Deck 8: Infection, Allergy, and Psychosocial Stress

Question 1

The discovery that microbes appear associated with the development of heart disase

A) explains why antibiotic therapy is benficial
B) discredits research linking heart attacks to anger and hostility
C) is consistent with the role of inflammation in heart disease
D) all of the above

Answer 1

is consistent with the role of inflammation in heart disease

Question 2

Methodologically rigorous studies of upper respiratory tract infections have found that after controlled exposure to rhinoviruses the individuals who develop colds

A) are more introverted
B) have higher cortisol levels
C) have lower NK activity
D) have high social network diversity

Answer 2

are more introverted

Question 3

Which of the following is false

A) infectivity is not indicative of the likelihood that a pathogen will cause disease
B) virulence is related to severity of an illness
C) pathogens in the body must cause disease
D) sick individuls have had an incubation period

Answer 3

pathogens in the body must cause disease

Question 4

Allergens most often arise from

A) pharmaceuticals
B) plant life
C) animal protein
D) toxic chemicals

Question 5

One of the earliest recorded epidemics ocurred in

A) Rome
B) Paris
C) Egypt
D) China

Question 6

The complexity of immune responses

A) is mostly the result of genetic factors
B) reflects the balancing of pro-imflammatory and anti-inflamatory signals
C) is not influenced by pathogen responses
D) is independent of pathogen heterogeneity

Question 7

Infectious agents cause tissue damage via a variety of mechanism including the immune response itself. Which of the following is an example of immune mediated
Damage

A) granuloma formation
B) molecular mimicry
C) tumor necrosis factor-α release
D) all of the above

Question 8

Infectious agents are

A) often not pathogenic
B) single cell microorganisms
C) all obligate intracellular parasites
D) always capable of independent self-replication

Question 9

Which of the following pathogens has been implicated in both heart disease and peptic ulcers

A) cytomegalovirus
B) chlamydia pneumoniae
C) candida albicans
D) none of the above

Question 10

Allergic disorders are fundementally the result of an inflammatory response

A) that is higly localized
B) elicited by hazardous substances
C) that can be lethal
D) both a and c

Question 11

Research on the impact of psychosocial stress on infectious disease has shown that

A) more life change is associated with lower risk of illness
B) more social interaction is protective across the board
C) there is no association between religious practives and the course of AIDS
D) HIV positive individuals who find meaning and avoid dispair fare better

Question 12

Which of the following is true about herd immunity

A) diminishes the probability of an epidemic
B) can be enhanced by vaccination
C) limits the opportunity for infectives to meet susceptibles
D) all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is false about infectious diseases

A) they account for 25% of yearly global mortality
B) tuberculosis is one of the top five diseases
C) older individuals are the most affected
D) they are unevenly distributed throughout the world

Question 14

An understandig that infectious diseases are transmissable was not articulated until the which of the following centuries

A) sixteenth
B) seventeenth
C) eighteenth
D) nineteenth

Question 15

The term allergy or the concept of atopic diseases first entered the lexicon in the 20^th century, but the conditions were evident in antiquity. One of the earliest
Known descriptions was that of

A) hay fever
B) asthma
C) reations to food
D) reactions to insect bites

Question 16

Which of the following are subclassified based on shape and oxygen tolerance

A) fungi
B) helminths
C) bacteria
D) viroids

Question 17

A disease is said to be endemic when it

A) shows a rapid increase in its incidence
B) affects a nearly constant number of individuls over time
C) appers to be decresing slowly in a population
D) remains geographically restricted

Question 18

When an individual who has been infected remains susceptible to recurrences of disease symptoms the pathogen is said to have caused

A) collateral damage
B) latent infection
C) chronic disease
D) immune dysregulation

Question 19

Genetic studies of susceptibility to infectious diseases have found that

A) found that HLA heterozygosity is protective
B) single neuclotide polymorphisms are not related to severity of illness
C) the genetic contribution plays a major role in susceptibility
D) all of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is true about zoonotic infections

A) they occur only in zoos
B) they are restricted to lower animals
C) they are trasmitted by insects
D) they are able to cross species

Question 21

Drugs used to control asthma symptoms may ultimately aggravate the disorder because

A) they supress humoral immunity (Th2)
B) they supress cell-mediated immunity (Th1)
C) they augment cell-mediated immunity (Th1)
D) none of the above

Question 22

A important discovery concerning allergic responses is that they

A) are learned responses
B) cannot be facilitated by pathogens
C) can be classically conditioned
D) are mostly a reflection of immune gene polymorphisms

Question 23

Psychosocial stress has an impact on allergy in that it appears to

A) be associated with risk of developing such disorders
B) decrease the manifestation of symptoms in some circumstances
C) explain the higher incidence in underdeveloped countries
D) both a and b

Question 24

Which of the following is not true about allergy

A) rhinitis and asthma account for most cases of allergy
B) allergic disorders are on the increase worldwide
C) the increased prevalence of allergy is best explained by genetic change
D) allergy is less prevalent in rural settings

Question 25

Mast-cell degranulation

A) initiates inflammation
B) gives rise to nociceptive signals
C) activates axon-reflexes and the release of neuropeptides
D) all of the above

Question 26

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a major site where the organism encounters foreign proteins from a variety of sources; therefore

A) food allergies are easily developed
B) the GIT must rely solely on barrier defenses
C) resident T-regulatory cells play a key role in the GIT's response to antigen
D) food allergies do not involve mast-cell degranulation

Question 27

Disorders such as asthma and eczema were once thought to be primarily

A) a result of exposure to environmetal toxins
B) caused by parasites
C) due to air temperature
D) due to emotional disturbance

Question 28

The hygiene hypothesis postulates that allergies

A) are most frequent in unhygienic environments
B) can be controlled by maintaining good hygiene
C) are less prevalent in less hygienic environments
D) both a and b

Question 29

Allergic responses

A) require the participation of B-lymphocytes
B) occur upon first encountering allergen
C) do not requre T-cell mediation
D) are always highly localized

Question 30

Allergies tend to run in families and thus genetic susceptibility is suggested however

A) the research has not supported a genetic influence
B) few genes have been implicated
C) the genetic influence is modest at best
D) the genetic influence is independent of enviromental factors