Deck 13: Social Change: Collective Behaviour and Social Movements

Question 1

How do we define collective behaviour?

A) behaviour that works toward a clearly defined goal
B) any behaviour engaged in by people acting as a group
C) behaviour that is relatively unstructured spontaneous and unstructured
D) behaviour that is coordinated by group leaders

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which term refers to a temporary gathering of people in the same place at the same time?

A) crowd
B) situated group
C) assemblage
D) collectivity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How would we classify the fans at a playoff hockey game?

A) casual crowd
B) acting crowd
C) expressive crowd
D) conventional crowd

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How would a sociologist define a gathering of people that is relatively spontaneous,unstructured,and unconventional in nature?

A) grassroots activism
B) organizational behaviour
C) institutional behaviour
D) collective behaviour

Question 5

Which statement best describes collective behaviour?

A) It is destructive and violent.
B) It is usually normative.
C) It is planned.
D) It is spontaneous.

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of a conventional crowd?

A) a lack of shared interest
B) unplanned and unstructured
C) does not engage in collective behaviour
D) not controlled by social norms

Question 7

According to the text,in what year was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms enacted?

A) 1967
B) 1982
C) 1987
D) 1992

Question 8

What kinds of crowds are movie and theatre audiences?

A) conventional crowd
B) casual crowd
C) expressive crowd
D) acting crowd

Question 9

According to the text,what characteristic differentiates an expressive crowd from a conventional crowd?

A) An expressive crowd does not necessarily share a common interest.
B) An expressive crowd has organizational features.
C) An expressive crowd is an institutionalized form of gathering.
D) An expressive crowd has an explicit participatory purpose.

Question 10

What type of crowd is exemplified by shoppers in a mall on a busy Saturday?

A) conventional crowd
B) casual crowd
C) expressive crowd
D) acting crowd

Question 11

Who developed contagion theory?

A) Clark McPhail
B) Gustave Le Bon
C) Robert Park
D) Herbert Blumer

Question 12

What do people waiting at a station to get on the subway exemplify?

A) conventional crowd
B) expressive crowd
C) acting crowd
D) casual crowd

Question 13

What type of crowd is formed when a collectivity gathers at the same place,at the same time,to pursue a common goal?

A) protest
B) expressive
C) acting
D) conventional

Question 14

A large group of protesters gather outside City Hall to protest a lack of services for the poor.They pass out pamphlets,listen to speakers,and stop traffic.What kind of crowd is this?

A) casual crowd
B) acting crowd
C) expressive crowd
D) conventional crowd

Question 15

Which type of crowd behaviour was the 1994 riot at the Prison for Women in Kingston?

A) acting
B) expressive
C) conventional
D) inspirational

Question 16

Which term best describes a group of students who go to the same office to have their student loan forms processed?

A) acting crowd
B) casual crowd
C) expressive crowd
D) conventional crowd

Question 17

What do we call a group of people who by proximity alone happen to be in the same place at the same time?

A) conventional crowd
B) casual crowd
C) expressive crowd
D) acting crowd

Question 18

When you sit in the gymnasium or lecture hall with a large group of students for your final exam,you are part of what kind of crowd?

A) conventional
B) expressive
C) acting
D) casual

Question 19

According to the text,which statement best describes collective behaviour?

A) Collective behaviour is more predictable than other forms of behaviour.
B) Collective behaviour usually lies outside what is considered normative behaviour.
C) Collective behaviour is institutionalized unlike other forms of behaviour.
D) Collective behaviour takes on a specific form under specific circumstances.

Question 20

Sometimes,acts of civil disobedience become violent,as in a confrontation between protestors and police officers.In this case,what would a sociologist say the protest crowd has become?

A) conventional crowd
B) acting crowd
C) aggressive crowd
D) instrumental crowd

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a dispersed crowd?

A) a group of subway riders who take over one of the cars to protest fare increases
B) a flash mob doing a musical number in the library
C) Canadians following NHL hockey
D) pride parades in Canadian cities

Question 22

What is a key component of urban legends?

A) They are non-specific.
B) They are about real people.
C) They are intended as entertainment and almost never contain a moral.
D) The source of urban legends tends to be a friend of a friend.

Question 23

Which statement best describes the main difference between fads and fashion?

A) Fads are followed only by the lower classes,while fashions tend to be restricted to the upper classes.
B) Fashions tend to be longer lasting and more widespread than fads.
C) Fads are followed by narrowly defined groups,while fashions are followed by more widely dispersed collectives.
D) Fads tend to "trickle down" from the upper classes,while fashions are adapted by everyone simultaneously.

Question 24

What is the defining characteristic of a rumour?

A) It is a story about people.
B) It is a story about something in the present or future,rather than the past.
C) It is a story which is unsubstantiated.
D) It is a story that depends completely on oral transmission.

Question 25

What is the difference between fads and fashions?

A) Fads are more short-lived than fashions.
B) Fads are more closely related to identity than fashions.
C) Fashion is always about clothing and fads never are.
D) Fashion pertains to products and fads pertain to activities.

Question 26

In what sorts of social situations do rumours typically arise?

A) conflict situations
B) situations characterized by extreme power differentials
C) ambiguous situations
D) situations involving strangers

Question 27

Which theory of collective behaviour is a type of people argument?

A) contagion theory
B) convergence theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) cybernetic theory

Question 28

What is the end stage of the emergent norm process?

A) contagion
B) deinviduation
C) justification
D) collective excitement

Question 29

Which theory understands collective behaviour with reference to a collective mind?

A) contagion theory
B) convergence theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) cybernetic theory

Question 30

Which theory focuses on the shared emotions and prior dispositions that many people bring to crowd behaviour?

A) circular reaction theory
B) crowd psychology theory
C) convergence theory
D) contagion theory

Question 31

According to the text,which term refers to unsubstantiated stories about people or events?

A) tales
B) news
C) rumours
D) urban legends

Question 32

A university street party is getting out of hand as several intoxicated revellers start fires and challenge the police.A small group of local youth believe that the chaos may create the perfect environment for them to loot homes on the street where the party is taking place.Which term refers to the behaviour of these youth?

A) contagion
B) convergence
C) emerging norm
D) value-added process

Question 33

Which theory blames the individual actors and was used to examine the lynching of African Americans by poor and working-class white people in the United States?

A) emergent norm theory
B) convergence theory
C) contagion theory
D) constraint theory

Question 34

In the context of Herbert Blumer's convergence theory,what would a riot after a hockey game be an example of?

A) milling
B) deindividuation
C) collective excitement
D) contagion

Question 35

Based on convergence theory,what can we conclude about norms and crowd behaviour?

A) Collective behaviour adapts to a new cultural norm.
B) Norms in a crowd are created in a haphazard,meaningless fashion.
C) Crowds are not irrational.
D) A single dominant norm is accepted by everyone in a crowd.

Question 36

Workers show up at their place of employment to find the building dark and all the doors locked.They begin to talk to each other about what might be going on.Several people think the business has gone bankrupt and the owners have left town.They decide that their only option is to vent their hostility in a public way.Some of them start to batter down the door.Others look for paint and brushes for graffiti.Still others shout instructions to various people.In terms of collective behaviour theories,what are we witnessing?

A) contagion process
B) emergent norm process
C) convergence process
D) cybernetic process

Question 37

Without any proof,community members begin to discuss a recent homicide as gang related.What does this illustrate?

A) rumour
B) gossip
C) mass hysteria
D) panic

Question 38

The Beatles made their first appearance on North American soil on February 7,1964,at Kennedy Airport in New York.History has recorded images of crowds of youth,mostly teenaged girls,who gathered just to see these pop icons wherever and whenever the Beatles appeared in public.What is this an example of?

A) contagion theory
B) convergence theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) contamination theory

Question 39

According to the text,which term refers to abstract unsubstantiated stories containing an underlying message or moral?

A) tales
B) gossip
C) rumours
D) urban legends

Question 40

Who is generally thought to be the first crowd theorist?

A) Herbert Blumer
B) Gustave Le Bon
C) Max Durkheim
D) Claude Fanje

Question 41

Kai Erikson examined the aftermath of a major flood in West Virginia.According to Erickson,what was one major consequence of the flood?

A) the rapid re-establishment of community ties
B) the greater sense of belonging experienced by the residents
C) the destruction of survivors' ties to each other and to their community
D) the reinforcement of personal identity

Question 42

What is a defining characteristic of gossip?

A) It is unsubstantiated.
B) It is substantiated.
C) It is about a celebrity.
D) It is about a specific person.

Question 43

The delisting of chiropractors is an example of which of the following types of widespread worry that sometimes develops around particular groups?

A) social sanction
B) ethical dialogue
C) moral justification
D) moral panic

Question 44

What did a 1938 radio broadcast of H.G.Wells' War of the Worlds demonstrate?

A) the problem of audience apathy
B) audience fads
C) widespread panic
D) role of gossip in creating program popularity

Question 45

News of an alligator living in the sewers of New York City holds an underlying message that people should not try to go down into the sewers unless authorized to do so.According to the text,what label might be given to this story?

A) tale of the city
B) gossip
C) rumour
D) urban legend

Question 46

What is the narrative about nicotine in Tim Horton's coffee an example of?

A) urban legend
B) gossip
C) moral panic
D) moral entrepreneurship

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moral panics?

A) movement reformers
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) folk devils
D) disproportionality of threat

Question 48

According to the text,which term refers to an irrational but widespread worry that certain groups present an enormous threat to the social order of society?

A) moral panic
B) widespread panic
C) social panic
D) collective panic

Question 49

According to the text,which term best describes the seemingly irrational behaviour of people who stay in the midst of a disaster?

A) solidarity
B) communality
C) social cohesion
D) social structure

Question 50

According to the text,which term refers to a relatively sudden,unscheduled,one-time event that causes a great deal of damage or large-scale loss of life,and substantial disruption or stress among residents of the stricken area?

A) focal point
B) disaster
C) media opportunity
D) sociological calling

Question 51

In 2005,Global Call to Action Against Poverty involved some 38 million people in actions to make world leaders live up to their promises to make a breakthrough on poverty.According to the text,which term best identifies this organization?

A) social movement
B) collective action group
C) social justice movement
D) grassroots movement

Question 52

Rachel heard that if you parked your car in an underground parking lot at night,it was important that you should always approach your car from the back,not the side,so that you could see if someone was hiding beneath it.She also was warned to check the back seat to ensure that no one was crouching in the back ready to attack her.She heard this warning from her older sister's best friend who read it in an email from a college acquaintance.According to the text,what is the term given to this kind of anecdote?

A) urban lore
B) urban legend
C) rumour
D) gossip

Question 53

What was the end result of the moral panic over chiropractic medicine in Ontario?

A) Chiropractors were forced to attend at least two semesters of medical school.
B) Chiropractors must read new patients a list of patients' rights.
C) Chiropractors were delisted from most provincial health plans.
D) Chiropractors were required to always have a nurse present when with a patient.

Question 54

According to the text,which term refers to a shared fear underlying an impending threat that can produce a collective action?

A) moral panic
B) widespread panic
C) social panic
D) collective panic

Question 55

Young people across the country annually participate in Free the Children's "Me to We" campaign.Some watch the television program at home,others organize with friends,and others attend events in their community.Which term best defines this campaign?

A) acting crowd
B) casual crowd
C) social collection
D) social movement

Question 56

William "Bill" Whatcott is a Canadian social conservative activist who campaigns against homosexuality and abortion.According to the text,what sociological label might be applied to Mr.Whatcott in his role as activist?

A) moral entrepreneur
B) ethical leader
C) religious extremist
D) moral interpreter

Question 57

Which term best describes the organized efforts by a substantial number of people to change or to resist change in some major aspect or aspects of society?

A) revolution
B) social aggregate
C) social movement
D) interest collectivity

Question 58

How do we label people who bring morally damaging behaviour to the attention of others?

A) law enforcement
B) social watchdogs
C) media messengers
D) moral entrepreneurs

Question 59

Which statement best describes moral entrepreneurs?

A) They are almost always politicians.
B) They engage in predatory activities intended to make a profit from the serious concerns raised others.
C) They are advocates for a particular normative position.
D) They are experts whose views are used to legitimate concern.

Question 60

By which of the following processes do rumours become modified to fit the storyteller's point of view?

A) levelling
B) assimilation
C) sharpening
D) refining

Question 61

Which type of movement seeks to bring about a total change in society,rarely working within the existing system to accomplish its purpose?

A) revolutionary
B) reformative
C) resistance
D) alternative

Question 62

Which of the following is defined as a complex or formal organizations which identifies its goals with the preferences of a social movement or countermovement and attempts to implement these goals?

A) collective behaviour movement
B) claims making collective
C) social movement organization
D) moral enterprise

Question 63

What kind of social movement is the feminist movement?

A) revolutionary
B) reformative
C) redemptive
D) alternative

Question 64

Karl Marx argued that workers would eventually overthrow capitalism and socialism would replace it.What kind of movement did Marx see as inevitable?

A) revolutionary
B) reformative
C) religious
D) resistance

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of a reformative movement?

A) labour movements
B) terrorist movements
C) millenarian movements
D) vegetarianism movements

Question 66

According to the text,what is a characteristic shared by both social movements and other forms of collective behaviour?

A) their need for quantification
B) their need for funding
C) their need for media attention
D) their unconventional nature

Question 67

What type of social movement is the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster?

A) alternative
B) reformative
C) redemptive
D) revolutionary

Question 68

Which statement provides the best comparison between collective behaviour and social movements?

A) Both have an unconventional character.
B) Both involve prior organization and planning.
C) Social movements tend to be short-lived while instances of collective behaviour are more enduring.
D) Both tend to have identifiable leaders.

Question 69

In the late 1950s,guerrilla fighters were able to overthrow the Batista government of Cuba,leading to the eventual leadership of Fidel Castro in Cuba's communist state.Which term best describes the actions of the guerrilla fighters?

A) redemption
B) revolution
C) coup d'état
D) alternative

Question 70

According to the text,who typically carries out the "work" of a social movement?

A) a social movement organization (SMO)
B) a grassroots social gathering (GSG)
C) a claim-making management team (CMM)
D) an alternative visionary group (AVG)

Question 71

Neil Smelser discussed six interrelated factors that facilitate social action.What did this theory become known as,as it pertains to social movements?

A) resource mobilization theory
B) sociological mobility theory
C) value-added theory
D) new social movement theory

Question 72

According to the text,what kind of social movement is Alcoholics Anonymous?

A) alternative
B) redemptive
C) reformative
D) religious

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a component of value-added theory?

A) structural mobility
B) structural conduciveness
C) precipitating factors
D) the operation of social control

Question 74

According to the text,what is the main assumption underlying resource mobilization theory?

A) Social movements develop based on what is possible given the resources available.
B) Social movements develop when the leaders believe there are enough resources to fulfill their mandate.
C) Social movements develop when mobilization receives adequate grassroots funding.
D) Social movements develop depending on how resources are brought together and utilized.

Question 75

According to the text,what kind of social movement is the People's Health Movement,which seeks to have health recognized as a human right?

A) alternative
B) redemptive
C) reformative
D) religious

Question 76

What kind of movement are antismoking and drug-free movements?

A) alternative
B) redemptive
C) revolutionary
D) religious

Question 77

According to value-added theory,what must be present prior to the growth and spread of a generalized belief?

A) structural strain
B) precipitating factors
C) the operation of social control
D) mobilization of participation for action

Question 78

In what sense are some social movements contentious politics?

A) They tend to use tactics which invite public condemnation.
B) There is often a huge gap between what movement leaders want and what the rank and file wants.
C) Social movements involve moral entrepreneurship.
D) They involve collective claims making that will conflict with the interests of others.

Question 79

According to the text,which term best describes a process wherein a social movement declares that a particular condition is unjust and identifies measures needed to resolve the unfairness?

A) claims identification
B) claims making
C) claims analysis
D) claims proclamation

Question 80

According to the text,which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a social movement?

A) intense,but short lived
B) organization
C) planning
D) unconventional