Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of "taking the role of the other"?

A) people trying to get their point across to others
B) people exchanging their duties and lives with each other
C) people attempting to understand other people's perspectives
D) people selecting social roles to achieve defined goals

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Megan's behaviour is influenced by her parents' opinions because she values her close relationship with them. According to Charles Horton Cooley, which of the following describes Megan's parents?

A) generalized others
B) significant others
C) reference group
D) intimate group

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which theory views socialization as a continuous process of negotiating identities, shaping self-concepts, and including the active role of individuals in their own development?

A) feminism
B) symbolic interactionism
C) conflict
D) structural functionalism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is socialization?

A) the mechanism in place to bond infants to their parents
B) the process of assembling numbers of people for joyous interaction
C) the process of social interaction where we learn how to act in society
D) the process of teaching strangers societal norms and values

Question 5

What did Cooley mean by the looking-glass self?

A) People constantly assess themselves on the basis of how they think others see them.
B) People continually engage in upward and downward social comparison.
C) People see themselves in the mirror and think appearances reflect who they are.
D) People attempt to reduce discrepancies between their real and ideal selves.

Question 6

A young child is repeatedly given negative messages about clumsiness and stupidity, and the parents even express regret that the child was born. Subsequently, this child develops a negative self-concept congruent with these parental messages. What sociological concept best captures this process?

A) the looking-glass self
B) primary socialization
C) family violence
D) secondary socialization

Question 7

According to Charles Horton Cooley, from whom do we receive the first images of the self?

A) social institutions
B) significant others
C) peer interactions
D) mass media

Question 8

Which of the following are common outcomes for children raised in isolation?

A) normal social development
B) slow mental and social development
C) hearing and visual impairments
D) adaptation with one exceptional skill

Question 9

Sarah recently met Todd. She thinks that Todd finds her funny and subsequently concludes that Todd is attracted to women with a sense of humour. Sarah's perception makes her feel good about herself and consequently more confident when she is around Todd. What sociological concept best captures this process?

A) the looking-glass self
B) primary socialization
C) taking the role of significant others
D) secondary socialization

Question 10

Which of the following is Charles Horton Cooley's metaphor for social self, as it is interpreted from the behaviours of others?

A) as a picture on a canvas
B) a mirror or a looking-glass image of ourselves
C) a reflection in a pond of still water
D) as a negative from a roll of film

Question 11

Thirteen year old "Genie" was raised in isolation by neglectful parents. What did "Genie's" experience teach sociologists about child raised in isolation?

A) Progress is possible but a child can never fully recover from that experience.
B) As long as children are loved at some point, they will do fine.
C) Progress is not possible once a child has spent 13 years in isolation.
D) It takes very special people to properly socialize a child like Genie.

Question 12

A child is born into a family, where for the first several years of life the child is influenced by parents and siblings in close, intimate, and caring relationships. What term do sociologists have for this type of socialization?

A) resocialization
B) kin influence
C) primary socialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 13

A social worker removes a three-year-old child from a home where the parents kept the infant in a crib covered with chicken wire. The child grunts, acts fearful, and has no language. Sociologically speaking, the child's lack of social skills supports which of the following?

A) the nurture side of the nature/nurture debate
B) the criminal nature of the parents' neglect
C) the need for screening of people who want to parent
D) the nature side of the nature/nurture debate

Question 14

Which theory defines the perspectives of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead?

A) interactionist
B) feminist
C) functionalist
D) conflict

Question 15

Who was the first scholar to emphasize the importance of social interaction in the development of the self?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Max Weber

Question 16

Which of the following terms refers to the debate over social and biological influences on socialization?

A) interactionism versus Darwinism
B) nature versus nurture
C) conflict versus functionalism
D) norms versus values

Question 17

Who coined the concept of the looking-glass self?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Margaret Mead
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 18

What stages did George Herbert Mead propose that people go through as they are socialized?

A) imitative stage, play stage, game stage
B) internal stage, external stage, global stage
C) self stage, other stage, community stage
D) personal stage, family stage, social stage

Question 19

According to the text, which of the following explains why people typically face forward in an elevator?

A) People try to face backward until they learn better.
B) We don't face backward because of norms that regulate elevator behaviour.
C) The posting of written rules for elevator etiquette prevents us from facing backward.
D) People are naturally afraid of facing backward in an elevator.

Question 20

A young child has acquired basic oral communication skills, goes to preschool, is able to form relationships, and understands himself as distinct from his parents, but not related to his preschool friends. What stage of socialization characterizes this description of this child's life?

A) primary socialization
B) peer influences
C) organizational influences
D) secondary socialization

Question 21

In a famous movie scene, a character holds a conversation with himself, in one moment saying, "You haven't got any friends!" and in the next moment saying, "Master is our friend." What pair of sociological terms best identifies this character's internal dialogue?

A) the "subjective" and the "objective"
B) the "id" and the "ego"
C) the "conscious" and the "subconscious"
D) the "Me" and the "I"

Question 22

"David was bullied as a child, so I think he is going to be mad after he finds out that we pressured Frank to participate in the prank last night." What social practice is reflected in this statement?

A) informed regret
B) informed remorse
C) taking the role of the other
D) taking the role of the injured party

Question 23

According to the text, with which of the following is teen and young adult socialization most strongly associated?

A) identity and sense of self
B) norms and values
C) anticipation of adult roles
D) beliefs and religion

Question 24

Five-year-old hockey players called "Tykes" skate en masse; wherever the puck goes, they go, without differentiating their respective roles. However, older hockey players in the "Little NHL," have defencemen at the blueline, and forwards forcing the play toward the goal. In what stage would sociologists classify the older players?

A) game stage
B) play stage
C) generalized other stage
D) imitative stage

Question 25

Friends accused Sandra of being too dedicated to her daily responsibilities, thereby making everyone else look bad. As a result, she has decided to intentionally make mistakes and fall behind on her work in order to fit in better with the others. However, she wants to be a hard-working, conscientious individual and she may decide to go back to her old ways. If this is a statement about Sandra's socialization priorities, which demographic group does she most likely belong to?

A) children under 12
B) adolescents
C) adults
D) seniors

Question 26

Alyssa watches the latest reality show every Thursday night and notices that the gender roles portrayed in the show are entertaining but at the same time they appall her. Which of the following best reflects the influence of media on Alyssa's attitudes?

A) Alyssa is an inactive consumer of media.
B) Alyssa is an antiprogressive consumer of media.
C) Alyssa is an active consumer of media.
D) Alyssa is a progressive consumer of media.

Question 27

According to George Herbert Mead, children who are in the game stage are learning to internalize and respond to which of the following?

A) the significant other
B) peer expectations
C) reference groups
D) the generalized other

Question 28

The Hiltons are going Christmas shopping for their two young children. They decide to buy a Tonka truck for their son and a Barbie doll for their daughter. Which of the following best describes what these parents are doing?

A) sex stereotyping
B) gender stereotyping
C) primary socialization
D) gender role socialization

Question 29

According to the text, what does the study of gender socialization tell us?

A) Sex and gender are terms that are used interchangeably by sociologists.
B) Gender identity is overwhelmingly determined by whether a person is male or female.
C) Gender identity is fixed at birth and can be changed only by surgery.
D) What people think of as masculine or feminine is largely a product of socialization.

Question 30

A young toddler, supported by his father, stands on a stool and peers into his own mirror on the bathroom vanity. While his father shaves, the child also applies shaving cream to his own face, and then scrapes the foam off with a toy razor. What sociological term best describes this child's actions?

A) play stage of development
B) sexual-script stage of gender development
C) secondary-sex characteristics development
D) imitative stage of development

Question 31

Which of the following stages are children in when their actions are oriented toward general rules and practices and not to personal preferences or attachments?

A) looking-glass self
B) game stage
C) imitative stage
D) play stage

Question 32

Five-year-old hockey players called "Tykes" skate en masse; wherever the puck goes, they go, without differentiating their respective roles. However, older hockey players in the "Little NHL," have defencemen at the blueline, and forwards forcing the play toward the goal. In what stage would sociologists classify the younger players?

A) game stage
B) play stage
C) generalized other stage
D) imitative stage

Question 33

A four-year-old girl loves dressing up in her mother's clothes and pretending that she is going out for dinner with her friend. According to George Mead, what stage in the development of taking the role of the other is this young girl displaying?

A) play
B) sensorimotor
C) imitation
D) game

Question 34

Joanne went to the mall on her lunch hour and on an impulse decided to buy herself a gold necklace. After work, she went back and returned the necklace because after talking with her mother she realized it was very expensive and she really didn't need it. What part of her self made the decision to return the necklace?

A) I
B) me
C) ego
D) alter ego

Question 35

Ella is almost two years old. Her mother is cleaning the windows in the living room. Ella grabs a towel and begins wiping the windows with her mother. According to George Mead, what stage in the development of taking the role of the other is Ella displaying?

A) play
B) sensorimotor
C) imitation
D) game

Question 36

Joanne went to the mall on her lunch hour and on an impulse decided to buy herself a gold necklace. After work, she went back and returned the necklace because it was very expensive and she really didn't need it. What part of her self made the decision to buy the jewellery in the first place?

A) I
B) me
C) ego
D) alter ego

Question 37

A young mother is raising a two-year-old boy and a three-year-old girl. She is careful to dress her children in distinctly masculine or feminine clothes and encourages her son to play with trucks and army figures, and her daughter to play with dolls. Which of the following best describes what this mother is doing?

A) sex stereotyping
B) gender stereotyping
C) primary socialization
D) gender role socialization

Question 38

According to George Herbert Mead, in which developmental stage do children begin to adopt social roles?

A) the community stage
B) the play stage
C) the game stage
D) the imitative stage

Question 39

What is Mead's term for the widespread and shared set of cultural norms and values used in self-evaluation and developing concepts of the self?

A) the looking-glass self
B) the generalized other
C) the role of the other
D) walk in my moccasins

Question 40

What did George Herbert Mead term the stage where children act out behaviour without understanding it?

A) play stage
B) copy stage
C) imitative stage
D) game stage

Question 41

According to the text, why is adolescence a difficult and confusing time?

A) Adults set low expectations for teenagers and treat them like children.
B) Families often have democratic ideals and teenagers can do what they please.
C) Teenagers are expected to act like adults, but are still treated like children.
D) The mass media encourage freedom for teenagers, and parents reinforce this notion.

Question 42

Tiffany and Eric have decided to have their first child. Neither has any idea how to raise an infant but they are both willing to learn and adapt to whatever parenthood involves. What would a sociologist call this process?

A) advanced socialization
B) adult socialization
C) anticipatory socialization
D) parent socialization

Question 43

Nowadays, adult socialization typically includes learning related to which one of the following?

A) family of origin relations
B) marital/partner relations
C) public relationships
D) employee/employer interaction

Question 44

Kurt is a 15-year-old boy who aspires to be a professional BMX rider. Every chance he gets he watches professional BMX shows and even attends competitions. Last year, his parents bought him a racing bike. Since then, Nathan has decided that he no longer needs to attend school because he believes an education is not necessary for a BMX rider. According to sociologists, what is Kurt experiencing?

A) anticipatory socialization
B) advanced socialization
C) adult socialization
D) mature socialization

Question 45

Krista does not know whether she should become sexually active with her boyfriend, as her friends suggest, or continue to abstain as her parents suggest. In order to avoid turmoil and confusion, what should Krista do?

A) She needs to reconcile the messages from her parents and peers.
B) She needs to follow what her parents suggest.
C) She needs to follow what her peers suggest.
D) She needs to seek counselling.

Question 46

According to the text, what is one significant finding of Baker's (1985) study of occupational goals of teenaged Canadian girls?

A) The girls expressed confidence that they will achieve their career goals.
B) Less than half of the girls in this study planned to have paid work as adults.
C) The girls assumed that their paid work will have to fit with childcare and home care duties.
D) The girls saw responsibility for home and family as falling equally on men and women.

Question 47

According to the text, gender-role stereotypes contribute to which one of the following?

A) streaming of males and females into traditionally masculine and feminine jobs
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy among children
C) positive self-images among children
D) sexualized gender socialization

Question 48

"Jack, will you please clear the table while your sister takes out the garbage?" This parent is trying to socialize these children to break a certain social norm. Which norm is it?

A) that children should learn responsibility
B) that play is an important socialization tool
C) the gendered division of labour
D) that girls and boys are equal

Question 49

Lily's husband hates to wash dishes, so sometimes she lets the plates pile up to see if he will reach for the soap. However, she never offers to put the garbage out by the curb. Yesterday, when the truck went by, their garbage was still on the front porch. Maybe he is sending her a message, too. These are examples of how, as newlyweds, they are negotiating their roles as husband and wife. What would a sociologist call this process?

A) advanced socialization
B) anticipatory socialization
C) adult socialization
D) mature socialization

Question 50

A Grade 11 girl signs up for a co-op program at school and chooses an opportunity to work at a pharmacy as part of her studies. Which of the following terms best characterizes this experience?

A) anticipatory socialization
B) resocialization
C) adult socialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 51

A recent university graduate takes a job in a civil-service apprenticeship program where she learns all about governmental processes. At the end of the apprenticeship, she is offered a full-time job. What sociological term best describes this person's apprenticeship?

A) occupational socialization
B) resocialization
C) primary socialization
D) adult socialization

Question 52

Which of the following terms refers to the process in which adults take on new statuses and acquire new and different social identities?

A) teen resocialization
B) parental leave
C) adult socialization
D) secondary socialization

Question 53

Which agents of socialization receive a mandate from society to train the next generation?

A) clubs and organizations
B) family and school
C) media and technology
D) peers and friends

Question 54

Which of the following statements best reflects the socialization experiences of seniors?

A) Our society extends significant respect and dignity to our elders.
B) The media depicts seniors as elder statespersons who are consulted about important matters.
C) The status of senior citizen is often accompanied by a loss of roles.
D) Seniors are major contributors to the socialization of their grandchildren.

Question 55

Alicia has worked as an administrative assistant in a medium-sized company for the past 20 years. The recent downturn in the economy has resulted in Alicia's position being eliminated. As a result, she has decided to go back to university to pursue a different career path. Which of the following terms best characterizes Alicia's situation?

A) adult socialization
B) resocialization
C) career socialization
D) educational socialization

Question 56

"Since I retired, I haven't been quite sure what to do with all my time. My children told me to relax and enjoy my retirement, but I still feel like I have a contribution to make to society." What challenge faced by retirees today is reflected in this statement?

A) senior status
B) unfulfilled status
C) retired status
D) roleless status

Question 57

Which of the following terms do sociologists use to describe adolescents imagining or trying on new roles?

A) adult socialization
B) tertiary socialization
C) primary socialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 58

Daniel stopped hanging out with Justin because Justin doesn't like the Black Eyed Peas. Daniel started hanging out with Zak and his friends after he heard that Zak loves the Black Eyed Peas' new album. To Daniel, the band signifies much more than simply "good music." What end is Daniel using music to achieve?

A) to signal dissatisfaction
B) to signal exclusivity
C) to signal impressions
D) to signal group membership

Question 59

High school student Stan wears a tie every day and carries a briefcase. He looks like he should be going to an office rather than to a high school. According to sociologists, what is Stan experiencing?

A) advanced socialization
B) anticipatory socialization
C) adult socialization
D) mature socialization

Question 60

Despite having finished university and securing a full-time job at a local bank, Jason has returned home to live with his parents. He does not feel financially prepared to live on his own. According to the text, which of the following best applies to Jason's situation?

A) boomerang generation
B) generation "me"
C) failure-to-become-independent generation
D) failure-to-achieve generation

Question 61

As agents of socialization, what do schools do that parents do NOT do?

A) Schools teach children lessons about subjects not addressed at home.
B) Schools emphasize reading and writing and de-emphasize social learning.
C) Schools deal with children in groups and evaluate them by a common set of standards.
D) Schools serve as a preview or model for the next educational step.

Question 62

Most school socialization involves lessons and objectives. What component of education is a powerful socializing agent, but is not a part of the formal goals of the classroom?

A) homework
B) text books
C) hidden curriculum
D) lesson plans

Question 63

According to the text, which of the following statements most accurately describes peer socialization among adolescents?

A) Peer socialization rarely reflects norms and values at odds with parental views.
B) Peer socialization involves choosing friends that parents would like.
C) Peer socialization is often quite overt, and deviation is not tolerated.
D) Peer socialization is based on peer norms that are derived from parents' adolescent experiences.

Question 64

According to the text, which of the following best describes families as an agent of socialization?

A) Families are not the best agents of socialization because they are not intimate enough.
B) Families are well suited to the task of socialization.
C) Children reproduce their negative socialization experiences in the family.
D) Families are not the best agents of socialization because youth don't like to listen to their parents.

Question 65

According to the text, which of the following is a common characteristic of the agents of socialization?

A) They are all equally intimate in their contact with individuals.
B) They all have a direct influence on individual behaviour.
C) They all have a formal influence on individual behaviour.
D) They all influence how individuals perceive and respond to their world.

Question 66

John loves spending time with Ryan because he is so much fun and they do things John would never do with his family. As a peer-group socializing agent, what status does Ryan have in comparison to John?

A) Ryan has more status than John.
B) Ryan has less status than John.
C) Ryan and John have equal status.
D) Ryan has a status but John does not have a status.

Question 67

What term do sociologists use to describe intense, deliberate socialization that is designed to change major beliefs?

A) immersed socialization
B) resocialization
C) psychotherapy
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 68

According to the text, which of the following is an agent of socialization?

A) the media
B) personality
C) genes
D) the self

Question 69

In which of the following areas do children's peers have greater influence than their parents?

A) school selection
B) lifestyle issues
C) religious affiliation
D) political choices

Question 70

Which of the following do schools teach as part of the informal hidden curriculum?

A) objectives
B) conformity
C) lessons
D) science

Question 71

According to the text, which of the following social problems has been significantly influenced by the media?

A) teenage pregnancy
B) drugs
C) crime
D) self-injury

Question 72

Maria's parents taught her to never do drugs. However, one night when she was at a party her best friend told her that she had to try drugs or she would not be Maria's friend anymore. Maria reluctantly agreed to try drugs so that her best friend would not be disappointed. What aspect of socialization could be so influential that it led Maria to use drugs?

A) antagonistic socialization
B) peer pressure
C) media scrutiny
D) survival of the fittest

Question 73

A scientist says the following: "As a child, my parents always encouraged me to ask questions. I think they enjoyed seeing me learn about new things. This is likely why I am so curious today." According to the text, what would this statement most likely indicate about the scientist's parents?

A) They are socially adept parents.
B) They are educated parents.
C) They are working-class parents.
D) They are middle-class parents.

Question 74

According to the text, which of the following is characteristic of complex societies with respect to socialization?

A) The effectiveness of agencies of socialization depends on the type of society.
B) The agencies of socialization are complementary.
C) Conflict among the agencies of socialization is almost inevitable.
D) Conflict among the agencies of socialization occurs only occasionally.

Question 75

Emily recently attended a residential treatment program for her addiction to drugs and alcohol. Upon entry, she was forced to forget about her life as an addict and develop a new identity. Through intensive counselling and group work, Emily left the program as a new person. Which of the following best characterizes Emily's experience in her treatment program?

A) resocialization
B) secondary socialization
C) adult socialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 76

In elementary school we learn to raise our hands and stand in line. What scholastic learning objective is this part of?

A) the discipline directive
B) the hidden curriculum
C) the conformity curriculum
D) the orderly conduct directive

Question 77

According to the text, which of the following statements best characterizes total institutions?

A) the isolation of people from the rest of society
B) long hours of attendance on a daily basis
C) organizations with no clear command structure
D) self-regulation by the participants

Question 78

According to the text, which of the following is a key feature of the influence of Internet media on socialization?

A) Adolescents have more say over what information will influence them than with other forms of media.
B) Adolescents do not care about what information will influence them.
C) Adolescents can act collectively because of Internet media.
D) Adolescents no longer have time to stay connected with their families.

Question 79

A young Marine manned a helicopter machine gun during the Vietnam War and indiscriminately shot women and children in rice paddies. When asked at his court martial how he could shoot women and children, he simply replied, "It's what I am trained to do." Which of the following socialization processes best explains his emotional detachment?

A) resocialization
B) secondary socialization
C) adult socialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 80

During the week Suzanna is a university professor, so there are certain things she cannot say or do while on campus. On Saturday nights, however, she is the lead in a rock band that sings about social anarchy and rising up against social controls. On Sunday afternoons, she visits her mother and gives her updates about her grandchildren. What current social reality is reflected in Suzanna's life of shifting identities?

A) the rationalization in modern society
B) the existence of multiple agents of socialization
C) the difficulties concerning adult socialization
D) the complexity of modern society