Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Naveen's law school application has just been rejected. His friend George, an Aboriginal Canadian, has been accepted. Naveen blames his failure on a supposed "Aboriginal quota" that made it easier for George to be accepted. What is Naveen engaging in?

A) prejudice
B) scapegoating
C) discrimination
D) authoritarianism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following refers to unfair treatment of people based on their real or imagined group membership?

A) racism
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) scapegoating

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Suppose that Italians are overrepresented among professional athletes in Germany, but not in the U.S. Which of the following would explain the difference?

A) different levels of discrimination
B) different levels of intelligence
C) different levels of physical ability
D) different levels of state funding for sports

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Robert does not want to take part in the math competition at school, because many Asian students participate and he believes that they are innately better at math. What does Robert's attitude illustrate?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) scapegoating
D) authoritarianism

Question 5

Why is the level of participation of people with African origins relatively high in sports and entertainment?

A) because they possess natural talents for them
B) because they work harder at them
C) because they lack alternative options for mobility
D) because they lack role models in other occupations

Question 6

What is the social function of the belief in high athletic ability of black Americans?

A) to maintain solidarity
B) to maintain inequality
C) to decrease the level of inequality
D) to decrease the level of racism

Question 7

According to the text, what is the main difference between race and ethnicity?

A) Racial categorizations are more scientifically determined.
B) People can be multiracial, but they can't be multiethnic.
C) Race is cultural characteristics; ethnicity is physical attributes.
D) Ethnicity is cultural characteristics; race is physical attributes.

Question 8

Which of the following is factual regarding race and brain size?

A) The racial background of individuals can be determined by skull size.
B) The racial background of individuals can be determined by skull shape.
C) The sex of individuals can often be determined by skull size.
D) The sex of individuals can often be determined by skull shape.

Question 9

Jason's mother is from Singapore and his father is Irish Canadian. When Jason reports having multiple ethnic identities in a survey, he responds the same as approximately what percentage of Canadians?

A) 20 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 10

Janet, a white woman, is walking down the street and notices a large dark-skinned man walking toward her on the sidewalk. Frightened, she crosses the road away from him. What might Janet's behaviour illustrate?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) scapegoating
D) authoritarianism

Question 11

Racist beliefs are often challenged by research evidence. Based on the example of Peter Sandiford, who studied IQ and race in 1920s Canada, what would one predict for researchers who find themselves in this situation?

A) They will repeat the research to see where they made their mistake.
B) They will ignore or explain away conclusions that challenge their beliefs.
C) They will seek out competing explanations to try to formulate a compromise.
D) They will change their beliefs to incorporate the new knowledge.

Question 12

Which of the following can be concluded about genetic differences between races?

A) Recent research demonstrates that racial differences are more significant than previously thought.
B) Recent research demonstrates that about 5 percent of the biological differences between humans are due to race.
C) Recent research demonstrates that about 5 percent of the cultural differences between humans are due to race.
D) Recent research demonstrates that genetic mixing is so widespread that it is impossible to sort populations into distinct races.

Question 13

A young Aboriginal couple come to view the basement suite the Simpsons want to rent out. They seem nice and have good references, but the Simpsons refuse them, worrying that the couple may not be able to pay rent regularly. What are the Simpsons demonstrating?

A) scapegoating
B) discrimination
C) prejudice
D) authoritarianism

Question 14

Which of the following refers to a judgment about a person based on preconceived ideas about the group that person belongs to?

A) racism
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) scapegoating

Question 15

Which of the following abilities has been demonstrated as biologically based?

A) intelligence
B) athletic ability
C) singing and dancing abilities
D) childbearing

Question 16

Approximately what percentage of Canadians reported having more than one ethnic identity in the 2011 National Household Survey?

A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 40 percent

Question 17

Why did Dr. Samuel George Morton's research on brain size and race have such long-lasting and far-reaching effects?

A) because it reinforced and perpetuated dominant ideas about inferiority and superiority
B) because he was one of a handful of educated people conducting scientific research
C) because his findings replicated, and finally demonstrated conclusively, the results of earlier studies
D) because his findings were replicated, and finally demonstrated conclusively, by later studies

Question 18

According to the textbook, do racial stereotypes have basis in reality?

A) Yes, they reflect preexisting systems of racial inequality.
B) Yes, they reflect biological reality on races.
C) No, they are completely groundless.
D) No, because they reflect ancient history and not contemporary reality.

Question 19

Which of the following critiques of the research on IQ tests and race is NOT discussed in the textbook?

A) IQ scores increased as people were able to afford better education.
B) IQ scores increased as enriched educational facilities were provided to the poor.
C) There is no evidence to suggest that group IQ differences are biologically based.
D) IQ tests are culturally biased and based on knowledge more familiar to some groups in society.

Question 20

Which social processes were Dr. Samuel George Morton's research on brain size and race used to justify?

A) globalization and modernization
B) stratification and global expansion
C) colonization and slavery
D) the scientific method and rationalization

Question 21

Which of the following refers to members of subordinate groups who are blamed for societal problems?

A) racists
B) minority groups
C) stereotypes
D) scapegoats

Question 22

Which of the following refers to people who share ancestry, language, customs, religion, and a geographic region?

A) an ethnic group
B) a racial group
C) an immigrant group
D) a majority group

Question 23

How does the textbook explain differential economic success of ethnic groups in late-twentieth-century Canada?

A) by human universals
B) by cultural attributes
C) by structural conditions
D) by biological characteristics

Question 24

According to the textbook, which of the following original principles of multiculturalism was neglected in its early practical application?

A) forging of unique Canadian identity
B) non-selective immigration policy
C) equity and inclusion
D) cultural diversity

Question 25

Based on the textbook's discussion of race, why might some experts refer to it as "our most dangerous myth"?

A) because people believe that meaningful racial differences exist
B) because people do not believe in important racial differences
C) because it is the most significant factor in determining one's personal safety
D) because it is incorrectly believed to determine one's personal safety

Question 26

Racist organizations like the Heritage Front in Canada recruit new members among those hit hardest by economic downturns, explaining to people that their economic problems are due to Jewish greed and a Zionist plot to take over the world. What are Jews in this example?

A) scapegoats
B) innocent victims
C) majority group members
D) racialized exemplars

Question 27

According to Porter, which of the following was important for maintaining the vertical mosaic?

A) retention of ethnic cultures
B) conservative political values
C) institutional racism
D) selective immigration

Question 28

Race is to biology as ethnicity is to which of the following?

A) cohesion
B) dissent
C) structure
D) culture

Question 29

Seo-yun and her parents moved to Canada from South Korea when she was nine years old. Now, at the age of 25, she is filling out a census form and she registers herself as a Canadian, even though the form would allow her to acknowledge her ethnic roots. What does this imply about the concept of ethnicity?

A) It is situational, variable, and flexible.
B) It no longer applies after 15 years in a new country.
C) It is fixed, static, and measurable.
D) It is inferior to racial definitions.

Question 30

According to the textbook, what is responsible for the relative economic success of Jews and Koreans in Canada?

A) cultural values emphasizing hard work and deferred gratification
B) legal action against prejudice and discrimination
C) selective immigration policies
D) multicultural and affirmative action policies

Question 31

During World War II the Canadian government relocated, interned, and confiscated the assets of all the Japanese Canadians who lived anywhere near the British Columbia coast, blaming them for attacks on Pearl Harbor. What were the Japanese Canadians in this situation?

A) traitors
B) scapegoats
C) immigrants
D) racialized others

Question 32

Halyna speaks Ukrainian fluently, makes traditional food, dances at traditional festivals, and was married at the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Which of the following is she a part of?

A) the power elite
B) a majority group
C) an ethnic group
D) a racial group

Question 33

Which of the following are the Mi'kmaq, the Coast Salish, and the Mohawk examples of?

A) ethnic groups
B) races
C) immigrant groups
D) majority groups

Question 34

Who coined the term "the vertical mosaic"?

A) John Lie
B) John Porter
C) Peter Sandiford
D) Edna Bonacich

Question 35

Which of the following is the current focus of Canadian multicultural policy?

A) forging of unique Canadian identity
B) non-selective immigration policy
C) equity and inclusion
D) cultural diversity

Question 36

What conclusion does the textbook reach regarding the concept of race?

A) Race does not matter.
B) Race is meaningless because there are no racial differences in thought and behaviour.
C) Race is significant because people believe that it is and act on the basis of their beliefs.
D) Race is the most important factor of people's position in the stratification system.

Question 37

Which of the following was an outcome of immigration in Canada in the middle of the twentieth century?

A) The French retained most of their earlier political and economic control.
B) Canada was stratified more by class than by the race or ethnicity of immigrants.
C) Later immigrants to Canada enjoyed levels of power and prestige similar to the earlier immigrants.
D) There were large differences in status between immigrants from Europe and immigrants from Asia.

Question 38

Which of the following refers to the distinctly Canadian pattern of ethnic and racial stratification?

A) ethnic hierarchy
B) melting pot
C) vertical mosaic
D) multiculturalism

Question 39

What explains the lesser economic success of recent immigrants to Canada in the 1990s than in the 1970s?

A) higher importance of ethnic and racial cultures
B) lower educational credentials
C) high rates of unemployment
D) discriminatory immigration policies

Question 40

What does the fact that Italians, Jews, and Irish people were considered "blacks" by many people a hundred years ago suggest?

A) Dark-skinned Mediterraneans have often been confused with other races.
B) Distinctions based on race are often made on the basis of facial features, as well as skin colour.
C) Skin colour, not ethnic background, is the most important determinant of racial distinctions.
D) Distinctions based on race are arbitrary, socially constructed, and transitory.

Question 41

Which of the following would have most freedom in adopting an ethnic identity?

A) Irish Canadians
B) Jamaican Canadians
C) Chinese Canadians
D) Aboriginal Canadians

Question 42

What is Herbert Gans's term for the nostalgia and pride one can feel about one's ethnic roots without being constrained by them in one's daily life?

A) false ethnicity
B) ephemeral ethnicity
C) transitory ethnicity
D) symbolic ethnicity

Question 43

Nation X has an ideology that supports an official policy of "live and let live," whereby immigrants are encouraged to maintain their cultural heritage and to integrate it with elements of Nation X. What is this type of ideology called?

A) universal diversity
B) multiculturalism
C) cultural merge
D) melting pot

Question 44

Jillian lost her job to an immigrant from Country X. Jillian is upset because she knows that the immigrant is working for $5 less per hour, so the company is making more profit. However, Jillian's hostility is focused on the immigrant, not the company. What theory would best be used to describe Jillian's reaction?

A) functionalist theory
B) internal colonialism theory
C) split labour market theory
D) symbolic interactionist theory

Question 45

Which of the following groups is most likely to adhere to symbolic ethnicity but not be affected by ethnicity in their everyday life?

A) Aboriginal Canadians
B) Jamaican Canadians
C) Irish Canadians
D) Chinese Canadians

Question 46

According to the textbook, who participates in the process of negotiation that leads to adoption and change of racial and ethnic labels?

A) political parties
B) the government and the people
C) domestic and foreign governments
D) group members and outsiders

Question 47

What determines whether a group will be defined as racial or ethnic?

A) cultural definition
B) social construction
C) cultural identity
D) biology

Question 48

Which of the following forms of ethnic behaviour would Irish Canadians be most likely to engage in today?

A) lobbying against racial and ethnic discrimination
B) attending weekly masses at an Irish church
C) attending classes of Gaelic language
D) attending a St. Patrick's day parade

Question 49

Jews in Canada were once defined as a race and are now defined as an ethnic group. Which of the following characteristics of Canadian Jews best explains this change?

A) cultural development
B) changes in citizenship
C) upward mobility
D) self-identification

Question 50

Which of the following is a reason for challenging the term "Indian" as it pertains to North American Indigenous people?

A) because it refers only to certain indigenous groups and it is incorrectly applied to all
B) because it is a name erroneously given to Indigenous people by a lost colonial explorer
C) because it reflects a lifestyle that is no longer relevant in contemporary society
D) because it is too narrow to reflect the Pan-Indian reality of North America

Question 51

The school board abolished an old regulation that no students from Country X would be admitted. The regulation had been put in place because the board believed (at the time) that people from Country X were less intelligent and unable to achieve appropriate academic standards. The reasoning for this old regulation is an example of which of the following?

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) normativity
D) intersectionality

Question 52

Which of the following Canadians would be able to choose his race and ethnicity most easily and successfully?

A) Robert, a 35-year-old Jamaican lawyer
B) Jung-Hwa, a 25-year-old Korean student
C) Conan, a 20-year-old Scottish hair stylist
D) Peter, a 30-year-old Métis construction worker

Question 53

Which of the following is meant by Jean-Paul Sartre's statement "the anti-Semite creates the Jew"?

A) The identity of Jews in particular is socially constructed and based on angst.
B) Jewish identities are mainly shaped by anti-Semitism.
C) People's ethnic identification is shaped partly by the way others perceive and act toward them.
D) Any ethnic identity based on hatred is unstable and changeable.

Question 54

Alisha is studying the process of identity formation among second-generation immigrants. Which of the following sociological theories would best help her analyze the way people negotiate identity?

A) theory of internal colonialism
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionism
D) split labour market theory

Question 55

What prompted Italian Canadians to see themselves as a distinctive group in Canada around 1900?

A) being defined that way by government officials and other Canadian residents
B) the recent unification of Italy
C) preferential immigration policies toward Italians and Greeks
D) deportation if they refused to identify with a country instead of a region

Question 56

What has been the outcome of Canadian-U.S. differences on the retention of immigrant culture following immigration?

A) American immigrants are more likely to acquire citizenship.
B) Canadian immigrants are more likely to acquire citizenship.
C) American immigrants are much more successful economically.
D) Canadian immigrants are much more successful economically.

Question 57

Which of the following Canadians is least likely to be able to enjoy symbolic ethnicity?

A) Maggie, the Irish marine biologist
B) Alain, the French engineer
C) Ina, the German nurse
D) Russell, the South Asian comedian

Question 58

Ole looks forward to the Norske Dager festival every year. He can spend the weekend catching up with family and friends, practising his few remembered words of Norwegian, and observing reactions as he walks around in his Viking outfit. What is Ole engaging in?

A) symbolic ethnicity
B) ephemeral ethnicity
C) transitory ethnicity
D) false ethnicity

Question 59

In June 1939, the St. Louis ocean liner arrived off the east coast of Canada carrying more than 900 Jewish refugees fleeing Germany. The Canadian government refused to allow them to enter Canada, since immigration policies restricted the entrance of people who were not WASPs (white Anglo-Saxon Protestant) or from the United Kingdom. What term describes this denial of entrance?

A) institutional racism
B) ethnic prejudice
C) primordialist practice
D) new racism

Question 60

In a sociology class discussing racism, Vincent asserts that the Canadian government is racist, given the ways by which it has exploited and unfairly treated the Indigenous peoples in Canada. What type of explanation is Vincent giving?

A) Marxist
B) functionalist
C) interactionist
D) normative

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a form of internal colonialism in Canada?

A) conquest
B) expulsion
C) slavery
D) migration

Question 62

Which of the following refers to the belief that one social group is superior to another on the basis of some visible characteristic and that inferiority of a group justifies unequal treatment.

A) scapegoating
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) race relations

Question 63

Which of the following is the most recent movement for Aboriginal rights in Canada?

A) Occupy Movement
B) Idle No More
C) Indigenous Front
D) Alliance for Mother Earth

Question 64

What is significant about the Beothuk population of Newfoundland and Labrador?

A) Their chief was a member of the first government of Canada at Confederation, giving them rights other Indigenous people did not have.
B) They were offered incentives by the European settlers to murder the neighbouring Mi'kmaq.
C) They were hunted, killed, and driven out of their traditional territory until they became extinct.
D) They are the most populous First Nation in Canada today, outnumbering all other groups by two to one.

Question 65

Learning from the history of relations between the British and the French in Canada, which of the following areas of public life is the best to control if a group wishes to hold power over another?

A) language
B) religion
C) commerce
D) culture

Question 66

By what percent did the Indigenous population in Canada decrease as a direct result of contact with white settlers?

A) 45
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75

Question 67

Which of the following refers to the process whereby one group of people within a nation gain control over the others and segregate them in most areas of social life?

A) genocide
B) cultural imperialism
C) internal colonialism
D) colonialism

Question 68

A researcher hires 10 black and 10 European actors to answer employment ads. All use the same resume and show the same skills during interviews. In the end, the black actors receive 3 job offers and the European actors receive 8. For which of the following concepts does this study provide evidence?

A) nationalism
B) racism
C) chauvinism
D) authoritarianism

Question 69

Suppose a police station requires all officers to wear the same uniform and prohibits Sikh officers from wearing turbans. Which of the following is the station engaging in?

A) institutional racism
B) racial profiling
C) systemic racism
D) systemic profiling

Question 70

Steven is a store owner downtown and is convinced that Aboriginal people are thieves. Every time an Aboriginal person comes into his store he follows them around, finding any excuse he can to kick them out of the store. What is Steven practising?

A) racism
B) scapegoating
C) assimilation
D) expulsion

Question 71

Which of the following characterized Canada in the nineteenth century?

A) cultural imperialism
B) internal colonialism
C) symbolic ethnicity
D) colonialism

Question 72

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to a system of internal colonialism?

A) segregated school system
B) a parliamentary quota for representation of the colonized
C) public reconciliation between the colonizers and the colonized
D) conversion of the colonized peoples to the religion of the colonizer

Question 73

According to the textbook, which of the following is the main effect of internal colonialism?

A) assimilation
B) integration
C) lack of integration
D) lack of assimilation

Question 74

What did Hitler's systematic plan to exterminate people of Jewish extraction exemplify?

A) expulsion
B) conquest
C) colonization
D) genocide

Question 75

According to the textbook, how were Aboriginal people depicted in Canadian school textbooks until the mid-twentieth century?

A) as "noble savages"
B) as primitive, yet exotic, "others"
C) as crafty, manipulative, and villainous
D) as gentle, peaceful hunter-gatherers

Question 76

With regard to Indigenous people in Canada, which of the following charges have been levelled at the Canadian government?

A) genocide and expulsion
B) segregation and accommodation
C) accommodation and assimilation
D) expulsion and segregation

Question 77

According to the textbook, which of the following is the main process through which internal colonialism is accomplished?

A) assimilation
B) integration
C) association
D) segregation

Question 78

According to the textbook, which of the following were NOT subjected to internal colonialism in Canada?

A) the French
B) Ukrainians
C) Indigenous peoples
D) Africans

Question 79

Which of the following terms refers to the intentional murder of a whole population?

A) expulsion
B) genocide
C) colonization
D) conquest

Question 80

Expulsion, conquest, and slavery are forms of which of the following?

A) internal colonialism
B) segregation
C) genocide
D) revolution