Deck 2: Socialization and Social Interaction

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT outlined as one of the major agents of socialization?

A)work
B)religion
C)romantic relationships
D)family

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following explanations of the self is associated with George Herbert Mead?

A)The socialized ego suppresses the impulsive id.
B)The conventional and conforming me controls the impulsive and creative I.
C)The generalized other mediates the actions of the inner child.
D)The simple I learns to take on the roles of the generalized other.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of social learning?

A)Jaylynn joins the softball team because she likes her father's attention and praise when they play catch.
B)Allison starts taking a faster route to work after her manager reprimands her for being late three days in a row.
C)Robert decides to join a yoga class after reading an article about its stress-relieving qualities.
D)Sebastian buys a nicotine patch after his friends chastise him for smoking cigarettes.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Piaget's idea that the ability to make logical decisions increases as a person grows older is referred to as ______.

A)moral development
B)logical progression
C)cognitive development
D)cognitive capacity progress

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT considered part of adolescent subculture?

A)unique fads and fashions in dress and hairstyles
B)a special vocabulary frowned on and misunderstood by adults
C)a less tolerant attitude toward drug experimentation
D)knowledge of underground media,music,and Internet sites

Question 6

Which of the following behaviors is most likely the result of family socialization?

A)texting and holding a face-to-face conversation at the same time
B)standing during the playing of the national anthem
C)arriving to an important appointment 15 minutes early
D)performing specific household chores

Question 7

Which of the following influence us to take into account society's norms and values that may or may not serve our self-interest?

A)primary groups
B)significant others
C)looking-glass self
D)generalized other

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

A)considered a psychological perspective
B)challenged early theories that human behavior was primarily instinctual
C)used experiments that looked at effects of punishment and reward
D)concluded that while humans could learn behaviors,animals could not

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the influence of reference groups?

A)buying a pink iPod because it's your favorite color
B)picking a particular laptop because of a tech expert's positive review
C)purchasing a smartphone because your coworkers tease you about your "dumb" phone
D)"liking" an article on Facebook that your friend posted

Question 10

Which of the following statements best represents most sociologists' stance on nurture versus nature?

A)The majority of our behavior can be explained as instinctual and biologically predetermined.
B)All of our behavior is learned.Biology has nothing to do with it.
C)The majority of our behavior is learned,but the capacity to learn many behaviors is biological.
D)We can begin learning social behavior at any point in our lives and experience the same success.

Question 11

Which of the following is not included in Freud's explanation of the human mind?

A)the id-basic biological drives and needs
B)the alter ego-the true,hidden desires of an individual
C)the ego-the core of a person's personality
D)the superego-internalized values and norms of society

Question 12

We are constantly forming ideas about how others perceive and judge us.The resulting self-image is known as ______.

A)the looking-glass self
B)the superego
C)the generalized other
D)internalized personality

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT outlined in Mead's four stages of socialization?

A)play stage
B)game stage
C)adult stage
D)postconventional stage

Question 14

What is the sociological definition of significant others?

A)specific people important in a child's life who have the greatest impact on her or his self-evaluation
B)relationships characterized by intense emotional ties,face-to-face interaction,intimacy,and a strong,enduring sense of commitment
C)our abstract sense of self that comes from society's norms and values
D)people of similar age and social standing that influence our norms and values

Question 15

Which of the following does NOT represent the idea of extended family and shared child-rearing common in Latino and African American families?

A)an older sister inviting her younger brother to hang out with her and her friends
B)a grandmother babysitting her granddaughter after school until her mother leaves work
C)an older cousin looking out for a younger cousin on the first day of high school
D)a neighbor keeping an eye on children playing outside the apartment building

Question 16

Reward-and-punishment effects are most closely associated with which theory?

A)role-taking theory
B)social learning theory
C)Piaget's theory of cognitive development
D)Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Question 17

Psychoanalysis,the psychological perspective that emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of the conscious and unconscious mind,is associated with which major theorist?

A)George Herbert Mead
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Charles H.Cooley
D)Jean Piaget

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of socialization?

A)is a primary way of reproducing culture
B)occurs only in early childhood
C)is often an unconscious process
D)shapes how we think and behave

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true about socialization?

A)It is an active process.
B)It ends when we become adults.
C)It is our primary way of reproducing culture.
D)It allows individuals to construct a sense of who they are.

Question 20

Lessons taught through teachers' differing expectations based on the social backgrounds of students are referred to as ______.

A)textbook socialization
B)the official curriculum
C)the curriculum of inequality
D)the hidden curriculum

Question 21

Which of the following examples illustrates a conversational breakdown?

A)Customer: "Are all of these vegetables organic?" Vendor: "The squashes,broccoli,and peas are locally and organically grown."
B)Cashier: "Would you like your receipt?" Customer: "No,you can throw it away."
C)Dater 1: "So where did you grow up?" Dater 2: "Oh,I went to college at Green State University."
D)Restaurant server: "Would you like fries with that?" Customer: "Ugh,no,fries are so unhealthy."

Question 22

Socialization occurs primarily during early childhood.By adolescence,very little socialization takes place.

Question 23

Declining marriage rates and high rates of divorce are part of the changing family patterns in the United States.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mass media as an agent of socialization?

A)can take the form of movies,music,books,and television
B)is a flow of information from a single source to a wide audience
C)is considered a direct cause of increasing rates of violence
D)the higher the amount of exposure,the greater its influence

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of religion as an agent of socialization?

A)is often ineffective because members do not fear any real negative consequences
B)dictates specific rules about dress and hairstyle
C)teaches members particular morals and values
D)uses fear of ostracism to control behavior

Question 26

Institutions with rules that govern all aspects of daily life are referred to as ______.

A)anticipatory socialization
B)total institutions
C)institutions of control
D)regulatory institutions

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the resocialization process?

A)Punish undesirable behaviors with humiliation and difficult chores.
B)Break down an individual's sense of self by invading his or her privacy.
C)Enforce strict and largely arbitrary rules that restrict an individual's clothing and hairstyle choices.
D)Encourage members to identify with and form close bonds with their fellow members.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an example of conversation analysis?

A)an investigation into the way people recognize and produce coherent conversation
B)the study of conversational breakdowns and techniques used to repair them
C)when an individual intensely scrutinizes the appropriateness of his or her own behavior after a social interaction
D)the analysis of the use of power in conversation

Question 29

"All the world is a stage." Which sociological approach to studying social interaction does this quote most closely relate to?

A)presentation of self
B)theatrical approach
C)dramaturgical approach
D)Shakespearean social interaction

Question 30

Postadolescent socialization for adults in the United States typically begins with which agent of socialization?

A)family
B)work
C)religion
D)education

Question 31

Imitating the behaviors of the lawyers in a law firm you hope to join is an example of what?

A)conformity
B)cognitive development
C)anticipatory socialization
D)behaviorism

Question 32

Which of the following is characteristic of organized sports as an agent of socialization?

A)presumed to "build character" and to contribute to hard work and competitiveness
B)decreased academic performance relative to nonparticipants
C)higher rates of teen sexual activity and pregnancy among girls
D)less likely to hold negative attitudes about homosexuality among boys

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true about social interaction?

A)cultures around the world follow the same guidelines
B)social norms govern behaviors
C)requires conformity to social conventions
D)made possible by language

Question 34

Sociologists would argue that children may have a difficult time adjusting when their divorced parent remarries because they are unfamiliar with the norms,values,and behavior of the new stepparent.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the upward trend of older adults staying in the workforce longer?

A)an economic pressure to continue working for pay
B)the larger number of women in the workforce who are choosing to stay longer
C)the loss of Social Security benefits for many of the elderly
D)improving health in the senior population

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Goffman's theory of the presentation of self?

A)Individuals engage in ongoing impression management.
B)Individuals desire to control and define social situations through their actions.
C)The use of dress,objects,and tone are not considered instrumental to the process.
D)Individuals monitor others to look for clues about how to behave.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a sociological understanding of conversation?

A)People use numerous techniques to repair conversational breakdowns,such as awkward silences or misunderstandings.
B)Larger social structures,such as gender and class,have no real influence.
C)People engage in turn taking,in which one person waits and listens while the other person speaks.
D)Power differentials,such as between men and women or between a manager and employee,can be revealed.

Question 38

Which of the following would be considered a violation of "normal" social interaction in the United States?

A)saying "bless you" when someone sneezes
B)refusing to shake a new acquaintance's hand when it is offered
C)instructing a taxi driver on how to reach your destination
D)saying "thank you" to the driver as you exit the bus

Question 39

The body of commonsense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary members of a society make sense of their social circumstances and interactions is referred to as ______.

A)ethnography
B)ethnomethodology
C)conversational analysis
D)social learning

Question 40

Adolescents spend more time with their peers than they do with their family and often respect the opinions of their friends more than their parents.

Question 41

Discuss the role that language development plays in socialization.Illustrate it with examples of people who experienced little socialization from the text.

Question 42

Carol Gilligan's critique that women tend to use care-based forms of moral reasoning while men use justice-based forms of moral reasoning has been widely supported by empirical data.

Question 43

An illegal occupation,such as taking apart stolen cars or selling drugs,can serve as workplace socialization even if the norms,values,and skills are deviant.

Question 44

Social learning theory is considered a good theory because it can explain all given outcomes of an experiment,whether the subject responded to the stimuli or not.

Question 45

Participating in a family movie night would be considered a primary group interaction,whereas attending a school field trip to a local theater would be considered a(n)______ group interaction.

Question 46

Seniors are underrepresented in U.S.media programming and advertisements relative to their numbers in the nation's population,and older characters are portrayed as ______ than in the real world.

Question 47

______ groups are small and characterized by intense emotional ties,face-to-face interaction,intimacy,and commitment,whereas secondary groups are large and impersonal,characterized by fleeting relationships.

Question 48

Because children spend the majority of their time at school,education is considered the first and foremost source of socialization in all societies.

Question 49

Examples of individuals such as "Genie" and Victor reveal that socially isolated children can fully develop their social and intellectual skills when they are later exposed to socialization.

Question 50

Most sociologists agree that humans are more egocentric and self-centered as infants.

Question 51

Internet users cannot form close ties and friendships in virtual communities.

Question 52

An example of role taking would be a teenager imagining his or her parent's angry reaction and punishment as he or she decides whether or not to get a facial piercing.

Question 53

Cyberbullying is not considered as serious as physical or verbal bullying because it seldom carries over into real-life interactions.

Question 54

Working-class parents often teach their children obedience and respect for authority,whereas ______-class parents teach their children creativity and spontaneity.

Question 55

Choose one of following institutions that are considered total institutions: military,prison,medical hospital,mental hospital,or rehabilitation center.Explain why it would be considered a total institution,and identify how members are resocialized.Discuss whether or not you think the particular institution is effective at resocialization.

Question 56

Conventional or common wisdom says,"Back in my day,parents weren't afraid to use the belt,and kids were much better behaved.A little spanking never hurt anyone." Use sociological reasoning and evidence to challenge this statement.

Question 57

The front stage refers to when social actors are engaged in a process of impression management through the use of props,costumes,gestures,and language,whereas the ______ stage is when actors let down their masks and practice their impression management.

Question 58

Although a notable proportion of U.S.residents identify as atheists,the majority of Americans are members of a religion.

Question 59

Discuss the debate on nature versus nurture in the context of theories of socialization.

Question 60

According to Charles H.Cooley,a person's low self-esteem can be explained entirely by childhood experiences;a negative experience in adulthood would have little effect.

Question 61

Propose a research a study that looks at religion as an agent of socialization.Include discussion of how you would frame your research question and what theory or theories you would use,select an appropriate research methodology,weigh any ethical implications,and discuss any challenges or threats to data collection,reliability,or validity that may arise.

Question 62

Discuss the difference between the I and the me and the relationship between the two,as theorized by George Herbert Mead.

Question 63

Illustrate,using examples,how an individual could be socialized throughout his or her life course.Include both positive and negative socialization from the family,school,workplace,and at least one other institution not mentioned in the text.

Question 64

Explain what is meant by an agent of socialization.Pick two agents of socialization,and discuss their influence.

Question 65

Define primary groups,secondary groups,and reference groups,and provide an example of each from your own experience.

Question 66

Explain the relationship between Cooley's looking-glass self and reference groups.

Question 67

Discuss the relationship between behaviorism and social learning theory.Evaluate its strengths and weaknesses.

Question 68

Apply a functionalist perspective to the concept of a hidden curriculum.

Question 69

Explain the difference between significant others and the generalized other,as outlined by George Herbert Mead.

Question 70

Explain what sociologists can learn from conversation analysis.Provide an example of a research study that uses conversation analysis.

Question 71

Explore the relationship between gender and socialization,including how people are socialized differently as children in their family,schools,sports,and peer groups.Include an application of conversation analysis.

Question 72

Compare and contrast the theories of two of the following theorists-Cooley,Mead,Freud,Piaget,or Kohlberg-in regard to the self and social development.

Question 73

Explain Lawrence Kohlberg's three stages of moral development,and illustrate them with examples of how an individual might approach a moral dilemma at each stage.

Question 74

Evaluate the strengths and weakness of two theories of socialization and social interaction.

Question 75

Explain George Herbert Mead's four stages of socialization.Illustrate each stage with an example.

Question 76

Explain Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 77

Think of an institution you participate in,such as work,an internship,school,or a volunteer organization.Use the symbolic interactionist approach to analyze the social interactions you witness there.Include some discussion of spoken words,gestures,body language,or other symbols and cues.

Question 78

Define the term anticipatory socialization.Think of an example from your own experience,and discuss how you participated in anticipatory socialization.

Question 79

Discuss the relationships between media,violence,and socialization.Apply one sociological theory to explain this relationship.

Question 80

Explain Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach to social interaction.Briefly discuss the presentation of the self,and illustrate the four techniques social actors utilize (dramatic realization,idealization,misrepresentation,and mystification)with examples.