Deck 11: Sexualities and Gender Stratification

Question 1

When Carolina is interested in nurturing her baby dolls and playing with her Easy Bake oven, which of the following does she conform to?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following refers to cultural expectations about the ways that males and females should act?

A) gender
B) gender role
C) gender identity
D) gender assignment

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the textbook, approximately what percent of the population is transgender?

A) 0.3
B) 1.3
C) 2.0
D) 2.3

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sara's grandma believes that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers. When Sara asks her why she thinks this, grandma replies that males are innately competitive and females are innately more nurturing. Which of the following perspectives is grandma adhering to?

A) hegemonic sexuality
B) postmodernism
C) essentialism
D) nature versus nurture

Question 5

Which of the following is consistent with a person's gender?

A) chromosomes, hormones, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-identification

Question 6

Jack is playing with his friends in the backyard. His slightly younger friend Tyler brings over one of his sister's dolls. Jack tells him they can't play with the doll because they are boys. What is this incident teaching Tyler?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) gender role

Question 7

Omar's mother assumes that he will find a nice girl to settle down with and have lots of children in the future. According to the textbook, what social assumption does this statement best reflect?

A) selective heterosexuality
B) hegemonic sexuality
C) monogamous normativity
D) heteronormativity

Question 8

During an ultrasound, Lila is told that her baby is a girl based on the baby's genitalia. As a result, Lila went on a shopping spree for infant frilly dresses, dolls, and pink paint for the nursery. Which of the following do genitalia exemplify?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender identity
D) gender

Question 9

Which of the following constitutes a person's sexuality?

A) chromosomes, hormones, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-identification

Question 10

Dr. Bains discovers that when the male embryos she has been researching in the lab failed to receive a significant dose of testosterone at about six weeks of gestation, the genitalia fail to fuse to form a penis. If this embryo were carried to full term, what would the resulting infant be called today?

A) female
B) hermaphrodite
C) intersex
D) bisexual

Question 11

Genetically speaking, what makes a person a woman?

A) an XXY 23rd chromosome
B) an XXYY 23rd chromosome
C) an XX 23rd chromosome
D) an XY 23rd chromosome

Question 12

Which of the following terms refers to infants born with ambiguous genitalia?

A) hermaphrodites
B) intersex
C) conjoined
D) she-males

Question 13

Which of the following constitutes a person's sex?

A) chromosomes, hormones, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-identification

Question 14

Which of the following constitutes a person's gender identity?

A) chromosomes, hormones, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 15

Which of the following refers to a preference for the "opposite" sex as sexual partners?

A) sexuality
B) heterosexuality
C) homosexuality
D) heteronormativity

Question 16

Philippe is a macho guy who looks forward to settling down with a lovely woman and having children. What concept do Philippe's wishes exemplify?

A) gender identity
B) sex roles
C) heteronormativity
D) sexuality

Question 17

Which of the following theorists would be the least likely to acknowledge that a person's gender identity may change during their lifetime?

A) a symbolic interactionist
B) a conflict theorist
C) a feminist
D) a functionalist

Question 18

What term is applied to the belief that sex is binary and ought to be perfectly aligned with gender, and that appropriate sexual relations are restricted between people of the opposite sex?

A) heterosexuality
B) cisgenderism
C) heteronormativity
D) gender dysphobic

Question 19

Taylor, a two-year-old, thinks of herself as a girl. Which of the following has she developed?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 20

Which of the following refers to the alignment of sex, sexuality, gender, and gender roles in relations based on the binary categories of male and female?

A) gender identity
B) sex roles
C) heterosexuality
D) heteronormativity

Question 21

According to essentialists, what is the common cause for female greed and male promiscuity?

A) capitalism
B) division of labour
C) social stability
D) reproductive advantage

Question 22

Megan believes that the subordination of women developed alongside industrial capitalism, when men acquired increasing wealth and property and required a system of inheritance. Since men can never be sure of the parentage of their children in the same way women can, they developed a way to control women. Which theory is Megan's opinion consistent with?

A) feminism
B) essentialism
C) social constructionism
D) conflict theory

Question 23

Which of the following is a criticism of essentialism?

A) Gender is historically and cross-culturally variable.
B) Essentialists pay too much attention to within-group variability.
C) DNA sequencing has uncovered genes that are linked to differing traits in males and females.
D) The role of power in explaining gender differences is central to essentialism.

Question 24

According to functionalists, which of the following is necessary for the proper functioning of society with regard to gender?

A) That people allow their innate masculine and feminine tendencies to flourish.
B) That children be taught explicitly who should do what in the home.
C) That religions instill in people lessons about appropriate sexual choices.
D) To instill fear in people that they will be unattractive as mates if they stray from conventional gender socialization.

Question 25

Which of the following theories can best explain variations in gender ideologies through history?

A) social constructionism
B) evolutionary psychology
C) sociobiology
D) essentialism

Question 26

Jane is a wife of a well-off farmer in seventeenth-century England. Elizabeth is a wife of a rich industrialist in nineteenth-century England. Which of them would Engels expect to experience higher levels of gender inequality?

A) Jane, because she lives in a more traditional society
B) Elizabeth, because she lives in a more unequal society
C) Jane, because she lives in a more religious society
D) Elizabeth, because she lives in a more competitive society

Question 27

Danielle has a three-year-old daughter and refuses to buy her a Barbie doll. She has also forbidden any of her friends and relatives from doing this. Danielle's childrearing practices can likely be attributed to a belief in which of the following theories?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) sociobiology
C) social constructionism
D) essentialism

Question 28

According to the textbook, which of the following theories can be viewed as expressions of male power and privilege?

A) sociobiology, social constructionism, and conflict theory
B) essentialism, Marxism, and feminism
C) evolutionary psychology, functionalism, and sociobiology
D) social constructionism, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism

Question 29

According to the textbook, which of the following groups of children is exposed to a model of body shape that is the most unlikely to achieve?

A) Africans
B) Asians
C) boys
D) girls

Question 30

According to an evolutionary psychology or sociobiology perspective, why would women be more invested in ensuring the survival of their children than men would be?

A) because women are biologically incapable of being egocentric
B) because when a woman gets pregnant, a part of her brain that ensures altruism is activated
C) because most women can only have around 20 children, while men can have many more
D) because women have a gene that triggers nurturing behaviour as soon as a pregnancy occurs

Question 31

Which of the following data about student scores on a math test could you use to criticize the essentialist tendency to generalize from the average?

A) men's average is 67% and women's average is 72%
B) women's average is 67% and men's average is 72%
C) the lowest woman's score is 36% and the lowest man's score is 35%
D) women's scores range from 36% to 92%, men's scores range from 35% to 98%

Question 32

Brittany is a seven-year-old girl. If she has been socialized conventionally, which of the following toys will she select when she goes to after-school care?

A) the GI Joe doll
B) the Barbie doll
C) a dinosaur puzzle
D) a book about cars

Question 33

Jimmy is at the pub after a fight with his wife. He tells anyone who will listen that he thinks it is ridiculous that his wife would work outside the home. He believes it would be damaging for their children to see her working outside her proper role as a homemaker. Which of the following perspectives is Jimmy's reasoning consistent with?

A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) feminism
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 34

Which of the following is a school of thought that views gender differences as a reflection of biological differences between women and men?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) non-heteronormativity
D) progressivism

Question 35

Jane is a wife of a well-off farmer in seventeenth-century England. Elizabeth is a wife of a rich industrialist in nineteenth-century England. Which of them would feminists expect to experience higher levels of gender inequality?

A) Jane, because she lives in a more traditional society
B) Elizabeth, because she lives in a more unequal society
C) Jane, because she lives in a more patriarchal society
D) Elizabeth, because she lives in a more competitive society

Question 36

According to the research on gender socialization, which of the following may cause Dustin to avoid playing with the Easy Bake Oven at preschool?

A) an innate lack of interest in things associated with femininity
B) the fact that blocks are more creative toys to play with
C) the idea that his father might see and disapprove
D) the fact that Barbie dolls are much more fun to play with

Question 37

Which of the following statements is consistent with the essentialist position with regard to gender?

A) Gender is socially imposed.
B) Gender creates conflict between the sexes.
C) Gender develops naturally, based on biological differences.
D) Gender is a social construction created to support capitalism.

Question 38

Professor Johnson tells students in her gender psychology class that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers, because males are innately more competitive, while females are innately more nurturing. Which of the following perspectives is Professor Johnson following?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) symbolic interactionism
D) postmodernism

Question 39

Ellen is the CEO for a large multinational advertising firm. Most of her employees consider her highly competitive and aggressive. She is married and has a child. Her husband, a musician, stays at home with the child. What does the existence of this couple suggest?

A) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct.
B) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are incorrect.
C) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates a genetic mutation.
D) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates how culture can overpower biology in a rare cases.

Question 40

According to the textbook, the social function of conventional gender roles is to maintain which of the following?

A) social solidarity
B) social tensions
C) social inequality
D) social equality

Question 41

According to the textbook, what is the main problem with pornification of culture?

A) presence of sexuality in the mass media
B) presence of sexual violence in the mass media
C) portraying female sexuality in a demeaning way
D) portraying male sexuality in a demeaning way

Question 42

Anna and Mitch have a daughter. They encourage her to play cooperatively with other children in role-playing games, but they do not allow any kind of competitive, noisy, or rowdy play. Which of the following is a likely consequence of their parenting style?

A) The daughter will have heightened aggression.
B) The daughter will have heightened physical and spatial abilities.
C) The daughter will have heightened cognitive skills.
D) The daughter will have heightened verbal and emotional skills.

Question 43

Based on research discussed in the textbook, in which of the following situations are boys and girls most likely to play together without regard to gender?

A) in role-playing games
B) in the schoolyard
C) in sexually charged "chase" games
D) in sports

Question 44

Women around the world were asked about their satisfaction with their own body. According to the textbook, who exhibited the highest scores on body dissatisfaction?

A) Southeast Asian women
B) Scandinavian women
C) North American women
D) Eastern European women

Question 45

According to the textbook, which of the following is likely to describe a female lead character in a film or a TV show?

A) sexy, unemployed, and younger than her partner
B) intellectual, career-minded, and older than her partner
C) lesbian, unemployed, and older than her partner
D) heterosexual, career-minded, and younger than her partner

Question 46

Which of the following best illustrates pornification of culture?

A) thin female and muscular male models in advertisements
B) wide availability of stripper pole exercise classes
C) increasingly unrealistic body shapes of models
D) availability of pornography on the internet

Question 47

Ten-year-old Melinda is a skilled lacrosse player. All other lacrosse players in her neighbourhood are boys. When she asks to play what is likely to be the outcome, based on the research discussed in the textbook?

A) They will mock her and say no.
B) They will mock her but say yes.
C) They will feel threatened, say no, and try to beat her up.
D) They will accept her because of her skills and be unconcerned that she is a girl.

Question 48

Every time Heidi looks in the mirror she sees increasing levels of fat on her body, even though she eats only a few frozen grapes and lettuce leaves, and works out at the gym for three to four hours each day. What condition does Heidi have?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bulimia
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 49

In which of the following situations would boys and girls from the same class be most likely to participate together without strain?

A) preparation and recording of the class radio show
B) a spelling contest where students choose their own teams
C) a match between the girls' and boys' soccer teams
D) unorganized play in the school yard

Question 50

What do one-quarter of North American women and one-sixth of North American men say they would willingly trade in exchange for achieving their body weight goals?

A) their careers
B) most of their possessions
C) several years of their lives
D) relationships with their intimate partners

Question 51

Cara and her husband Mark believe strongly that women should stay at home and care for children, cooking, cleaning, and laundry, while men should go out and earn the household money, fix the car, and represent the family in public. Which of the following do these beliefs reflect?

A) gender identity
B) gender ideology
C) gender role models
D) gender normativity

Question 52

According to Talcott Parsons, gender forms a complementary set of roles that link men and women into family units. Socialization teaches boys which types of roles?

A) cooperative
B) instrumental
C) aggressive
D) expressive

Question 53

Every time Monica eats, she worries that she will gain weight. However, she loves food, so her solution is to eat everything and then make herself vomit afterwards. What condition does have?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bulimia
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 54

Which of the following refers to a set of interrelated ideas about the appropriate masculine and feminine roles and behaviours?

A) gender identity
B) gender role models
C) gender ideology
D) essentialism

Question 55

Kazia has worked as a junior manager for 15 years. She has watched several men younger than her get promoted over the years, despite her superior performance evaluations. What is Kazia likely experiencing?

A) the mommy track
B) the gender barrier
C) the glass ceiling
D) gender stereotyping

Question 56

Shelley is a senior manager in government. Her team of employees appreciates her as a boss because, even when she does a great deal of the work, she shares the credit with her team. She and her team are therefore shocked when Shelley is bypassed for a promotion and the much-less-competent male manager gets it. According to Deborah Tannen's research, the fault lies with Shelley saying "we did it" instead of "I did it." What effect does Shelley's behaviour usually have?

A) It makes workers more productive and no one wants to see that changed.
B) It camouflages Shelley's considerable accomplishments.
C) It establishes team spirit, a valuable asset in short supply.
D) It makes Shelley seem weak and frivolous.

Question 57

How does the textbook explain cultural acceptance of an unrealistically thin body image?

A) increasing awareness of healthy living
B) feminist revolt against frequent child-bearing
C) widespread male preference for thin women
D) interests of fitness, dieting, and cosmetic surgery industries

Question 58

According to Talcott Parsons, gender forms a complementary set of roles that link men and women into family units. Socialization teaches girls which type of roles?

A) aggressive
B) instrumental
C) expressive
D) competitive

Question 59

Which of the following does the TV series Toddlers & Tiaras illustrate?

A) sexualization
B) pornification
C) heteronormativity
D) essentialism

Question 60

The percentage of women engineering students in Canada has decreased since the 1970s. Women licensed engineers in Canada are more likely to be immigrants than Canadian-born. Which of the following would explain why so few women in Canada are educated as engineers?

A) gender ideology
B) gender identity
C) insufficient encouragement
D) inadequate educational opportunities

Question 61

Queer theory treats sexuality as feminism treats which of the following?

A) inequality
B) hierarchy
C) gender
D) conflict

Question 62

Gerald has always been romantically attracted to boys and men, and he had his first sexual encounter with a man while at band camp. What is Gerald's sexual orientation?

A) gay
B) lesbian
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 63

During a class discussion, Anat argues that most social inequality could be resolved if the society accepted that there were multiple sexualities that may change during a person's lifetime. Which of the following theories does her argument follow?

A) feminism
B) queer theory
C) essentialism
D) transgender theory

Question 64

Which of the following terms refers to the approximately 1 in 30 000 people in North America who identify with a sex they were not born into and desire to live as another sex?

A) transsexuals
B) transgender
C) transvestites
D) transculturals

Question 65

Toni was born biologically male and has changed his body shape through surgery and hormonal treatment, although he retains male genitalia. Which of the following categories fits Toni the best?

A) gender fluid
B) transgender
C) homosexual
D) heterosexual

Question 66

Ross has always believed that she was really a female locked inside a male's body. She has finally saved up the money for sex reassignment surgery and estrogen shots, and is looking forward to living as Rose. Which of the following terms is used to refer to Ross/Rose and others like her?

A) transvestites
B) transculturals
C) transsexuals
D) transgenders

Question 67

Lisa has always been romantically attracted to girls and women, and she entered into her first relationship with a woman while in college. What is Lisa's sexual orientation?

A) gay
B) lesbian
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 68

Which of the following refers to people who wish to alter their bodies, through surgery and hormone therapy, to live life fully as members of the "opposite" sex?

A) transsexuals
B) transgender people
C) transvestites
D) transculturals

Question 69

During a class discussion, Rivka argues that gender is the most important organizing principle of social relations. Which of the following theories does her argument follow?

A) feminism
B) queer theory
C) essentialism
D) transgender theory

Question 70

Which of the following refers to people who believe they were born into the wrong body and wish to change that?

A) transsexuals
B) transgender people
C) transvestites
D) transculturals

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the glass ceiling?

A) gender discrimination
B) gender differences in education
C) gender interaction styles
D) gendered commitment to family responsibilities

Question 72

Faron does not identify with any gender and refuses to tell people anything. No gender is indicated by Faron's clothing, behaviour, or voice. Which of the following terms best describes Faron?

A) transsexual
B) transcultural
C) transvestite
D) transgender

Question 73

Which of the following refers to people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of the same sex?

A) heterosexuals
B) homosexuals
C) bisexuals
D) pansexuals

Question 74

Which of the following refers to people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of both sexes?

A) heterosexuals
B) homosexuals
C) bisexuals
D) transsexuals

Question 75

Which theorist argued that homosexuality is a relatively recent invention?

A) Talcott Parsons
B) Michel Foucault
C) Deborah Tannen
D) Barrie Thorne

Question 76

Which of the following distinguishes transsexuals from transgender people?

A) belief that sex is binary
B) belief that sexuality is fluid
C) belief that patriarchy is a thing of the past
D) belief that matriarchy is the hope for the future

Question 77

Charlie is not interested in sexual relations. He avoids both cruising bars with his friends and his mother's attempts to introduce him to a "nice girl." Which of the following best describes Charlie?

A) transsexual
B) autosexual
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 78

Which of the following refers to the form of segregation that prevents women from reaching the top of the corporate ladder?

A) glass ceiling
B) gender barrier
C) mommy track
D) gender stereotyping

Question 79

What would Foucault say about the view that homosexual men are effeminate?

A) It was true in Ancient Greece, but it is now outdated.
B) It is incorrect, because some homosexuals are masculine.
C) It is incorrect.
D) It is a nineteenth-century idea.

Question 80

Some people dress in clothing generally deemed appropriate for people of the other sex. Which of the following terms refers to this behaviour?

A) cross-dressing
B) cross-clothing
C) trans-dressing
D) trans-clothing