Deck 3: Groups,Organizations,and Bureaucracies

Question 1

Power that people willingly comply with and subordinate themselves to is referred to as ______.

A)authentic authority
B)electoral power
C)personal power
D)legitimate authority

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following does NOT represent an alliance or coalition?

A)Kathleen and Sarah buy tickets to see a horror film even though they know Chris wants to see a comedy.
B)Mariana and Brianne decide to go bicycling without Brandon because he canceled plans on them earlier in the week.
C)Ron leaves Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him.
D)Ken and Jessica gossip about Robert behind his back and decide not to invite him to the next party.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Exercising which of the following types of power is more likely to result in highly motivated and satisfied group members?

A)personal power
B)positional power
C)coercive power
D)transactional leadership

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Nelson Mandela is an example of a ______ leader who instills in group members a sense of mission or higher purpose.

A)transformational
B)transactional
C)laissez-faire
D)bureaucratic

Question 5

The idea that economic,cultural,and social capital contribute to the reproduction of socioeconomic status in society is known as ______.

A)organization
B)leadership
C)structuralism
D)institutionalism

Question 6

What is meant by the looking-glass self?

A)We evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others.
B)Our self-image is heavily-and often negatively-influenced by the media.
C)We shape ourselves to fit into certain reference groups.
D)We "perform" our day-to-day behavior like an actor on a stage.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the findings in Asch's conformity experiment?

A)Many people discount their own perceptions rather than contradict group consensus.
B)Across the trials,75% of subjects conformed at least once.
C)When even one of the experimenter's confederates dissented from the group consensus,the subject was more likely to assert that the lines were unequal.
D)Across the trials,75% of subjects dissented at least once.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a sociological understanding of leaders?

A)They are able to influence the behavior of other members of a group.
B)They are effective even when others do not follow them.
C)They may use force,coercion,or persuasion.
D)They often display power and the ability to mobilize resources and achieve a goal despite the resistance of others.

Question 9

The ability of groups to exclude outsiders from participating in the group or enjoying group resources is referred to as ______.

A)social exclusion
B)social closure
C)factioning
D)cliquishness

Question 10

Which of the following occurs as group size increases?

A)The intensity of relationships within the group increases.
B)Fewer two-person relationships are possible.
C)Group stability increases.
D)The withdrawal of members becomes more threatening to the survival of the entire group.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of large groups?

A)tend to be more stable than smaller groups
B)may develop into a formal structure
C)less likely to be governed by a clear leader
D)can sometimes exhibit exclusivity

Question 12

Which of the following examples illustrates groupthink?

A)Weary from debating,a committee elects to put aside the topic until the next meeting.
B)A high school basketball team follows their coach's orders and adheres to a 10 p.m.curfew.
C)After hearing feedback from constituents,a city council decides to pass a bill.
D)An advertising agency decides to air an ad that most members of the agency like,despite concerns that it is racially offensive.

Question 13

Large,impersonal groups with minimal emotional and intimate ties are referred to as ______.

A)secondary groups
B)principal groups
C)reference groups
D)remandiary groups

Question 14

Which of the following examples illustrates positional power?

A)Prisoners riot and take over a jail.
B)A therapist hypnotizes a patient to help her or him quit smoking.
C)Workers follow the directions of their office supervisors.
D)A charismatic speaker inspires people to join a social movement.

Question 15

Which of the following examples does NOT demonstrate group exclusion or cliquishness?

A)A country club requires two references from current club members to join.
B)A community organization asks members to verify their address to ensure they live in the neighborhood being served.
C)A religious institution looks to grow by welcoming new worshippers.
D)An employer advertises that it will only be accepting applicants with a high school diploma.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?

A)two close friends who practice tennis together
B)a father who plays catch with his son
C)a college basketball team
D)a family who watches football together every Sunday

Question 17

Which type of group tends to be the most fragile and unstable?

A)primary group
B)dyad
C)triad
D)secondary group

Question 18

Groups characterized by intense emotional ties,intimacy,and identification with membership in the group are referred to as ______.

A)families
B)primary groups
C)principal groups
D)reference groups

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the forms of capital that stems from membership in certain groups,as outlined by Pierre Bourdieu?

A)cultural
B)personal
C)social
D)economic

Question 20

According to Stanley Milgram,ordinary people will ______ (to)orders given by someone in a position of power or authority,even if those orders have negative consequences.

A)resist
B)conform
C)question
D)change

Question 21

Which of the following examples illustrates a coercive organization?

A)A teenage boy joins the football team because his father has always pressured him to excel in sports.
B)An individual suffering from alcoholism and depression cannot leave a treatment center until she has demonstrated improvement.
C)A college-age woman wants to withdraw from her sorority but fears the negative social repercussions and stigma that will follow.
D)A single mother is afraid to quit her job because she has three dependent children to care for.

Question 22

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A)rules are unwritten and implied
B)clear hierarchy of authority
C)staffed by volunteers
D)follows abstract principles

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a main goal of international governmental organizations (IGOs)?

A)facilitate and regulate trade between the member countries
B)promote national security
C)protect social welfare and human rights
D)increase community membership

Question 24

Despite a government that is at once bureaucratic and democratic in the United States,some sociologists would argue that bureaucracy and democracy are fundamentally at odds.

Question 25

The reference groups by which we judge our actions can only be primary groups;they cannot be secondary or abstract,such as the media.

Question 26

Social networking sites and virtual online groups can include primary or secondary groups.

Question 27

The YMCA,Red Cross,and Alcoholics Anonymous are examples of ______ organizations.

A)utilitarian
B)coercive
C)normative
D)bureaucratic

Question 28

While family has the greatest impact in shaping our view of ourselves,peer groups replace or at least compete with the family in terms of how we define ourselves once we hit adolescence.

Question 29

Which of the following does NOT illustrate the operation of an IGO?

A)The UN sends its peacekeepers into a country ravaged by civil war.
B)The African Union regulates trade between Central African and West African states.
C)China,Russia,and the United States form a coalition on the UN Security Council to attempt to coerce the other members to follow their demands.
D)Vietnam forms an organization that mediates conflict between provinces within the country.

Question 30

Although cooperative,shared leadership organizations are often initially successful.The larger they grow,the more bureaucratic and hierarchical they become.

Question 31

Which of the following would NOT be considered an organization?

A)a family
B)a high school
C)a Catholic Church
D)a U.S.Army unit

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an example of conformity?

A)Jamal dyes his hair blue to match the rest of his soccer team for School Spirit Week.
B)Carrie says that she likes a movie after hearing her friends talk about it,even though she has never seen it.
C)A committee ignores a member's input because it would cause more work for the group.
D)A newly initiated gang member follows crew orders and has their emblem tattooed on his chest.

Question 33

Which of the following is an organization more likely to be?

A)informal group
B)primary group
C)secondary group
D)reference group

Question 34

Groups that seek to promote the global interests of their members by influencing government organizations are referred to as ______.

A)international nongovernmental organizations
B)international government organizations
C)nongovernmental coalitions
D)business alliances

Question 35

The European Union is not considered an example of an IGO because not all of the participating nations share the same currency or language.

Question 36

Which of the following demonstrates the incompatibility of bureaucracy and democracy?

A)iron law of oligarchy
B)iron cage of bureaucracy
C)goal displacement
D)waste and incompetence

Question 37

Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate a utilitarian organization?

A)A sophomore rushes a popular business fraternity to expand his social network.
B)A college student volunteers for a spring break work trip building schools in a Latin American country.
C)A skilled athlete joins the college tennis team because it is offering a sizable scholarship.
D)A recent college graduate accepts a position she is not that interested in because it offers a decent salary and benefits.

Question 38

Which of the following would NOT be considered social capital?

A)a powerful presence on websites such as LinkedIn or Twitter
B)being born of parents who are elected government officials
C)having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18
D)holding a graduate degree and publishing with well-known and respected professors

Question 39

As group size increases,the intensity of relationships within the group increases while overall group stability decreases.

Question 40

Voluntary associations that are made up of almost exclusively African Americans,Latinos,Native Americans,or other people of color are examples of reverse racism or reverse discrimination.

Question 41

Define dyad and triad groups.Illustrate the relationship in a dyadic group,including strength of bonds and stability,and demonstrate how this relationship changes when a third party is added to form a triad.

Question 42

As group size increases,the number of possible different interactions increases.

Question 43

______ refers to when members of a group ignore anything that goes against the group consensus.

Question 44

Although international government and nongovernmental organizations rose sharply after World War II,they have been decreasing in recent years due to globalization and centralization of power.

Question 45

Choose one of following: Solomon Asch's experiment or Stanley Milgram's research.Summarize the protocol and outcome of the experiment,and explain the sociological implications in terms of group dynamics.

Question 46

In a ______,specialized offices create a division of labor within the organization.

Question 47

People belong to primary groups to satisfy personal needs of belonging and fulfillment,whereas they belong to ______ groups to achieve some specific goal.

Question 48

______ organizations are those in which members are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority.

Question 49

Explain the concept of groupthink and why it is problematic.Illustrate it with an example that may occur in the workplace.

Question 50

Some sociologists would argue that interaction and communication between people from other nations and cultures has been improved due to the facilitation provided by technology and online networks.

Question 51

Sociologists have found that race and gender have little effect on an individual's social capital,as the average size of people's social networks does not vary significantly.

Question 52

Explain the difference between transformational and transactional leadership.

Question 53

______ capital refers to money and material that can be used to produce goods and services;social capital refers to personal connections and networks that enable people to accomplish goals.

Question 54

Family,friends,professors,and acquaintances on social networks can all contribute to building an individual's social capital.

Question 55

Diversity and inclusive group practices can only have positive outcomes,such as encouraging understanding and empathy between different groups.

Question 56

The success of INGOs is often limited because they usually lack the legal power or authority to enforce actions or policies.

Question 57

______ organizations are those that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership.

Question 58

The organizational chart of a bureaucracy is typically ______ shaped.

Question 59

A ______ organization is rationally designed to achieve particular objectives by means of explicit rules,regulations,and procedures.

Question 60

While following group norms,such as getting a tattoo or a piercing or wearing the trendiest brand of jeans,seems relatively harmless,conformity to group pressure can lead to destructive behavior,such as drug abuse or serious crimes against others.

Question 61

James and Lena are best friends and roommates but lately haven't been getting along as well.Nkechi moves in next door,and the three of them all start hanging out together.Discuss the effect that size may have on the group's relationships.Imagine a scenario where an alliance or coalition may form within the group,and explain the group dynamics that may occur.

Question 62

Think of a bureaucracy that you have encountered in your life.Evaluate the extent to which this bureaucracy fit the ideal type.Critically examine how this bureaucracy reflected the irrationalities of rationality.

Question 63

As group size increases,the intensity of relationships within the group decreases while overall group stability increases.Explain what is meant by this statement,and illustrate it with examples.

Question 64

Provide a definition of an IGO and an INGO.Discuss the differences in their missions,stakeholders,and programs.

Question 65

Explain what is meant by the iron cage of bureaucracy.List and describe the three irrationalities of rationality.

Question 66

Identify and define the three types of formal organizations.Provide examples of each,and discuss the differences between them.

Question 67

Use a conflict approach to discuss social closure and exclusion,particularly when it comes to race,class,and gender.Use specific examples.

Question 68

Explore the relationship between group membership and academic achievement.Include some discussion of family,peers,sports,academic tracking,and/or extracurricular activities.

Question 69

Apply conflict theory to conformity and obedience.How is conformity and obedience a reflection of power and inequality in society?

Question 70

Discuss the growth and spread of global organizations.Provide a few reasons,grounded in sociological theory,for why this is happening.How is having global organizations useful? How can they be problematic?

Question 71

Max Weber identified what he referred to as the ideal type of bureaucracy-the characteristics that would be found if the quintessential bureaucracy existed.List and describe the five characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy.Illustrate it with examples from different types of bureaucracies.

Question 72

Apply a functionalist and conflict approach to the formation of the different types of formal organizations.

Question 73

Explain the school of thought known as structuralism.Include a discussion of economic capital,social capital,and group membership as part of the reproduction of socioeconomic status.

Question 74

Think of a well-known political or social movement or educational leader,past or present,American or international.Theorize about how the individual came to be a leader,what type of power the individual earned or utilized,and what type of group the individual led.

Question 75

Groups are the building blocks of a functioning society.Discuss this statement,and explain why groups are so important.Do you agree or disagree with the statement?

Question 76

Explain the differences between positional power,personal power,and legitimate authority,and provide an example of each.

Question 77

Define social and economic capital,and discuss its role in the reproduction of socioeconomic status in society.

Question 78

Explain the difference between a primary group and a secondary group,and provide an example of each group of which you are a member.

Question 79

Explain what is meant by the iron law of oligarchy and its relationship to democracy.

Question 80

Provide an example of a secondary group that exists online.Discuss how conformity,exclusion,leadership,and social capital may play out in this online group.