Deck 4: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Laura decided not to try out for the football team because she has always understood it as a male-dominated sport. Which of the following sociological concepts is Laura adhering to?

A) compulsory gender
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) identity roles

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the text, when was the term "heterosexuality" coined?

A) when sexual pluralism gained public acceptance
B) after the term homosexuality was introduced
C) before the term homosexuality was coined
D) before "the Pill" and the sexual revolution occurred

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Derek prefers to wear makeup and heels because he has never quite felt like himself in his own skin even as a young boy. What term best describes Derek?

A) transsexual
B) gender confused
C) gender conflicted
D) transgendered

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the text, which term applies to the biological differences between females and males?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 5

From birth, a young woman feels as if she is a man trapped in a woman's body. As soon as she can afford it, she starts a treatment of hormone therapy and schedules surgery to make her physically a man. What term best describes this woman?

A) gender conflicted
B) gender confused
C) transsexual
D) transgendered

Question 6

Although Jason was born a male, he has always thought of himself as a woman trapped in a man's body. What would sociologists describe Jason's situation as a struggle over?

A) his sexual role
B) his gender role
C) his sexual identity
D) his gender identity

Question 7

Sally believes that men should be tough, unemotional, and protective, and women should be dainty, emotional, and protected. Which of the following concepts best characterizes Sally's notions about males and females?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 8

Research evidence suggests that men are born with XY chromosomes, are typically larger and more muscular, and have deeper voices when compared to women. These comparisons are characteristics of which of the following?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) identity

Question 9

A young, married, heterosexual couple engage in sex. She puts on some lingerie, and he strips naked. They engage in foreplay, and then copulate in the missionary position. Which term is used by sociologist to best define this act?

A) sexual roles
B) sexual mores
C) sexual scripts
D) sexual norms

Question 10

"When a young man or woman reaches a certain age, they will become interested in pursuing sexual relations with a member of the opposite sex." According to the text, what social assumption does this statement reflect?

A) mandatory heterosexuality
B) compulsory heterosexuality
C) antequated heterosexuality
D) persistent heterosexuality

Question 11

John's mother assumes that he will find a nice girl to settle down with and have lots of children in the future. According to the text, what social assumption does this statement best reflect?

A) mandatory heterosexuality
B) persistent heterosexuality
C) antiquated heterosexuality
D) compulsory heterosexuality

Question 12

According to the text, activities that are intended to lead to erotic arousal and produce genital response are governed by what?

A) neofeminists
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) marital norms
D) sexual scripts

Question 13

Sue refuses to send her boyfriend flowers at work because she believes that it would be inappropriate and embarrassing for him. Boyfriends don't get flowers; they send flowers. Which of the following sociological concepts is Sue adhering to?

A) compulsory gender
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) identity roles

Question 14

According to the text, which of the following is linked to sexual scripts?

A) personableness
B) gender roles
C) physical maturation
D) political preferences

Question 15

According to the text, which of the following are among the most rigid of our gender norms?

A) self-disclosure in intimate relationships
B) body contact between males
C) crying or displaying feelings in public
D) expectations about sexual behaviour

Question 16

The idea that males are more aggressive than females and that women are more nurturing than males is associated with which of the following concepts?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 17

Despite the fact that the American Psychiatric Association delisted homosexuality as a mental illness in 1974, the normative standard for sexual behaviour is still heterosexuality. What term do sociologists have to describe this normative expectation?

A) normative sexuality
B) compulsory heterosexuality
C) compulsory sexuality
D) hegemonic sexuality

Question 18

According to the text, what is compulsory heterosexuality?

A) a position supported by the state and various laws regulating sex
B) an assumption that people should desire only members of the opposite sex
C) an assumption that having intercourse can be done in only one position
D) an example of dominant religious doctrines that condemn gay sex

Question 19

During an ultrasound, Jennifer is told that her baby is a girl based on the baby's genitalia. Which of the following do genitalia exemplify?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 20

According to the text, what do sexual scripts tell us?

A) how to be a matchmaker
B) when females ovulate
C) people's sexual orientation
D) how to behave sexually

Question 21

According to the text, in more egalitarian societies, how are people's gender preferences for a partner best characterized?

A) Men want women with good domestic skills.
B) Women have less concern about a man being a good provider.
C) Women prefer older men; older men prefer younger women.
D) Men prefer women with higher earning capacities.

Question 22

A young woman feels a stronger physical attraction to other females than to males. What term best describes this woman's feelings?

A) sexual objectification
B) sexual tendencies
C) sexual arousal
D) sexual orientation

Question 23

According to the text, which of the following is a critique of essentialism?

A) Essentialists include historical and cultural variability in their analysis.
B) Essentialists employ rigorous and reliable research techniques.
C) Essentialists focus on variations within gender groups.
D) Essentialists ignore the fact that gender differences are declining.

Question 24

According to studies, what is the consequence of getting older when it comes to frequency of sexual activity?

A) Only male sexual activity declines with advancing age.
B) Male and female sexual activity declines with age.
C) Female sexual activity increases with greater age.
D) Age has no effect on male or female sexual activity.

Question 25

Tom thinks it's natural for a woman to cook and clean and care for children because that's what all women do. According to the text, which of the following approaches best characterizes Tom's position?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) sexism
D) biology

Question 26

According to Freud, when a young boy becomes preoccupied with his penis he also begins to develop something else as well. Which of the following does he develop?

A) a concern over sexual orientation
B) loss of identity with his mother
C) fantasies of sex with his mother
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 27

A group of male friends are out having a pub crawl when they come across a gay couple walking hand in hand. The group taunt the gay couple with jibes and comments like, "You ought to find a girl like everyone else." Which of the following terms best identifies the pub crawlers' point of view?

A) gay bashing
B) compulsory heterosexuality
C) discrimination
D) prejudice

Question 28

According to the text, of the following choices, who is more likely to endorse the "fun standard" of sexual activity?

A) women
B) anglophones
C) francophones
D) feminists

Question 29

A teenage boy steals magazines from his father's dresser drawer and uses the images of naked women to stimulate himself and masturbate. What term is used by sociologists to define this activity?

A) eroticism
B) paraphilia
C) sexuality
D) pornography

Question 30

Christina considers herself very liberal when it comes to sexual practices. However, according to the text, she is likely part of the growing percentage of the Canadian population that is becoming more conservative with regards to one potential sexual practice in particular. What is this practice?

A) same-sex partners
B) premarital sex
C) extramarital sex
D) threesomes

Question 31

According to Freud, how do girls change when they realize they don't have a penis?

A) They develop a sense of superiority.
B) They start thinking about boys their own age.
C) They look to be their mother's favourite.
D) They develop a feminine personality.

Question 32

Jennifer believes that women are naturally different from men because of biological differences. She believes that social factors do not influence gender roles and scripts. According to the text, how would sociologists label her perspective on gender differences?

A) a realist perspective
B) a social perspective
C) a constructionist perspective
D) an essentialist perspective

Question 33

One night a young boy has an opportunity to catch a glimpse of his mother undressing through a slim crack in her bedroom door and he gets an erection. Thereafter he has erotic fantasies about his mother. Which of the following theorists would classify this as an important stage of sexual development?

A) a Freudian theorist
B) a culturalist theorist
C) an essentialist theorist
D) a constructivist theorist

Question 34

What is sociobiology?

A) a science that supports patriarchal society and the domination of women
B) a biological and genetic explanation of masculinity and femininity
C) a science of societally constructed notions about gender and sex
D) an assertion that males, not females, have a bigger stake in offspring survival

Question 35

"Homosexual couples are a major reason for the decline in family values today. They should not be allowed to raise children." While many will know that this statement is wrong, it is a reflection of a social phenomenon that still exists today. What is that social phenomenon?

A) discrimination based on heterosexual assumptions
B) discrimination based on reproductive values
C) discrimination based on gender scripts
D) discrimination based on sexual pluralism

Question 36

According to the text, what effects do assumptions of heterosexuality have on gays and lesbians?

A) The assumptions have contributed to feelings of inclusiveness for homosexuals.
B) The assumptions have little effect on them because heterosexuality doesn't concern them.
C) The assumptions have enhanced the sexual pluralist perspective in Canada.
D) The assumptions reinforce negative stereotypes that result in discrimination.

Question 37

My great-grandmother was horrified by the idea that a woman might not be a virgin on her wedding night. Today, however, most young adults experiment sexually before getting married. This is a sign of what social change in our society?

A) change in sexual scripts
B) change in gender scripts
C) change in dating norms
D) change in marriage norms

Question 38

What does the text conclude about the statistic that one in ten North Americans is homosexual?

A) This view is an oversimplification and depends on how it's measured.
B) Research shows as many as 20 percent of the population are gay.
C) Research has over-reported the numbers of homosexuals in North America.
D) This is considered a generally accurate statistic with some slight variations.

Question 39

According to the text, which of the following demonstrates that traditional sexual scripts are changing?

A) more acceptance of religiously sanctioned marriages
B) more interest in deviant sexual activity
C) more acceptance of homosexuality
D) more acceptance of state-sanctioned marriage

Question 40

According to the text, what does the research show on the topic of female aggressiveness?

A) Many women are more aggressive than the average man.
B) Aggressiveness is not an inherent characteristic of women.
C) Women are inherently more aggressive than men.
D) Men are inherently more aggressive than women.

Question 41

Karissa has never liked her body. Even though she weighs 90 lbs, she thinks her thighs are too big, her breasts are too small, and her stomach sticks out no matter how many sit-ups she does. According to the text, what is Karissa's primary problem?

A) She needs cosmetic surgery.
B) She has low self-esteem.
C) She has an eating disorder.
D) She faces discrimination as a black woman.

Question 42

Renato and Fernando are friends who spend most of their time playing sports. They never ask each other for help with personal problems and never let each other see if they are upset. This is because of gendered expectations of what is appropriate behaviour for a friend. How is this expectation learned?

A) through primary socialization only
B) through secondary socialization only
C) through school socialization only
D) through primary and secondary socialization

Question 43

What does the text say with respect to sexual assault against men?

A) Most of the perpetrators are unknown to the victims.
B) Most of the perpetrators are women.
C) Most of the perpetrators are men.
D) Most of the perpetrators are mentally ill.

Question 44

According to social constructionists, which historical event contributed to gender inequality?

A) the convergence of politics and religion
B) men's work moving out of the home
C) agriculture conducted with a simple hoe
D) feuds between families within a single village

Question 45

According to the text, why are media-reinforced standards of attractiveness particularly relevant to women?

A) Women are judged on the basis of appearance more often than men.
B) Women always compare their worst features to someone else's best features.
C) Unattractive women are described less negatively than equally unattractive men.
D) Everyone is conscious of how they measure up to social norms of attractiveness.

Question 46

Christine was asked to be a flower girl for her aunt's wedding at the age of four. Despite her tendencies to jump and yell when she gets excited, she was quiet and reserved that afternoon because her mother had instructed her to "act like a little lady." What is this an example of?

A) institutionalized gender roles
B) gendered socialization
C) secondary socialization
D) institutional socialization

Question 47

According to the text, which of the following would explain why we have little formal sex socialization in our society?

A) doing what comes naturally
B) our permissive sexuality
C) our rather prudish history
D) not finding it necessary

Question 48

According to the text, at what age did researchers discover girls were commonly dieting to lose weight and had fears of becoming fat?

A) 4
B) 9
C) 12
D) 15

Question 49

Yolanda's husband stays home and cares for the children while she goes to work every day. Her girls rarely play with dolls, like to build models, and have joined a community hockey team. These activity choices may support arguments found in what sociological school of thought?

A) essentialism
B) modernism
C) socioculturalism
D) social constructionism

Question 50

According to the text, at what age does interaction with peers become an important factor in reinforcing gender-typed attitudes and behaviours?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 10
D) 14

Question 51

A young woman of average weight is hyperconscious about her body image. She is influenced by the magazines she buys and the portrayals of women on TV, and she follows one diet after another. According to the text, of what social construction is this woman most likely a victim?

A) an eating disorder
B) the cult of thinness
C) a defective self-image
D) bad advice

Question 52

According to the text, which of the following explains why physical attractiveness is especially important to women?

A) Unattractive women are judged more harshly than unattractive men.
B) Mating rituals reinforce hourglass figures and grooming rituals.
C) Others may believe that image is everything and the substance of the person is secondary.
D) Women have a more innate connection to their body consciousness.

Question 53

According to the text, which of the following major industries spawned the "cult of thinness"?

A) pornography
B) cosmetic surgery
C) the Internet
D) romance novels

Question 54

According to the text, what do women experience when they take jobs in environments that maximize competition and threat?

A) changes in their menstrual cycles, or absence of menstruation
B) increased testosterone and more cooperative behaviours
C) personality changes that reinforce gender stereotypes
D) increased testosterone levels and more competitive behaviours

Question 55

According to the text, which group maintains that gender roles and sexual scripts emerge in response to the patriarchal nature of society?

A) social constructionists
B) biological determinists
C) sexual minorities
D) postmodernists

Question 56

Jason, my four-year-old son, likes to play with a doll I gave him, tucking her in each night and having tea with her every morning. My husband keeps giving him trucks to distract him from the doll, but Jason doesn't seem interested in the vehicles. What is my husband trying to do?

A) encourage gender-specific behaviours
B) encourage social behaviours
C) encourage constructive behaviours
D) encourage natural behaviours

Question 57

According to the text, which of the following is the main alternative to essentialism?

A) politicized sexism
B) social constructionism
C) sensualistic pluralism
D) culturalistic feminism

Question 58

Some parents pierce the ears of infant girls and choose to dress their infant boys in blue clothing. Which sociological approach suggests that these parents are creating ideas about gender for their children?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) sensualistic pluralism
D) culturalistic feminism

Question 59

A sociologist argues that social inequality between males and females is a consequence of unbalanced socialization experiences or socialization that selectively favours males. If we changed socialization experiences, we could equalize perceptions about the value of men and women. What kind of theorizing is this?

A) functionalist
B) social constructionist
C) conflict
D) postmodernist

Question 60

According to social constructionists, what influences or shapes sexual behaviour?

A) It is shaped equally by nature and biology.
B) It is shaped mostly by nature and biology.
C) It is shaped primarily within marriage.
D) It is shaped largely by social influences.

Question 61

Nathan grew up with a mother whom he saw as hostile and a father who was always distant. He used to dream that he would one day be able to control his mother. According to the text, what kind of man does this profile describe?

A) a patriarch
B) a father
C) a rapist
D) a homosexual

Question 62

Sally works at a business office and she has always maintained a friendly joking relationship with her co-workers. One of Sally's co-workers continues to post pornographic pictures on her computer desktop and at her desk for the rest of the office to see. Sally has asked the co-worker to stop, but it has already interfered with her ability to work and she is beginning to suffer psychological harm from the actions of her co-worker. According to the text, Sally is a victim of which of the following types of workplace violence?

A) quid pro quo sexual harassment
B) workplace-induced aggression
C) hostile environment sexual harassment
D) workplace-induced humiliation

Question 63

According to the text, which of the following best describes perpetrators of child sexual assault?

A) They are known to the victim.
B) They are typically female.
C) They randomly pick their victims.
D) They are the child's parent.

Question 64

According to the text, what do sexual jokes, comments, and touching that interfere with people's work constitute?

A) gender-environment sexual harassment
B) abuse-of-power harassment
C) a poisoned workplace
D) hostile-environment sexual harassment

Question 65

Jessica has been working for at a law firm as a paralegal for the past year. One of the lawyers, James, continually compliments Jessica on her beauty and intelligence. James has mentioned several times that Jessica could advance more quickly in status and wage if she agrees to go on dates with him. Jessica feels pressure to listen to these new terms of employment in order to get the advancement she has worked very hard for. Jessica is a victim of which type of workplace harassment?

A) sexual advancement harassment
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) gender harassment
D) hostile environment harassment

Question 66

According to the text, which of the following is descriptive of men who enjoy sexist jokes?

A) They value harmony in their interpersonal relationships, but don't know how to get it.
B) They are men who have failed to repress their negative feelings towards their mothers.
C) They engage more frequently in acts of sexual aggression.
D) They are least likely to engage in workplace harassment.

Question 67

A male boss propositions a female subordinate for sexual favours, and promises to get her a promotion in return. What kind of workplace harassment best identifies this woman's experience?

A) quid pro quo
B) sexual advancement
C) gender harassment
D) sexual harassment

Question 68

Alana has been sexually harassed at work. Based on what you have learned from the text, what advice would you give her to ensure a positive work environment when she looks for new employment?

A) Take a professional position.
B) Find a temporary position.
C) Find an organization that is tolerant of sexual harassment.
D) Make sure the ratio of women to men is low.

Question 69

According to the text, what types of men are most likely to report having engaged in acts of sexual aggression towards women?

A) men who are unmarried
B) men who are married
C) men who are unattractive
D) men who enjoy sexist jokes

Question 70

Lisa Diamond's book Sexual Fluidity explores how people can shift their attraction from one sex to another and back again. This could explain why some people marry a member of the opposite sex, but later become attracted to their same sex and divorce. What sociological phenomenon is reflected in this idea of fluidity, which society is more willing to embrace today?

A) compulsory sexuality
B) sexuality
C) sexual pluralism
D) gender pluralism

Question 71

According to the text, what does research reveal about abusive acts between the sexes in their relationships?

A) Male partners are more likely than female partners to participate in abusive acts.
B) Male partners are more likely to be abused by female partners.
C) Female partners are less likely than male partners to participate in abusive acts.
D) Female partners are as likely as male partners to participate in abusive acts.

Question 72

There has been recent investigation of an RCMP officer who invited members of his staff into his office after working hours for some alcoholic beverages. Once alone with a female staff member, the RCMP officer unzipped his pants and exposed himself. According to the text, which of the following best describes this scenario?

A) quid pro quo sexual harassment
B) workplace-induced aggression
C) hostile environment sexual harassment
D) workplace-induced humiliation

Question 73

According to the text, what situation contributes to a woman's risk of workplace harassment?

A) when relatively young, powerless women work in a male-dominated workplace
B) when women in nonprofessional jobs are supervised by other women
C) when husbands do not support wives working outside the home
D) just by going to work, a woman's risk of harassment goes up exponentially

Question 74

According to the text, which of the following are associated with high rates of sexual assault and harassment?

A) environments with permissive attitudes to violence toward women
B) physical locations where people are susceptible to assault
C) cultures supportive of matriarchy or female dominance
D) places where gender equality is supported culturally

Question 75

According to the text, what is sexual pluralism?

A) the progressive and diverse sex policies in Canada
B) the decline of Christian morality and family values
C) the idea that when it come to sex, "anything goes"
D) the expression of sexuality in nontraditional ways

Question 76

According to the text, which of the following contributes to people being sexually harassed?

A) married women with degrees and professional jobs
B) powerful women who set boundaries in the workplace
C) settings where there are high levels of gender inequality
D) older women working in a female-dominated workplace

Question 77

According to the text, which of the following is characteristic of the elements surrounding rape?

A) an act perpetrated primarily by strangers
B) a quid pro quo sexual experience
C) the use of sex to establish dominance
D) an act of legal but nonconsensual sex

Question 78

Tanya's professor is willing to reassess her grade on her most recent paper provided that Tanya accompanies him to dinner and a hockey game on Friday night. While this makes Tanya feel uncomfortable, she really wants to increase her mark. Which of the following best characterizes the actions of Tanya's professor?

A) sexual advancement
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) gender harassment
D) hostile environment harassment

Question 79

According to the text, which of the following is a position espoused by sexual pluralists?

A) They are open to all forms of sexual expression with no state intervention.
B) They believe that sexual preference should be regulated by the state.
C) They agree that when it comes to sex, "anything goes."
D) They are opposed to sexual behaviour that is based on the abuse of power.

Question 80

Yasmin's friend Charlene is bisexual. After dating a man for three years, Charlene began dating a woman last month. Yasmin has invited the new couple over for dinner tonight so she can meet Charlene's new significant other and wish them well. According to the text, Yasmin's attitude is in line with what growing social movement?

A) gender acceptance
B) gender polygamy
C) sexual selection
D) sexual pluralism