersexed. According to the textbook, by what age must Sean and Katie decide to raise the baby as a boy or a girl in order to have the greatest chance for the child to successfully learn the gender role?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 19

What has Erin formed if she thinks of herself as a girl?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 20

Which of the following is associated with biologically, psychologically, and socially identifying with a particular sex?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 21

Talcott Parsons characterized the essence of femininity as nurturance and sensitivity to others. What term did he use to describe these traits?

A) mothering traits
B) expressive traits
C) familial traits
D) idealistic traits

Question 22

Contrary to the essentialist perspective, which of the following is known to occur in social situations in which women have to cope with high levels of competition and threat?

A) Women are overwhelmed by paralyzing fear.
B) Men become more acquiescent and nurturing.
C) Women become more dependent on men.
D) Women become more aggressive.

Question 23

Megan believes that the subordination of women developed alongside industrial capitalism: when people began to acquire surplus wealth and property, they required a system of inheritance. Since men can never be sure of the parentage of their children in the same way women can, men needed to develop a way to control women. Which theory is Megan's belief consistent with?

A) feminism
B) essentialism
C) constructionism
D) conflict theory

Question 24

Rob and his teenage son Doug have been arguing a great deal in the last few months. Doug doesn't like the activities that Rob liked when he was a youth: sports, like football, and hobbies, like fixing cars. Doug is much more interested in literature and fashion. Rob tells Doug that he is worried that if he persists in pursuing these activities girls will think he's not manly, and will not want to be his girlfriend. According to the textbook, which of the following perspectives is Rob adopting with regard to Doug's behaviour?

A) conflict theory
B) postmodernism
C) feminism
D) functionalism

Question 25

According to the textbook, which of the following arguments helped lead feminists to discount capitalism as the sole root of male domination?

A) Male domination exists in hunting and gathering societies.
B) Male domination is promoted by religion and tradition.
C) Male domination exists in socialist and communist countries.
D) Male domination exists in all social classes.

Question 26

According to the textbook, in which of the following would we be most likely to find a decrease in women's tendency to stress the "good provider" role in selecting male partners and men's tendency to stress women's domestic skills?

A) in societies with low levels of industrialization
B) in societies with rapidly increasing levels of industrialization
C) in societies with low levels of gender inequality
D) in societies with high levels of gender inequality

Question 27

What term is used for the preference for members of the opposite sex as sexual partners?

A) bisexuality
B) homosexuality
C) transsexuality
D) heterosexuality

Question 28

Talcott Parsons characterized the essence of masculinity as rationality, self-assuredness, and competitiveness. What term did he use to characterize these traits?

A) assertive traits
B) macho traits
C) instrumental traits
D) masculine traits

Question 29

When Carolina is interested in nurturing her baby dolls and playing with her Easy-Bake Oven, what is she following?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 30

Brittany is a seven-year-old girl. If she has been socialized appropriately according to cultural messages, which of the following toys will she select when she goes to after-school care?

A) the GI Joe doll
B) the Barbie doll
C) a dinosaur puzzle
D) a book about cars

Question 31

Which of the following theoretical approaches adopts an essentialist viewpoint in claiming that traditional gender roles help to integrate society?

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) feminists
D) symbolic interactionists

Question 32

Ellen is the CEO for a large multinational advertising firm. Most of her employees consider her highly competitive and aggressive. While she is married and does have a child, her husband, a musician, stays home with the child. What does the existence of this couple suggest?

A) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct.
B) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are incorrect.
C) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates a genetic mutation.
D) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates how culture can overpower biology in a rare number of cases.

Question 33

Professor Johnson tells her gender psychology class that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers because males are innately more competitive, making them very good at business, while females are innately more nurturing, making them better suited for taking care of husbands and children. Which of the following perspectives is Professor Johnson following?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) symbolic interactionism
D) postmodernism

Question 34

Over a lifetime, a woman can give birth to about 20 children; consequently, women must make a greater investment in mate selection than men in order to ensure the survival of offspring. With which of the following theories of gender is this argument associated?

A) clinical psychology
B) sociology
C) essentialism
D) psychology

Question 35

Jimmy is at the pub after a fight with his wife. He is making it clear to any who will listen that he thinks it is ridiculous that his wife would work outside the home. He believes it would be very damaging for his son and daughter to see either of them outside their proper roles. Which of the following perspectives is his reasoning consistent with?

A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) feminism
D) postmodernism

Question 36

Scholars who see gender differences as a reflection of naturally evolved, biological dispositions are approaching gender from which theoretical position?

A) functionalism
B) symbolic interactionism
C) social constructionism
D) essentialism

Question 37

Which of the following critiques of essentialism have conflict and feminist theorists put forward?

A) There is no direct evidence that supports the major claims of essentialism.
B) The essentialist explanation of gender differences ignores the role of power and authority in gendered relationships.
C) Essentialism understates the relationship between sex and gender.
D) Essentialism tends to generalize from the average, thereby emphasizing the differences within gender groups.

Question 38

According to sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists, what are existing behaviour patterns designed to do?

A) organize genetic research
B) maximize genetic variation
C) define social pathology
D) ensure the survival of the species

Question 39

Which of the following groups believes that apparently natural or innate features of life, such as gender, are actually sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally?

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) ethnomethodologists
D) social constructionists

Question 40

According to the research on gender socialization, which of the following may inspire Dustin to avoid playing with the Easy-Bake Oven at preschool?

A) an innate lack of interest in things associated with femininity
B) the fact that blocks are more creative toys to play with
C) the idea that his dad might see and get mad at him for it
D) the fact that Barbie dolls are much more fun to play with

Question 41

In many schools, teachers and guidance counsellors still expect boys to do better in science and math courses. They also expect girls to achieve higher marks in English. Parents tend to reinforce these stereotypes in their evaluation of different activities. This suggests which of the following?

A) Adults contribute less to the gender socialization of children than they used to.
B) Adults contribute significantly to the gender socialization of children.
C) Essentialism can best explain why boys do better in math and girls do better in English.
D) Teachers contribute more to the gender socialization of children than parents do.

Question 42

Jamal and Ellen have twin nine-year-olds, Natasha and Karl. Every winter Jamal makes a big rink in their backyard so that the local kids can skate and play hockey. Natasha loves hockey every bit as much as Karl does, and plays with all the local children, who happen to be boys. What did Barrie Thorne call this kind of play?

A) cross-gender play
B) cooperative role-playing
C) boundary crossing
D) mixed-gender interaction

Question 43

What term did the sociologist Barrie Thorne use for participating in the opposite gender's games and activities?

A) compulsory acceptance
B) gender inversion
C) cross-dressing
D) boundary crossing

Question 44

When the schoolteacher studied by Barrie Thorne held a spelling contest pitting boys against girls, which of the following occurred?

A) Cross-gender antagonism developed.
B) Cooperative role-playing developed.
C) Gender ideologies disintegrated.
D) Mixed-gender interaction increased.

Question 45

Danielle has a three-year-old daughter and refuses to purchase a Barbie doll for her. She also has forbidden any of her friends and relatives from doing this as well. Danielle's childrearing practices can likely be attributed to a belief in which of the following theories?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) sociobiology
C) social constructionism
D) essentialism

Question 46

According to the textbook, which of the following does recent survey research show that most parents are likely to identify their girls as?

A) strong
B) well-coordinated
C) delicate
D) competitive

Question 47

In which one the following environments did Barrie Thorne note that mixed-gender interaction among fourth- and fifth-grade children was more common?

A) when the children were far from home
B) when the children were in large crowds
C) more public settings, like the school playground
D) less public and more relaxed settings, like their neighbourhood

Question 48

Mitch and Anna have one daughter. They encourage her to play cooperatively with other children in role-playing games but they do not allow any kind of competitive, noisy, or rowdy play. Which of the following is a likely consequence of their parenting style?

A) The daughter will have heightened aggression.
B) The daughter will have heightened physical and spatial abilities.
C) The daughter will have heightened cognitive skills.
D) The daughter will have heightened verbal and emotional skills.

Question 49

According to the textbook, how did body image become so important for self-definition through the twentieth century and up to today?

A) through widespread advertising and consumerism
B) through a lack of focus on mental health and psychological health
C) through increased secularization
D) through increased levels of health education

Question 50

Every time Heidi looks in the mirror she sees increasing levels of fat on her body, even though each day she eats only a few frozen grapes and a lettuce leaf and works out at the gym for three to four hours. What condition does Heidi have?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bulimia
D) anorexia

Question 51

Which of the following is a consequence of parents encouraging girls to play in cooperative role-playing games while discouraging them from engaging in boisterous and competitive play?

A) heightened physical skills among girls
B) heightened assertiveness among girls
C) heightened verbal and emotional skills among girls
D) heightened math skills among girls

Question 52

What term is used for the clusters of interrelated ideas about what constitutes appropriate masculine and feminine roles and behaviour?

A) gender theory
B) gender roles
C) gender identities
D) gender ideologies

Question 53

According to the text, what sort of play does GI Joe encourage?

A) fight and flight play
B) cooperative and strategic negotiating play
C) active, competitive, and aggressive play
D) passive-aggressive play

Question 54

In the absence of pressure or encouragement, what happens when preschool boys are presented with a simple choice between playing with a tool set or a dish set?

A) They choose the tool set more often than the dish set.
B) They almost always choose the tool set.
C) They almost never choose the tool set.
D) They are about as likely to choose one as the other.

Question 55

Although she is only ten, Melinda is a highly skilled lacrosse player. The only kids who play lacrosse in her neighbourhood are boys. When she asks to play, what is likely to be the outcome, based on Barrie Thorne's research?

A) They will mock her and say no.
B) They will mock her but say yes.
C) They will feel threatened, say no, and try to beat her up.
D) They will accept her based on her skills and be unconcerned that she is a girl.

Question 56

Jacques and Uma, classmates in a sociology course, are discussing child rearing. Jacques believes that, for the most part, women should certainly be educated and free to choose the careers they want to pursue but, in fact, in his view they are far likelier to be happy as mothers taking care of children. Uma has a very different view about the way to raise children in order for them to be happy. She thinks that gender expectations ought not play any role in how they are raised, since this only puts limits on the children. What do sociologists call their respective views on child rearing?

A) gender ideology
B) gender stereotyping
C) socialized patterning
D) patterned expectations

Question 57

Which of the following is most likely to affect education and career decisions resulting in girls-more often than boys-choosing easier postsecondary courses that lead to lower-paying jobs?

A) gender personalities
B) gender aspirations
C) practicalities of gender
D) gender ideologies

Question 58

Which of the following is most responsible for promoting a general societal emphasis on slimness that has resulted in both men and women being dissatisfied with their bodies?

A) teachers and parents
B) medical institutions
C) mass media
D) nutritionists

Question 59

Which of the following has, in part, triggered the desire in North American society to lose weight?

A) industrialization
B) advertising and the media
C) women's liberation
D) overly optimistic body ideals

Question 60

Which of the following involves boys playing stereotypically girls' games and girls playing stereotypically boys' games?

A) gendered game play
B) boundary crossing
C) gender identity
D) gender ideology

Question 61

Samir's professor invited her colleague Leslie to give a guest lecture to their sociology of sexuality class. Leslie was invited to present their recent research undertaken to support the claim that stable sexual identities do not accurately describe the sexual experiences of humans. Instead, these identities are the result of labels being imposed on people by society. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is Leslie working in?

A) conflict theory
B) queer theory
C) stability theory
D) functionalism

Question 62

What term is used for people who want to alter their gender by changing their appearance and/or resorting to medical intervention?

A) homosexuals
B) transvestites
C) transsexuals
D) bisexuals

Question 63

What term is used for a social barrier that makes it difficult for female managers to rise to the top level of management?

A) gender barricade
B) sexist office
C) gender escalator
D) glass ceiling

Question 64

Which of the following terms best describes Michael if Michael has sexual reassignment surgery, takes estrogen, and begins to live as Michelle?

A) transvestite
B) gender invert
C) hermaphrodite
D) transsexual

Question 65

Recent research suggests some anti-gay crimes may result from repressed homosexual urges. Which of the following objection has been raised against this as the sole explanation for homophobic violence?

A) Anti-gay violence is based on pathological reasoning.
B) Anti-gay violence follows no clear pattern.
C) Anti-gay violence is spontaneous.
D) Anti-gay violence is a broad cultural problem with several sources.

Question 66

Fewer than 2 percent of Canadians identify as homosexual and yet as many as 35 percent of female undergraduates and 18 percent of male undergraduates admitted having same-sex activity or desire. What does this discrepancy in percentages suggest?

A) A large number of people are liars.
B) A large number of people are in denial about their sexual orientation.
C) The relationship between identity, behaviour, and desires is not linear.
D) Many people engage in "bisexual chic" in university and then forget about it afterward.

Question 67

Ross has always believed that she was really a female locked inside a male's body. She has finally saved up the money to pay for sex reassignment surgery and estrogen shots, and is looking forward to living life as Rose. Which of the following terms is used to refer to Ross/Rose and others like her?

A) transvestites
B) transphobes
C) transsexuals
D) transgenders

Question 68

Shelley is a senior manager in government and has a fantastic team of employees. They appreciate her as a boss because, even when she does a great deal of the work, or most of it, she shares the credit evenly with her team. She and her team are therefore shocked when Shelley is bypassed for a promotion and the much-less-competent male manager down the hall gets it. According to Deborah Tannen's research, the fault lies with Shelley saying "we did it" instead of "I did it." What does this tend to do?

A) It makes workers more productive and no one wants to see that changed.
B) It camouflages Shelley's considerable accomplishments.
C) It establishes team spirit, a valuable asset in short supply.
D) It makes Shelley seem weak and frivolous and like she is trying too hard.

Question 69

Naomi was as a hired as a hardware engineer last year. For the most part she gets along very well with her predominantly male colleagues. She is aware that a supervisory position is about to open up, but is concerned that she may not have an equal chance at the promotion. Every fall, the boss organizes a guy's weekend retreat at his family cottage, and Karen is worried that being excluded from this social event outside work gives her male colleagues an unfair advantage. What do sociologists call this kind of employment barrier?

A) gendered disadvantage
B) extramural exclusion
C) glass ceiling
D) "caveman" barrier

Question 70

Gerald has always been romantically attracted to boys and men, and he had his first sexual encounter with another man while at band camp. What is Gerald's sexual orientation?

A) gay
B) lesbian
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 71

According to the text, which of the following aspects of social interaction do girls learn by playing with dolls and baking sets?

A) differences of opinion should be heightened whenever possible
B) differences of opinion should never occur
C) differences of opinion are resolved through conflict
D) differences of opinion are resolved using negotiations

Question 72

Sexual minorities provided the social and political energy needed to legitimize sexual diversity among an increasingly large section of the public. Which of the following did they do to accomplish this?

A) They went public with their lifestyles, creating communities and subcultures.
B) They hid their sexual orientation from the public.
C) They advertised that everyone has some homosexual tendencies.
D) They became wealthy and powerful as individuals, becoming gay role models.

Question 73

Lisa has always been romantically attracted to girls and women, and she entered into her first relationship with another woman while in college. What is Lisa's sexual orientation?

A) gay
B) lesbian
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 74

Faron does not identify with any gender and refuses to tell people anything with respect to gender. Furthermore, no gender is indicated by clothing or behaviour or voice. Which of the following terms best describes Faron?

A) transsexual
B) transphobic
C) transvestite
D) transgendered

Question 75

According to the textbook, which of the following is indicated by adolescents' widespread use of such phrases as "That's gay"?

A) Heterosexuality is believed to be superior to homosexuality.
B) Most teens don't know what homosexuality is.
C) Most teens are indifferent to homosexuality.
D) Talking about homosexuality establishes group boundaries.

Question 76

Jane has worked as a junior manager for 15 years, always with the idea of being promoted to senior manager. She has watched several men younger than her get promoted over the years, despite her performance evaluations always being superior. What is Jane likely experiencing?

A) the mommy track
B) the gender barricade
C) the glass ceiling
D) the gender wall

Question 77

According to the text, sociologists are less interested in the origins of homosexuality than in which of the following?

A) genetic issues surrounding homosexuality
B) biological debates surrounding homosexuality
C) the various lifestyle arguments about how homosexuality is expressed
D) the wide variety of ways it is expressed and repressed

Question 78

According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "emerges for most people in early adolescence without any prior sexual experience." What might this mean with regard to sexual orientation?

A) One's sexual orientation may not be a choice.
B) One's sexual orientation is clearly a choice.
C) One's sexual orientation is clearly not a choice.
D) One's sexual orientation is fluid throughout life.

Question 79

What term is used for people who believe that they were born into a body of the wrong sex?

A) transsexuals
B) transvestites
C) asexuals
D) all-gendered

Question 80

According to the text, most people use which of the following to ensure others conform to conventional heterosexual gender roles?

A) stigmatization
B) positive and negative sanctions
C) marginalization
D) gender stereotypes