Deck 10: Learning What Is True: Religion,science,and Education

Question 1

Since 2008,how has attendance at organized religious services changed?

A) increased in Canada but decreased in other predominantly Christian nations
B) decreased in Canada and in other non-Christian nations
C) remained the same in Canada but increased in other countries that are and those that are not predominantly Christian
D) decreased in Canada and in other predominantly Christian nations

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Mort is convinced that astrology is real even though there is no evidence to indicate that this true.What are Mort's thoughts about astrology an example of?

A) supposition
B) postulate
C) belief
D) idea

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the text,which term refers to the social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred?

A) terrorism
B) family
C) religion
D) education

Answer 3

C

Question 4

For Durkheim,which concept is the essence of a religion?

A) supernatural
B) paranormal
C) other-worldly
D) sacred

Question 5

Between 2008 and 2011,what was the trend in Canada with respect to religious affiliation?

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) varied dramatically from year to year

Question 6

Galen,Sharpe,and McNulty compared the philanthropic characteristics of people who belonged to religious groups,people who belonged to other types of groups,and people who did not belong to structured groups.What did they find?

A) Religious belief was the most important predictor of philanthropy.
B) People who belonged to non-religious groups were no more philanthropic than people who did not belong to structured groups.
C) People who belonged to religious groups were more likely than the other types of groups to donate money but less likely to donate their times to needy causes.
D) It was not religious belief but belonging to a structured group which seemed to be related to philanthropy.

Question 7

Marissa greatly enjoys attending religious services.She has met many people who have helped her deal with a number of practical problems in her everyday life.Through these friends she has found a handyman,a house-cleaning service,and a new doctor.What would we say Marissa has acquired from these new associations?

A) bridging capital
B) bonding capital
C) referral capital
D) friendship bonds

Question 8

According to the text,what is a likely outcome of increased religiosity?

A) health benefits
B) reduction in substance abuse
C) shorter marriages
D) more sects,cults,and churches

Question 9

Chastine has strong religious beliefs and attends religious services regularly.Based on the work of Good and Willoughby,which statement best describes Chastine?

A) She might be less depressed but more socially anxious than her non-religious friends.
B) She might have higher levels of self-esteem but lower levels of life satisfaction than her less religious friends.
C) She might be less likely to use drugs but less able to get along with her parents than her less religious friends.
D) She might be better able to cope with daily hassles and have a stronger academic orientation than her less religious friends.

Question 10

Which statement best describes religiosity?

A) Religiosity is highest among those in middle age groups than among other age groups.
B) Religiosity is lower among immigrants than among native born Canadians.
C) While religiosity tends to be lower among immigrants in general it tends to be lowest among immigrants from Southeast Asia,South America and the Caribbean.
D) Religiosity tends to be highest among older age groups than among younger ones.

Question 11

Which of the following correctly ranks the order of the major religions of the world in terms of size?

A) Islam,Christianity,Judaism
B) Christianity,Islam,Hinduism
C) Hinduism,Judaism,Islam
D) Christianity,Hinduism,Islam

Question 12

When a sociologist asks a group of people how often they go to church,which aspect of religion is she studying?

A) religious attendance
B) religious affiliation
C) curriculum
D) religiosity index

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT exemplify the components of a belief system?

A) the statement "It is not possible to divide a number by zero"
B) being kind to your neighbours
C) prayer
D) speculation

Question 14

In Canada,which religious belief system has the largest affiliation?

A) Protestant
B) Catholic
C) Atheist
D) Islam

Question 15

According to the text,which statement best describes the child-saving movement?

A) The movement arose in the 1950s.
B) The movement aimed to rescue children from religious cults which were perceived as harmful.
C) The movement aimed to pressure the government to allow more immigration from non-Christian countries.
D) The movement spearheaded several new pieces of legislation which reflected the movement's philosophy.

Question 16

Which of the following is not typically included in a measure of religiosity?

A) religious attendance
B) secular engagement
C) participation in private religious activities
D) the importance of religion

Question 17

According to the text,which of the following is NOT a component of a belief system?

A) ethical and moral claims
B) technologies to obtain or use "the truth"
C) opportunities to learn about knowledge
D) claims about the nature of reality

Question 18

Who was Reginald Bibby's book,Restless Churches: How Canada's Churches Can Contribute to the Emerging Religious Renaissance,aimed at?

A) athesists
B) ministers
C) apostates
D) leaders of non-Christian churches

Question 19

According to the text,which of the following was an example of negative bonding capital?

A) Canadian residential schooling for Indigenous children
B) refusal by some religions to pay federal taxes
C) internal conflicts,or schisms,within a religion
D) a Christmas tree in Central Park

Question 20

Marco is 47 years old.Recently he had a religious conversion and has become very religious both with respect to his beliefs and his behaviour.Of the changes in behaviour listed below,which one would we NOT expect to see with respect to Marco?

A) a decrease in drug use
B) a decrease in feelings of depression
C) higher levels of secularism
D) an increase in physical health

Question 21

According to the text,what is one of the central arguments about religion taken by postmodernists?

A) There is no singular version of a particular religion,but a multiplicity of different forms of that religion.
B) Traditional boundaries must be crossed if a complete understanding of world religions is to be achieved.
C) The institutions of education and religion must remain separate entities.
D) Religion creates more tensions than communities and must be eradicated to remove conflict.

Question 22

Which research question would an interactionist pose?

A) Are powerful interests behind religion?
B) What accounts for discord between religious groups?
C) In what ways do religious teachings and practices enable individuals to achieve their goals?
D) How does religion contribute to people's construction of identity?

Question 23

A novice born-again Christian attends a charismatic prayer group.The small group stands to pray,then someone starts to speak in tongues,and the whole group starts singing in unison.The novice feels a transcendent presence.Which term applies to this social phenomenon?

A) collective sacredness
B) collective projection
C) collective effervescence
D) collective delusion

Question 24

Which perspective typically emphasizes the ways in which religious beliefs and rituals bind people together?

A) conflict
B) feminist
C) functionalist
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 25

Lauren works in a factory and raises three children.Her husband is unemployed and drinks too much.Lauren believes that this is only a temporary situation because,when she dies,her deity will take her to a better place where she will live for eternity.Which theorist would argue that Lauren's belief is preventing her from breaking out of this situation?

A) Taylor
B) Weber
C) Durkheim
D) Marx

Question 26

Which concept can be defined as "a worldview that uses the insights of natural science to inform people's way of living,their purpose in life,and the choices they make"?

A) positivism
B) empiricism
C) positive philosophy
D) scientism

Question 27

What did Marx mean when he referred to religion as the "opium of the people"?

A) Religion soothes the disadvantaged like a narcotic,blinding them to social inequalities.
B) Once committed to religion,one cannot escape its soothing clutches.
C) The satisfaction derived from religion is very intense,something like a narcotic.
D) The effect of religion is due to the religious feeling itself,not the church or organization.

Question 28

Who's work saw predestination as essential to understanding the relationship between religion and society?

A) Durkheim
B) Weber
C) Marx
D) Taylor

Question 29

According to the text,what were residential schools an example of?

A) negative bridging capital
B) negative bonding capital
C) the child saving movement
D) the "religious right"

Question 30

Who argued that when we feel we are in the presence of a higher power,we are actually experiencing a collective consciousness?

A) Marx
B) Durkheim
C) Weber
D) Freud

Question 31

Sally is happiest when she is working in her home,making sure it is neat and clean,preparing meals for her family,and ensuring that her children are content.Weber would argue that this approach to hard work is part of Sally's religious upbringing.What label would he apply to it?

A) Catholic dedication
B) being Christian
C) the sacred approach
D) the Protestant ethic

Question 32

Damian loved going to church because it made him feel part of something larger than himself.Whose approach to religion explains why Damian felt this way?

A) Durkheim
B) Weber
C) Marx
D) Taylor

Question 33

According to Merton,what is one of the "norms of science"?

A) norm of interestedness
B) norm of economy of action
C) norm of communism
D) norm of Occam's razor

Question 34

According to Weber,what influence can the moral tone that infused the rise of capitalism in Europe be traced back to?

A) the edicts of the Roman Catholic Church
B) ungodly,atheist,and material aspirations
C) the ideas of the Protestant doctrine
D) the religious persecution of the Jews

Question 35

Allan had a discussion with a sociology classmate who has identified himself as a conflict theorist.Which argument is the conflict theorist likely to make?

A) Religion provides opportunities to challenge social injustice.
B) Religion justifies the inequality.
C) Religion helps people cope with illness.
D) Religion means different things to different people.

Question 36

Durkheim's sociology of religion is most closely associated with which of the following?

A) functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) interactionist theory
D) critical theory

Question 37

According to the text,which feminist perspective suggests that if the doctrines of the world's major religions are interpreted "correctly," the true message is one of equality?

A) rejectionists
B) revolutionaries
C) revisionist
D) reformist

Question 38

According to the text,which feminist perspective suggests that removing some of the traditional boundaries of certain religions,and integrating some images and rituals from outside those traditional boundaries,can serve positive ends for women in society?

A) rejectionists
B) revolutionaries
C) revisionist
D) reformist

Question 39

According to a feminist perspective,what is important to women concerning religion?

A) determining the amount of discrimination that women face
B) alternative belief systems for all women,given the patriarchal nature of organized religion
C) women's absence or oppression in religious institutions
D) that church officials are penalized for wrongdoings against women

Question 40

Which assumption is reflected in Merton's norms of science?

A) Science is a belief system in which truth is socially constructed.
B) Science is objective and distinct from other forms of knowledge.
C) Science is a kind of religion.
D) Science is a set of secular rituals.

Question 41

Which statement best describes the way that the Canada Constitution Act,1867 defined educational jurisdiction?

A) Primary and secondary education was to be the responsibility of the federal government.
B) Universities and colleges were to be the exclusive responsibility of the federal government.
C) Primary and secondary education was to be the responsibility of provincial and territorial governments.
D) Educational policy at all levels was to be decided by a joint body made up of federal,provincial,and municipal levels of government.

Question 42

According to the text,which term refers to a worldview that uses the insights of natural science to inform people's way of living,their purpose in life,and the choices they make?

A) theologism
B) scientism
C) naturism
D) rationalism

Question 43

What is a latent function of the educational system?

A) social control
B) social development
C) skill and knowledge development
D) lunch and lunchtime supervision

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT part of the normative structure of science described by Merton?

A) communism
B) disinterestedness
C) organized optimism
D) universalism

Question 45

With which statement would a feminist scholar most likely disagree?

A) Research should be value-free.
B) Historically,scientific research has had an androcentric bias.
C) Career progress is typically more difficult for female than for male scientists.
D) Science should be connected to social and political action.

Question 46

Which type of relationship between science and religion is suggested by a school that teaches "intelligent design" in the classroom?

A) conflict
B) integration
C) dialogue
D) independence

Question 47

From kindergarten through college and university,children learn attitudes and behaviour appropriate to the student role.Which manifest function of education does this illustrate?

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) skills development
D) change and innovation

Question 48

Which term refers to the hidden,unstated,and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organization or institution that all social institutions,including schools,have?

A) manifest functions
B) latent functions
C) unobtrusive goals
D) subjective goals

Question 49

According to the text,which term describes the relationship possible between religious and scientific knowledge when both are asking some of the same questions?

A) overlap
B) dialogue
C) conflict
D) interdependent

Question 50

According to the text,which of the following outlines the feminist standpoint theory developed by Harding?

A) Women's oppression has slowed their knowledge growth,but they now have much to offer the scientific community.
B) Women's unique understanding of the world could be used to create a superior body of scientific knowledge.
C) Women's approach to science has enabled many revelations by men,but credit is now due to the women.
D) Women are now receiving superior scientific educations and deserve the same opportunities as men.

Question 51

How did Thomas Kuhn characterize the social sciences?

A) a site of paradigm shifts
B) pre-paradigmatic
C) multi-paradigmatic
D) post paradigmatic

Question 52

According to the text,which group of children fare better in school because of an advantaged home environment?

A) immigrant children
B) affluent children
C) intelligent children
D) Asian children

Question 53

What are open,stated,and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution?

A) latent functions
B) manifest functions
C) purposeful functions
D) planned functions

Question 54

Science funding in Canada was reduced under the government of Stephen Harper and in the United States under Donald Trump.According to the text,what generalization from the sociology of science is relevant to understanding these changes?

A) Paradigm shifts can be politically motivated.
B) Powerful individuals can be the engines of social change.
C) Scientific knowledge depends on the social framework in which it is produced.
D) Conservative governments are unsympathetic to scientific causes.

Question 55

According to the text,which statement best reflects a functionalist view of school functions?

A) Schools transmit universal social values and teach acceptable social practices.
B) Schools are designed along the lines of an open curriculum,and ongoing cooperation.
C) Schools are said to promote cooperation among students,not competition.
D) Schools operate on the principle that those with the least ability are rewarded.

Question 56

If we were to ask a conflict theorist,how would he or she describe education?

A) Education is a voice for the masses.
B) Education is a paradigm for social change.
C) Education is a platform for challenging social inequality.
D) Education is a vehicle for reproducing existing inequalities.

Question 57

Who argued that education is crucial for promoting cultural values and order in society?

A) Durkheim
B) Bourdieu
C) Etzioni
D) Weber

Question 58

According to Thomas Kuhn and other writers,what must you understand in order to understand scientific revolutions?

A) hypothesis testing
B) paradigm shifts
C) psychology of the scientist
D) why some scientists disobey the norms of science

Question 59

According to Eriksson,what is scientific knowledge dependent on?

A) funding opportunities
B) political pressure
C) educational value
D) knowledge limitations

Question 60

According to Kuhn,which term refers to the paradigm shifts that have occurred in science throughout history?

A) paradigmatic turns
B) scientific accumulation
C) scientific divergence
D) scientific revolutions

Question 61

Currently,Protestants are the largest religious group in Canada.

Question 62

A secondary school district redrafts its curriculum offerings into the following categories leading to graduation: early matriculation for 16-year-olds,and late matriculation for trades,technology,and college/university preparation.Which term best identifies this school's structuring?

A) self-selection
B) aptitude selection
C) streaming
D) majoring

Question 63

What do children who wear name-brand clothing and possess the latest technological gadgets have more of than children who do not have these resources?

A) cultural capital
B) social capital
C) economic capital
D) political capital

Question 64

Which statement best describes what sociologists call the "hidden curriculum"?

A) There are rules,procedures,and norms taught to learners as part of their lessons.
B) There are rules,procedures,and norms that are taught in addition to the formal curriculum.
C) There are educational objectives that serve to restrict opportunities for visible minorities.
D) There are educational lessons that provide more opportunities for visible minorities.

Question 65

Which general theoretical orientation does the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy reflect?

A) functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) interactionist theory
D) postmodern theory

Question 66

The text discusses an experiment in which a sample of school children were labelled as "academic bloomers" in order to see what effects the label might have on IQ.According to the study authors,Rosenhan and Jacobson,what did they in fact observe?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) a secondary labelling process
C) no effects worth noting
D) an actual decrease in IQ scores

Question 67

Research findings indicate that people who have formal religious affiliations are more anxious than those without formal religious affiliations.

Question 68

Which term refers to the implicit transmission of cultural values such as conformity and obedience to authority through the school's rules,routines,and regulations?

A) a tracking system
B) the hidden curriculum
C) a latent function of education
D) an educational indoctrination

Question 69

Who suggested that students come to school with different social assets?

A) Durkheim
B) Bourdieu
C) Oakes
D) Weber

Question 70

According to the text,which term refers to splitting students into curricular groupings,with each group headed along a different path?

A) streaming
B) credentialism
C) mobility
D) socialization

Question 71

Jonathan has always been told,and believed,that he was a "C" student,and his grades at university are mostly "Cs." What is this an example of?

A) labelling
B) learning disability
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) fallacy of reasoning

Question 72

Religion tends to be higher among native-born Canadians than among immigrant groups.

Question 73

According to research cited in the text,what conclusion was drawn from the experiment in which teachers at an elementary school were intentionally misinformed that certain children were extremely intelligent?

A) The teachers went out of the way to avoid treating these students differently,and found no differences a year later.
B) There was no significant impact of the labelling effect of IQ scores.
C) There were marked academic gains among the "so-called" extremely intelligent students.
D) These positive teacher expectations actually created less successful students.

Question 74

Nadir speaks four languages,invests in numerous stocks,values higher education,and attends the opera and the ballet on a regular basis.Which term best describes these particular assets of Nadir?

A) cultural capital
B) material culture
C) accumulated social wisdom
D) social wisdom

Question 75

What might be noticed in a comparison of the socialization approaches of middle- and lower-class parents?

A) Middle-class parents use a natural growth model and lower-class parents use a concerted cultivation model.
B) Lower-class parents use a natural growth model and middle-class parents use a concerted cultivation model.
C) Lower-class parents and middle-class parents employ essentially similar models of the socialization process.
D) Cultural capital helps to reduce the achievement differences between lower-class and middle-class children.

Question 76

According to the text,what has the organization People for Education defined as a major priority?

A) the removal of intelligent design theories from the high school curriculum
B) the enhancement of the streaming process
C) Indigenous education
D) uncovering the hidden curriculum

Question 77

Which term refers to assigning students to specific courses and educational programs based on their test scores and/or previous grades?

A) grading
B) IQ grouping
C) organizing
D) streaming

Question 78

Which sociological approach would contend that the very design of mass public schooling ensures that people who are born disadvantaged remain disadvantaged?

A) neo-conservatives
B) human capital theorists
C) conflict theorists
D) structural-functionalists

Question 79

According to the text,what is a main result of credentialism?

A) Individuals become overqualified in pursuing credentials.
B) Only people who have the required skills can get a job.
C) Class advantage and social status become linked to having academic credentials.
D) It produces a more competitive society.

Question 80

Patrick is from a "working poor" household.He has been identified as a student with low motivation who is unlikely to go very far in life.There is some suspicion as well that he might have learning challenges.His current teacher thinks he is ill mannered;he doesn't like to put his hand up or wait in lines.The guidance counsellor at Patrick's school strongly advises Patrick to think about "the trades" as a career option.What two aspects of the social production of class are identified in this brief description?

A) social control and credentialism
B) cultural capital and social capital
C) hidden curriculum and streaming
D) streaming and credentialism