Deck 13: Dissociative Anesthetics

Question 1

What are three primary reasons that LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are generally considered to belong to the same class of hallucinogen?

Answer 1

Their effects are all mediated through their actions on 5-HT receptors.Their effects are subjectively indistinguishable from one another at appropriate doses.They share a molecular structure with either dopamine or serotonin and have several methyl groups attached to them.Tolerance to their effects occurs fairly rapidly and there is profound cross-tolerance among them.
Multiple Choice Questions

Question 2

Studies conducted on cannabis users in Jamaica, Greece, and Costa Rica, where cannabis use is quite extensive, noted

A)considerable adverse consequences of cannabis use that dissipated when drug use stopped
B)considerable adverse consequences of cannabis use that remained even when drug use stopped
C)that there were minimal adverse consequences of cannabis use
D)that very uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms occurred when the users abruptly stopped using cannabis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following substances is most unlike the others in terms of their psychological effects?

A)LSD
B)cannabinoids
C)mescaline
D)psilocybin

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The psychotomimetic properties of anticholinergics like scopolamine and atropine are most likely due to these drugs' ability to

A)block the access of muscarine to its receptors
B)increase the amount of acetylcholine released from neurons
C)competitively block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
D)reduce the metabolic inactivation of acetylcholine

Question 5

What are two features that typically distinguish an LSD-induced psychosis and a schizophrenia-type psychosis?

Question 6

The phenomenon of "reverse tolerance" or sensitization to the effects of marijuana (THC) is most likely to be reported by humans after

A)chronic exposure to high doses of THC
B)a few exposures to high doses of THC
C)a few exposures to low doses of THC
D)chronic exposure to THC combined with alcohol

Question 7

What potential hazard could be involved in using an antipsychotic drug like Thorazine in the treatment for an acute psychotic reaction to a hallucinogenic drug?
e.g., PCP or scopolamine.Thus if one does not know exactly what type of drug is causing the psychotic symptoms, it would not be prudent to use an antipsychotic to control the symptoms.

Question 8

THC, the major psychoactive compound in cannabis, has been shown to

A)inhibit the release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA
B)inhibit the release of the excitatory transmitter glutamate
C)both of these

Question 9

Which of the following produces symptoms that are most like those of a natural psychosis?

A)LSD
B)mescaline
C)phencyclidine (PCP)
D)delta-9-THC

Question 10

Most of the monoamine-related hallucinogens

A)show cross tolerance with the anticholinergics
B)are self-administered by nonhumans
C)exert psychological effects indistinguishable from those of LSD
D)all of these

Question 11

Which of the following hallucinogens were likely to be used in "witchcraft" potions during the Middle Ages?

A)LSD
B)mescaline
C)anticholinergics
D)psilocybin

Question 12

Which of the following is consistent with there being specific receptors upon which the cannabinoid delta-9 THC acts?

A)it has high lipid solubility
B)modest structural modifications of the THC molecule can significantly alter its behavioral effects
C)it has stereospecific effects
D)only b and c above

Question 13

When the hallucinogens phencyclidine (PCP) and LSD are compared, it is generally the case that PCP is more likely to

A)induce anesthesia
B)elicit symptoms indistinguishable from schizophrenia
C)be self-administered by nonhumans
D)all of the above

Question 14

What are three pharmacological differences between LSD and cannabinoids like delta-9-THC?

Question 15

There is now fairly general agreement that most of the primary hallucinogenic effects of LSD are mediated through which neurotransmitter system?

A)GABAergic
B)cholinergic
C)dopaminergic
D)serotonergic

Question 16

Tolerance has been shown to develop to the effects of which of these psychotomimetics?

A)phencyclidine (PCP)
B)cannabinoids
C)LSD
D)all of these

Question 17

Primarily because of very low abuse potential, which of the following hallucinogens is not a schedule controlled substance?

A)LSD
B)mescaline
C)anticholinergics
D)psilocybin

Question 18

The molecular structure of mescaline is most similar to which neurotransmitter?

A)serotonin
B)acetylcholine
C)catecholamines
D)GABA

Question 19

What are three neuro- or psycho-pharmacological features of the monoamine-related hallucinogens that distinguish them from the cannabinoid hallucinogens like delta-9-THC?

Question 20

What is a primary property of the antimuscarinic hallucinogens that likely accounts for the absence of their abuse?

Question 21

Researchers first became interested in LSD's effects

A)when it became apparent that LSD had abuse potential
B)because they thought LSD might be useful in revealing the biochemical basis of psychoses
C)after psychoanalytic therapists started using LSD as a therapeutic tool
D)once its resemblance to the neurotransmitter serotonin became known

Question 22

The receptors upon which delta-9-THC acts have been shown to be

A)noradrenergic
B)dopaminergic
C)serotonergic
D)none of these

Question 23

Recent studies have indicated that marijuana use is likely to be detrimental to

A)driving ability
B)short term memory
C)functioning of the lungs
D)all of these

Question 24

THC administered orally

A)exerts effects subjectively similar to those that occur via smoking
B)is often more potent than smoked THC
C)results in metabolites that are presently not detectable by urinalysis
D)is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract

Question 25

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when LSD is taken?

A)lethal overdose
B)synesthesia
C)dysphoria if larger than expected doses are taken
D)flashbacks

Question 26

The majority of dysphoric reactions (bad trips) to LSD generally

A)dissipate within several hours after LSD administration
B)last several days
C)last several weeks
D)last for years

Question 27

Flashbacks associated with LSD use

A)occur in virtually all chronic LSD users
B)generally occur in the form of altered visual perceptions
C)have been shown to be the result of LSD being stored in the body and released under stress
D)all of the above

Question 28

Which of the following has recent research found to be commonly and reliably associated with regular marijuana use?

A)increased aggressive behavior
B)permanent brain damage
C)sexual perversion
D)none of these

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT suggested for the treatment of PCP (phencyclidine) intoxication?

A)washing out the G.I.tract with fluid
B)ion-trapping
C)talking the person down from the trip
D)administering the anticonvulsant Dilantin

Question 30

Use of marijuana

A)can produce tolerance to some of its effects and increased sensitivity to other effects
B)does not lead to tolerance to its effects
C)produces a reverse tolerance (sensitization) to most of its effects
D)first produces tolerance, followed by a reverse tolerance (sensitization)

Question 31

MDMA, which is commonly referred to as "ecstasy",

A)has been used by clinicians in an attempt to increase patient empathy and insight
B)in small doses induces effects indistinguishable from those of LSD
C)is a relatively recently designed hallucinogen
D)affects primarily dopaminergic receptors

Question 32

Cannabinoids

A)are chemicals unique to marijuana (cannabis)
B)are alkaloids
C)possess molecular structures similar to some of the monoamine neurotransmitters
D)are very water soluble

Question 33

Marijuana is most likely going to increase

A)blood pressure
B)heart rate
C)pressure in the eyeball
D)all of these

Question 34

Delta-9-THC induces several effects

A)that are similar to those induced by LSD
B)that appear to be due to disruptions in the hippocampus of the brain
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b above

Question 35

An abstinence syndrome associated with marijuana use

A)has not been documented
B)can occur following high dosage use
C)is almost indistinguishable from that associated with chronic opiate use
D)is almost indistinguishable from that associated with chronic alcohol use

Question 36

Studies of chronic users of cannabinoids have demonstrated that

A)their general intellectual functions are substantially lower than those of nonusers (when groups are matched according to factors other than cannabis use)
B)flashbacks may occur, but it is not clear that these are due to cannabis use but due to other drug use
C)their body weights are significantly lower than in nonusers
D)all of the above

Question 37

Recent evidence suggests that many of the CNS effects of phencyclidine (PCP) are the result of

A)blocking Ca⁺⁺ or Na⁺ flow into neurons by way of NMDA receptor/ion channels
B)reducing dopamine release by activating dopaminergic autoreceptors
C)blocking dopamine receptors
D)all of the above

Question 38

In which area is the LSD experience quite similar to schizophrenia?

A)the hallucinations are generally auditory and threatening
B)the person is highly resistant to suggestion
C)there is the appearance of ambivalence over interpersonal relationships
D)none of these

Question 39

Using the drug discrimination procedure with animals, it has been determined that PCP (phencyclidine) has properties indistinguishable from those of

A)cholinergic drugs
B)serotonergic drugs
C)opioid drugs
D)none of these

Question 40

The evidence to date indicates that endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) act by

A)blocking dopamine receptors
B)serving as retrograde messengers released from postsynaptic neurons that activate presynaptic cannabinoid receptors
C)inhancing acetylcholine actions at its receptors
D)inhibiting the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters

Question 41

Several recent prospective, longitudinal studies have determined that individuals who have reported using cannabis as adolescents _________________ risk of developing schizophrenia or psychotic-like symptoms than nonusers several years later.

A)had roughly double the
B)exhibited the same
C)exhibited a lower

Question 42

LSD

A)their efficacy in inducing profound and intense perceptual distortions and hallucinatory experiences
B)their potency
C)ability to induce cross-tolerance to each other's effects
D)their effects on autonomic nervous system activities

Question 43

Several recent longitudinal studies have indicated that use of cannabis by adolescents is associated with

A)a decreased risk of exhibiting schizophrenic symptoms several years later
B)an increased risk of exhibiting schizophrenic symptoms several years later
C)no change in the risk of exhibiting schizophrenic symptoms several years later

Question 44

Which of the following is a specific endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors?

A)noradrenaline
B)anandamide
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 45

Although amphetamine can provoke schizophrenia-like hallucinations with high doses, it is not typically classified as a hallucinogen because

A)its molecular structure is not like that of hallucinogenic drugs
B)it only has hallucinogenic properties in schizophrenics
C)it is not typically taken by humans for the purpose of provoking hallucinatory experiences
D)legal restrictions do not allow it to be classified as a hallucinogen

Question 46

Which type of psychotomimetic is a nonhuman LEAST likely going to self-administer if given the opportunity?

A)LSD
B)phencyclidine (PCP)
C)delta-9-THC
D)MDMA (Ecstasy)

Question 47

Which hallucinogen has a molecular structure most similar to that of serotonin?

A)atropine
B)LSD
C)delta-9-THC
D)PCP (phencyclidine)

Question 48

Which hallucinogen is commonly administered via smoking marijuana?

A)LSD
B)mescaline
C)atropine
D)delta-9-THC

Question 49

The so called monoamine-related hallucinogens exert effects on the body that suggest

A)sympathetic nervous system activation
B)parasympathetic nervous system activation
C)somatic nervous system activation
D)neuromuscular activation

Question 50

Which of the following is a common feature of typical monoamine-related hallucinogens?

A)rapid tolerance to their subjective effects
B)cross-tolerance to the effects of the drugs in this group
C)the absence of any notable abstinence symptoms upon cessation of use following chronic use
D)only a and b above

Question 51

Which of the following effects of LSD in normal adults are similar to the symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia?

A)profound, and typically pleasant, visual-perceptual distortions of the environment
B)enhanced empathy and concerns over interpersonal relationships
C)the psychotic state is highly responsive to suggestions from others
D)none of these

Question 52

Which of the following classes of hallucinogens induces severe withdrawal symptoms in humans upon sudden cessation of their use following chronic exposure,

A)monoamine-related hallucinogens
B)cannabinoids
C)antimuscarinics
D)none of these
E)g., on the order of opiate-induced withdrawal?

Question 53

Ketamine and phencyclidine differ primarily with respect to

A)their duration of action
B)their ability to induce anesthesia
C)the perceptual distortions induced by them
D)all of these

Question 54

On which of the following pharmacological dimensions does cannabis (delta-9-THC) differ significantly from LSD

A)the degree to which they induce profound and intense perceptual distortions and hallucinatory experiences
B)their effects on wakefulness
C)the rate at which tolerance develops to their subjective effects
D)all of these

Question 55

The major psychoactive compound in marijuana, delta-9-THC, has actions mediated by CB1 receptors.An endogenous ligand for this class of receptors is called

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)acetylcholine
D)anandamide

Question 56

The most common treatment for a "bad trip" induced by LSD is

A)talking the person down through reassurance that the trip will subside soon
B)administration of an antipsychotic drug
C)administration of morphine
D)getting the person to vomit

Question 57

Which of the following has recent research found to be reliably associated with marijuana use?

A)increased aggressive behavior
B)enlargement of the lateral ventricles of the brain
C)disruptions in short term memory
D)only b and c above

Question 58

When marijuana is administered orally,

A)its psychoactive effects are subjectively very similar to those that occur when it is smoked
B)it is considerably less potent than when it is when smoked
C)its metabolites can be detected in the urine for several weeks afterward
D)all of the above

Question 59

PCP (phencyclidine) can induce distortions in

A)the perception of time
B)visual experience
C)body image and sensations
D)all of these

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding MDMA, commonly referred to as "ecstasy", is correct?

A)Some psychotherapists have used it in an attempt to increase empathy and insight in their patients.
B)With large doses it induces perceptual effects similar to those of LSD.
C)National surveys have indicated that its use by adolescents and young adults has increased dramatically over the past 15 years.
D)all of these

Question 61

Delta-9-THC has been shown to

A)elevate extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
B)be self-administered by non-human animals
C)be the major psychoactive compound in marijuana
D)all of these Chapter 13 Answers to multiple choice questions and

Question 62

Ibogaine

A)is a hallucinogenic drug used by Central-West Africans for a variety of purposes
B)has been proposed as a treatment for addiction to a variety of drugs
C)induces actions on a variety of neurotransmitter systems
D)all of these

Question 63

The most consistent empirical evidence for long-lasting neurotoxicity to serotonergic neurons that is associated with exposure to several moderately high doses in humans has been found with

A)LSD ("acid")
B)MDMA ("Ecstasy")
C)anticholinergics
D)phencyclidine (PCP, "angel dust")