Deck 12: Health and Illness: Is It Lifestyle or Something More

Question 1

Which statement best describes the beginning of the sociology of health and illness?

A) It was mainly a theoretical area based on the writings of Marx.
B) It was an applied area concerned with questions of public health.
C) It was a research area that reflected recent innovations in mathematical sociology.
D) It emerged as a historical research area focused on the study of the Black Plague.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When did the sociology of health and illness emerge?

A) during the flu epidemic of 1918
B) at the end of World War I
C) after World War II
D) during the expansion of the universities in the 1960s

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which condition described below is NOT one of the new infectious diseases which have appeared in the last few decades?

A) Ebola
B) Afghanistan measles
C) H1N1
D) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which statement best described mortality for most of human history?

A) Mortality was the result of infectious disease and morbidity was the result of degenerative disease.
B) Mortality was the result of degenerative disease and morbidity was the result of infectious disease.
C) Both morbidity and mortality were the result of infectious disease.
D) Both morbidity and mortality were the result of degenerative disease.

Question 5

According to the text,what is NOT a leading cause of death in women?

A) cancer
B) heart disease
C) accidents
D) stroke

Question 6

In the 21st century,what percentage of deaths involve children under the age of five?

A) less than 1 percent
B) approximately 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 12 percent

Question 7

What is one major reason why dangerous new infectious diseases have emerged in recent years?

A) Several stands of experimental viruses have not been adequately controlled in laboratory settings.
B) Some countries have already begun to experiment with germ warfare.
C) Certain infectious viruses which have their origin in space have landed on earth as falling space debris.
D) The overuse of antibiotics has meant that some infectious diseases have become resistant to their effects.

Question 8

The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed the fourth phase of the epidemiological transition.What is characteristic of this phase?

A) decline in infectious disease
B) rise of new degenerative diseases
C) increase in new infectious diseases and the decline of degenerative disease
D) increase in new infectious diseases and the increase in degenerative disease

Question 9

Which factor contributed to the rapid development of medical sociology?

A) the dramatic increase in a variety of infectious diseases
B) a longstanding debate with psychology about the causes of health and illness
C) the growth in the number of unemployed sociologists
D) the growth in medical bureaucracy and regulation

Question 10

Which statement best described morbidity for most of human history?

A) Morbidity and mortality were concentrated in the middle aged.
B) Morbidity was concentrated in the middle aged but mortality was concentrated in the elderly.
C) Morbidity was concentrated in the young but mortality was concentrated in the middle aged.
D) Morbidity and mortality were both concentrated in the young.

Question 11

As indicated in your text,what is one fact about aging that distinguishes our era from other historical periods?

A) In the past,the elderly had more family contact.
B) People have healthier diets and lifestyles today.
C) Most Canadians can expect to live to old age.
D) In the modern age the elderly have limited sources of support.

Question 12

What was the normal life expectancy for most of human history?

A) between 20 and 30
B) between 30 and 40
C) between 50 and 60
D) between 70 and 80

Question 13

When we compare causes of death for younger groups (people under the age of 45)and older groups (people 45 or older)what do we observe?

A) Degenerative disease is less common in the older group than in the younger group.
B) Accidents are among the top causes of death among those under the age of 45.
C) Suicide is among the top cause of death among those 45 years or older.
D) Heart disease is more common among those under the age of 45.

Question 14

According to the text,what is the major cause of death in old age?

A) lack of health insurance
B) poverty and inequality
C) poor health care
D) chronic degenerative diseases

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the spread of infectious disease in the middle ages?

A) the development of several strains of poisonous plants unique to Europe
B) a lack of public sanitation with respect to the disposal of human waste
C) the crowded condition of the poor
D) growing trade with the Middle East

Question 16

Tobacco use,alcohol use and misuse,as well as diet and activity levels,are all considered part of which determinants of health?

A) social
B) lifestyle
C) preventable
D) avoidable

Question 17

Which term best describes the trajectory according to which trends in health and illness can be described?

A) the epidemiological transition
B) the demographic transition
C) the health index progression
D) the health-illness matrix

Question 18

How does the textbook explain the resurgence of infectious diseases in the 1990s?

A) as a result of pathogens transmitted in fast food
B) through the dramatic rise in the use of daycare services
C) as a result of widely publicized false research which discouraged vaccination
D) through contaminated water supplies

Question 19

According to the text,which term best describes the incidence and patterns of death in a population?

A) morbidity
B) mortality
C) population decline
D) sociology of health

Question 20

In order,what are the top three causes of death among men and women in Canada?

A) cancer,diabetes,heart disease
B) heart disease,cancer,stroke
C) cancer,heart disease,stroke
D) heart disease,stroke,cancer

Question 21

Where do the vast majority of the world's smokers live?

A) North America
B) Europe
C) high income countries
D) low- and middle-income countries

Question 22

What has been suggested by the World Health Organization to address the problem of environmental damage caused by tobacco?

A) Tobacco companies should improve the technology by which cigarettes are made.
B) Tobacco companies should encourage the consumption of tobacco in forms that allow it to be eaten rather than smoked.
C) Tobacco companies should be made responsible for verifiable environmental damage.
D) Tobacco companies need to undertake a public relations campaign encouraging the use of ashtrays.

Question 23

According to the Canadian Tobacco,Alcohol and Drugs Survey,what percentage of Canadians admitted to consuming alcohol in the previous year?

A) 55
B) 67
C) 77
D) 97

Question 24

The smoking patterns of which area contributes to the overall global increase in tobacco use?

A) North America
B) Europe
C) high income countries
D) low- and middle-income countries

Question 25

What is the focus of the Thumbs Up! Thumbs Down! Project?

A) the use of peer pressure in high schools to discourage tobacco use
B) the use of peer pressure in high schools to discourage alcohol use
C) a social media campaign meant to embarrass tobacco companies
D) the use of youth volunteers to monitor movie images of tobacco use

Question 26

According to the text,what are some of the social determinants of health?

A) mentality and country of origin
B) inherent physical attributes and genetics
C) social class and ethnicity
D) attitude,outlook,and expectations

Question 27

Which statement best describes the sick role?

A) The concept was introduced by Emile Durkheim.
B) Those who advanced the argument maintained that the illness is functional for society.
C) A significant component of the sick role is the sharing of one's sickness narrative with others.
D) Research suggests that all components of the sick role do not apply to real life situations.

Question 28

What is the leading cause of preventable death in the world?

A) war
B) accidents
C) infectious disease
D) tobacco

Question 29

What is indicated by the empirical evidence on eating and exercise?

A) Only about 20 percent of Canadian adults consume the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables.
B) Only about 20 percent of Canadian youth consume the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables.
C) Accelerators and verbal reports provide markedly different estimates of amount of physical activity.
D) Boys under five years of age form the least active group.

Question 30

Which of the following has the greatest impact on a young person's decision whether to start smoking?

A) social determinants of health
B) advertising and marketing
C) peer pressure
D) social policies

Question 31

According to the text,what are the advantages of those with education,occupational status,income,and wealth?

A) They have roughly the same life expectancy as those who do not have these advantages.
B) They live longer than those who do not have these advantages.
C) They often travel to the United States for health care.
D) They are able to get better health care in Canada than other people can.

Question 32

Globally,what is the single most important determinant of health?

A) socioeconomic status
B) gender
C) ethnicity
D) region

Question 33

In response to alcohol use and misuse,how would you characterize the responses of governments around the world?

A) Governments have been quick to respond with preventive legislation because alcohol is a major reason for rapidly escalating health costs.
B) Governments have been quick to respond because of economic incentives made available by the United Nations.
C) Governments have been very slow to respond because the evidence on the harmful effects of alcohol is somewhat inconsistent.
D) Governments have been slow to respond because alcohol plays such a key role in so many national economies.

Question 34

Genvieve took up smoking at the age of 15 because she saw a girl smoking in a movie and thought it looked cool.According to the text,what influenced Genvieve's decision to smoke?

A) social determinants of health
B) micro-level factors
C) cultural norms
D) social policies

Question 35

According to the Canadian Community Health Survey in 2004,what percentage of children between 4 and 13 was not eating enough fruits and vegetables?

A) 25 to 30 percent
B) 50 to 60 percent
C) 60 to 70 percent
D) 85 percent

Question 36

The Global Information System on Alcohol and Health assigns nations scores between 1 and 5 based on the riskiness of their drinking patterns.What is Canada's score?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 37

What do the results from the Canadian Tobacco,Alcohol and Drugs Survey reveal?

A) Men and women are equally likely to drink alcohol.
B) Men are more likely than women to engage in high risk drinking.
C) High-risk drinking is concentrated in the under 17 age group.
D) Ten percent of Grade 12 students indicated that they had used alcohol in the previous month.

Question 38

What has occurred as a result of increasing restrictions on tobacco advertising?

A) Fewer images of tobacco use circulate in the society.
B) The media consumption patterns of youth are much less likely to expose them to favourable images of tobacco use.
C) Tobacco use in movies aimed at youth has increased.
D) The major movie studios have been cooperating with health agencies by reducing the amount of smoking depicted in movies directed at youth.

Question 39

According to the text,why does the government NOT take more extreme measures to reduce alcohol consumption?

A) Politicians are among the heaviest drinkers.
B) Taxes on alcohol are a significant income stream.
C) Alcohol provides a popular election platform.
D) It is not seen as an area that should be regulated by government.

Question 40

Why is Canada's poor still less healthy than individuals from the middle and upper classes?

A) Medical care cannot compensate for other disadvantages of poverty,such as poor housing or inadequate diet.
B) The poor have longer life spans,so they naturally fall victim to many more illnesses than the middle and upper classes.
C) The poor suffer less stress,and as a result do not go to doctors as often.
D) The poor choose not to use preventive strategies,despite being more informed about them than the middle and upper classes.

Question 41

Where is food insecurity the biggest problem in Canada?

A) Atlantic Canada
B) the three territories
C) Ontario
D) Quebec

Question 42

Approximately what percentage of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product)did Canada spend on health care in 2011?

A) less than 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 11 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 43

What is the main reason health care costs are expected to rise dramatically over the upcoming years?

A) increasing rates of immigration
B) baby boomers are aging
C) huge increase in HIV/AIDS
D) increased availability of new,but more expensive,prescription drugs

Question 44

Which statement best describes mental illness and socioeconomic status?

A) Socioeconomic status is a cause of mental illness.
B) Socioeconomic status is a product of mental illness.
C) Socioeconomic status both causes and results from mental illness.
D) Socioeconomic status has not been shown to be related to mental illness.

Question 45

According to the text,which term best describes the suggestion that the stresses associated with having a lower socioeconomic status contribute to the development of mental disorders?

A) social class causation hypothesis
B) social selection hypothesis
C) social causation hypothesis
D) mental acuity hypothesis

Question 46

According to the text,what is one consequence of the "baby boom" from 1946 to 1965?

A) increase in marriages
B) high economic growth
C) creation of a population pyramid
D) rising median age

Question 47

Which term refers to the requirement that all Canadians be covered for health care on uniform terms and conditions?

A) universality
B) comprehensiveness
C) accessibility
D) portability

Question 48

The legacy of which of the following still affects Indigenous people's health problems today?

A) traditional culture
B) colonialism
C) imperialism
D) diffusion

Question 49

Daniela has attention deficit disorder and is unable to hold a steady job.She currently bags groceries at Loblaws,but her wages do not cover her current living expenses.According to the text,which hypothesis does Daniela exemplify?

A) social class causation hypothesis
B) social selection hypothesis
C) social causation hypothesis
D) mental acuity hypothesis

Question 50

Which term refers to the idea that all necessary medical services should be guaranteed,without a specific dollar limit,and should be available solely on the basis of medical need?

A) universality
B) comprehensiveness
C) portability
D) public administration

Question 51

From a sociological perspective,many of the diseases affecting Indigenous people result from which of the following?

A) inequitable conditions in their communities
B) bad choices as adolescents
C) high-risk lifestyles
D) heredity

Question 52

Which statement best describes food insecurity in Nunavut?

A) Traditional hunting practises eliminate concerns of food insecurity.
B) All food must be delivered by train,and it often arrives spoiled.
C) Monopolies reduce competition in the marketplace.
D) The cold temperatures help defray transportation costs.

Question 53

Which statement best describes Canada's health care spending?

A) Canada spent more per capita than any other country that was a member of OECD.
B) Health care spending in Canada has stayed ahead of inflation.
C) Because of inflation and population growth per capita,spending has actually declined.
D) Health care spending in Canada makes up only two percent of the GDP.

Question 54

Prem Gupta,like many people coming to Canada recently,belongs to a group of people who are less likely to have chronic diseases.According to your text,which term best describes the effect of this trend?

A) healthy immigrant effect
B) Indian immigrant effect
C) Asian immigrant effect
D) recent immigrant effect

Question 55

According to the text,which term best describes the suggestion that people with mental disorders may drift into lower levels of socioeconomic status,or be prevented from rising out of lower levels of status?

A) social class causation hypothesis
B) social selection hypothesis
C) social causation hypothesis
D) mental acuity hypothesis

Question 56

In addition to socioeconomic status,what factor has had a profound effect on the health of indigenous people in Canada?

A) urban living
B) colonization
C) climate
D) traditional diet

Question 57

Which statement best describes Indigenous people's health status in Canada over the years?

A) Many of the diseases that affect Indigenous people can be traced to inadequate housing,crowding,and poor sanitary conditions on reserves.
B) Indigenous people were especially likely to contract malaria in the late 19th century when they were moved to reserves.
C) As a result of declining infant mortality rates,Indigenous people now have a longer life expectancy than the Canadian average.
D) Indigenous people are among the poorest in Canada and yet have higher than adequate nutrition due to high participation in traditional hunting,fishing,and cultivating practices.

Question 58

When did the current system of universal medical care in Canada come into existence?

A) 1893
B) 1922
C) 1966
D) 1995

Question 59

On a vacation in British Columbia,Jurgen,a Manitoba resident,breaks his leg.He goes to the hospital nearest where his accident occurred and receives full health services.Which of the following requirements of the Canadian health-care plan does this case illustrate?

A) universality
B) comprehensiveness
C) accessibility
D) portability

Question 60

According to the textbook,which statement best describes Canada's doctor shortage?

A) The doctor shortage in Canada is a myth.
B) There is a doctor shortage but only with respect to specialists.
C) Walk-in medical clinics are an effective solution to whatever doctor shortage might exist.
D) We have one of the lowest physician-to-population ratios in the world.

Question 61

Marjorie,who suffers from chronic pain,has a doctor's appointment later in the day.In preparation,she spends some considerable amount of time working on her hair and make-up.According to the authors of the textbook,what might be the reason behind this seemingly unrelated behaviour?

A) Marjorie has a crush and wished to catch the doctor's eye.
B) She hopes that she looks as well as can be expected because she wants to have the doctor approve of her planned trip out of the country.
C) She needs to strike a balance and not look too put together so that the doctor will take her complaints about the pain seriously.
D) She fears that her attempts to cope with pain have made her look much older is.

Question 62

What is the interactionist approach to health based on?

A) analyzing how the sick role functions in society
B) the meanings attributed to illness and disease
C) the impact of race,class,and gender on access to health care
D) the role of doctors as gatekeepers determining access to the health-care system

Question 63

According to Talcott Parsons's concept of the sick role,what obligations does the sick person have?

A) The sick person must fulfill normal social responsibilities.
B) The sick person must do everything in her or his power to return to a healthy state.
C) The sick person must take the blame for becoming sick in the first place.
D) The sick person must get support from a range of service providers.

Question 64

According to Talcott Parsons's concept of the sick role,which statement best characterizes the sick person?

A) The sick person is exempt from normal social responsibilities.
B) The sick person has the choice whether or not to return to a healthy state.
C) The sick person is not expected to get well.
D) The sick person is still responsible for meeting social and personal obligations.

Question 65

According to post-modern theorists,as the medical science became increasingly intertwined with rational-bureaucratic health care systems,which of the following has resulted?

A) Medicine has become increasingly expensive.
B) Physicians claims about health and wellness gained supremacy over those of other health practitioners.
C) Physicians became less important in the delivery of health care.
D) Medical science came to be seen as a commodity.

Question 66

What does the research tell us about the relationship between aging and chronic health conditions?

A) Most people between the age of 75 and 80 do not have a chronic health conditions.
B) It is not age itself which determines chronic health and increased health care spending,but multiple health conditions.
C) The vast majority of elderly people have multiple health conditions.
D) Chronic health conditions unlike many other kinds of illness are unrelated to lifestyle.

Question 67

Irene has Crohn's disease.She is currently taking five university courses and working part-time.When she has a bout of her illness she calls in sick for work and stays home from school.To what extent does Irene conform to the sick role?

A) Irene's behaviour challenges the sick role.
B) Irene's behaviour falls short of the sick role.
C) Irene's behaviour is consistent with the sick role.
D) Irene's behaviour is in opposition to the sick role.

Question 68

Canadian women who live in rural areas are often unable to obtain adequate prenatal support,pregnancy counselling,or abortion services.How would a conflict theorist approach this problem?

A) analyze dysfunctions of the maternal health-care system
B) critique differential access to health services
C) examine medicalization of women's lives
D) illustrate the social construction of reproduction

Question 69

Martin has been battling flu symptoms and a cold for more than two weeks.He complains about how he is feeling to his roommate,but refuses to follow his doctor's suggestion to stay at home,rest,and focus on his recovery.Which characteristic of the sick role is Martin ignoring?

A) The sick person is temporarily exempt from normal social responsibilities.
B) The sick person must want to get well and cooperate with the physician's directions.
C) The sick person should seek technically competent help.
D) The sick person is not responsible for getting sick.

Question 70

Deaths in old age now usually result from degenerative diseases.

Question 71

Today more women have caesarean sections,are assisted in the birth process by medical technology and drugs,and are more likely to deliver babies in hospitals than 100 years ago.What do these trends illustrate?

A) greater attention to women's reproductive health needs
B) the influence of feminism
C) medical treatment of reproduction
D) medicalization of women's lives

Question 72

Which statement best describes the relationship between medicine and pregnancy?

A) Medicine has made great strides in removing the pain associated with childbirth.
B) Pregnancy and childbirth have been medicalized by society.
C) Tobacco use during pregnancy is becoming a major social problem.
D) The medical profession has successfully lobbied seven provincial governments to make it illegal for a pregnant woman to drink any amount of alcohol.

Question 73

The top causes of death among both older and younger populations are preventable.

Question 74

Critics of the functionalist model of health and illness claim that the sick role places too much blame on which of the following?

A) the individual
B) the health-care system
C) the media
D) the government

Question 75

According to the text,which factor significantly increases a senior's visits to health professionals?

A) living in easy access of health care
B) having three or more chronic health conditions
C) being able to afford private health care
D) having smoked for more than 40 years

Question 76

Which theoretical perspective explains why street-involved youth who have no ID or health-care card are more likely than other youth to suffer from acute health problems?

A) postmodernist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict
D) functionalist

Question 77

With which of the following is the conflict approach to health and illness most concerned?

A) the state's power to legitimize some forms of health care over others
B) how the sick role operates in society
C) the subjective meanings people attach to illness and disease
D) the ways that various illnesses are medicalized

Question 78

With which of the following statements would a conflict theorist agree?

A) Disease,of the mind or body,is solely about biology.
B) Capitalism paved the way for the emergence and rapid transmission of infectious diseases.
C) Postmodern culture cares little about health and health-related issues.
D) There is no ambiguity about the nature of most disorders.

Question 79

What term do interactionists use to refer to the meaning attached to the physical experience of pathology of the body?

A) illness
B) malady
C) morbidity
D) sickness

Question 80

Which theoretical approach to health views health as a commodity?

A) functionalism
B) interactionist
C) conflict theory
D) postmodern theory