Deck 7: Sex, gender, and Sexualities: Deconstructing Dualisms

Question 1

According to the text,which term applies to the biological differences between females and males?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Anthropologists used the European term bardaches to describe North American Indigenous individuals who had multiple sex/gender variations.Which anglicized expression was adopted to replace this derogatory term for one that referred to individuals who have both male and female life-forces?

A) two-gendered
B) two-spirited
C) multi-gendered
D) dualistic sexuality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When Chris was born,the doctors were unable to confirm whether the child was male or female.According to the text,what term would appropriately label the child?

A) unassigned
B) unlabelled
C) ambiguous
D) intersexed

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement best summarizes a common research finding?

A) Females are naturally feminine across cultures.
B) There is no evidence of societies where women are aggressive while men are nurturing.
C) There is less gender variation within sexes than there is between sexes.
D) The idea that there are only two sexes is a social construction.

Question 5

Allyson is a 14-year-old girl who wears mainly dark heavy clothing,has a very short haircut,does not wear makeup,likes working on cars,lifts weights at home,and worked hard to earn herself a spot on the senior boy's football team for her school.According to the text,what type of socially constructed gender expectation is Allyson NOT fulfilling?

A) traditional masculinity
B) conscious femininity
C) traditional femininity
D) oppositional masculinity

Question 6

Although Jason was born a male,he has always thought of himself as "a woman trapped in a man's body." What would sociologists describe Jason as struggling over?

A) his sexual role
B) his gender role
C) his sexual identity
D) his gender identity

Question 7

Frances was born female,but has always thought of herself as a male.She started to dress as a male,cut her hair,and insisted on being called Frank.Which sociological term identifies Frank?

A) transsexual
B) mixed gendered
C) transgendered
D) cross-gendered

Question 8

Males should be strong,dominant,independent,and invulnerable.What is this statement an example of?

A) sexual identity typing
B) gender identity discourses
C) elite gender discourses
D) sex typing identity

Question 9

According to the text,which term describes a person whose physical sex characteristics fall outside the boundaries of the dualism of male/female?

A) complex-sexed
B) spectrum-sexed
C) polysexed
D) intersexed

Question 10

What does the term "the opposite sex" assume?

A) that sex is determined at the moment of conception
B) that sex is the opposite of gender
C) a dualist conception
D) the presence of primary and secondary sex characteristics

Question 11

Which term best describes a person whose physical sex characteristics fall outside the boundaries of the male/female?

A) intersexed
B) disorders of sexual development
C) differences in sexual development
D) non-dualistic sexuality

Question 12

Yasmin and Martin's first child was born with what physicians called "ambiguous external genitalia." There was much pressure from the doctors and the hospital's "gender identity team" for the new parents to accept the label and to have their child "fixed" even though the baby did not display any physical health problems.What sociological concept reflects this scenario?

A) an elite discourse from the medical community
B) an elite biological reality
C) a socially constructed expectation of normative sexuality
D) the medical discourse of biological determinism

Question 13

Which of the following is a sexuality dualism?

A) female/male
B) femininity/masculinity
C) heterosexual/homosexual
D) gender/sex

Question 14

Where does our sense of gender-appropriate behaviour come from?

A) We acquire it at birth.
B) We tap into it once we reach 18-36 months of age.
C) We learn it through the socialization process.
D) We develop into males and females regardless of cultural influences.

Question 15

Christine was asked to be a flower girl for her aunt's wedding at the age of four.Despite her tendencies to jump and yell when she gets excited,she was quiet and reserved that afternoon because her mother had instructed her to "act like a little lady." According to the text,what is this an example of?

A) an institutionalized gender role
B) an elite discourse about gender
C) a secondary discourse
D) institutional discourse

Question 16

How does the elite discourse view the medical community?

A) perceives differences in sexual development as a problem to be corrected
B) perceives differences in sexual development as a problem to be corrected only if these differences are associated with other health problems
C) argues that differences in sexual development should involve medical intervention only after the child has gone through puberty
D) does not perceive differences in sexual development as a problem

Question 17

Who does the term "cisgender" describe?

A) individuals who are two-spirited
B) individuals who are transgender
C) individuals whose identity corresponds to elite discourses
D) individuals whose identity is not consistent with elite discourses

Question 18

According to the textbook,which of the following best defines "sex"?

A) Sex is a matter of socioeconomics.
B) Gender is construed as dualist,but sex is not.
C) Sex is construed as dualist,but gender is not.
D) Sex is a matter of biology.

Question 19

Max has just graduated from the College of Nursing and is about to begin his career as a registered nurse.His family has never understood his career choice.His brothers and male cousins mock him and tease that he will have to wear a dress and pantyhose to be a "real" nurse.According to the text,what type of socially constructed gender expectation is Max NOT fulfilling?

A) traditional masculinity
B) conscious femininity
C) traditional femininity
D) oppositional masculinity

Question 20

What sociological concept defines the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males?

A) gender
B) sex
C) primary sexual identifier
D) sexual identity

Question 21

What was one outcome of industrialization?

A) children increasingly associated with the public sphere
B) the cult of domesticity
C) the unification of public and private spheres
D) women increasingly associated with the public sphere

Question 22

John's appearance mirrors the stereotype of female beauty (e.g. ,makeup,well-groomed hair,etc. ),and he acts in culturally feminine ways,including wearing dresses.What term best describes John?

A) bi-gender
B) gender neutral
C) gender deviant
D) transgender

Question 23

Which statement best describes the dualisms upon which elite discourses are predicated?

A) They are "real" in the sense that they are part of our biological hardwiring.
B) They are real in the sense that they have real-life consequences.
C) They are not socially constructed and therefore not real.
D) They are not real because they all lack a binary character.

Question 24

Which term is used by the text to describe people who identify themselves with another sex and seek to live their life on that basis?

A) hermaphrodite
B) transgendered
C) transvestite
D) homosexual

Question 25

When did the law relating to marriage in Canada become less heteronormative?

A) 1995
B) 2005
C) 2015
D) 2017

Question 26

Research relating to the "I am a Girl" program found that gender equality is more likely under a specific condition.What is that condition?

A) women decide not to marry early
B) women's decision to have more rather few children,who can therefore contribute to family income
C) universal access to the Internet
D) sanctioning for those who do not conform to traditional gender ideals

Question 27

The textbook describes a piece of research in which students over several years were asked how their lives would be different if they were born a different sex.How did most male students respond?

A) They saw nothing but bad things about being female.
B) They saw nothing but good things about being female.
C) They said it might be interesting to be a female for a while but wished to remain male.
D) They saw being female or male as equally advantageous.

Question 28

According to Statistics Canada,who is more likely to graduate from university?

A) male students
B) female students
C) private-school students
D) students who have dropped out and then tried again

Question 29

As industrialization cemented the division of labour in society,men found work outside the home.According to the text,what label is used to describe where the women continued to work?

A) in the home
B) in the private sphere
C) in the domestic arena
D) in the family quarter

Question 30

The textbook describes a piece of research in which students over several years were asked how their lives would be different if they were born a different sex.How did most female students respond?

A) They viewed the possibility of being male as uniformly negative.
B) They expressed the concern that if male they might lose some labour force advantages.
C) They said it might be interesting to be a male for a while but wished to remain female.
D) They said being male might mean they will be treated with less respect.

Question 31

As discussed in the text,what does research on children and adolescents suggest?

A) Norms are gendered.
B) The implications of having been born a particular sex are only relevant in the first two years of life.
C) The implications of having been born a particular sex are only relevant until adolescence.
D) Gender equality has replaced almost totally traditional views about sex and gender.

Question 32

In a sociology class,a study group was given the task of listing advantages that accrued to be being born either a girl or a boy.While it was relatively easy to answer the question relative to being born a boy,it was harder to find benefits to being born a girl.What is one advantages of being born a girl that is noted in the text?

A) birthing children
B) maternity leave
C) talking on the phone
D) a wider selection of fashions

Question 33

The advent of industrialization and the notion of "cult of domesticity" promoted the view of the "ideal female." What group did this view apply to?

A) upper class women
B) lower class women
C) Asian women
D) middle class and working-class women

Question 34

According to the text,why do teachers tend to interact more with boys than girls?

A) to prepare them for their role in society
B) to ensure they learn gendered expectations
C) to maintain order
D) to draw attention away from girls

Question 35

According to Jhally and Earp,which of the following is indicative of hypermasculinity?

A) the changes in recent years in the content of Hollywood action films
B) the rapid spread of American patriotism
C) the growth of right-wing movements
D) the popularity of martial arts

Question 36

According to the text,what label is used when "traditional" masculine traits are taken to the extreme?

A) hypermasculinity
B) extreme sexuality
C) loss of gender guidance
D) social perceptions

Question 37

Since 2005 members of the same sex have had the legal right to marry in Canada.However,social change is a slow process and some sectors of Canadian society continue to either actively resist or subtly undermine this legal right.According to the text,what view do those who resist this change hold?

A) heteronormative
B) heterosexism
C) biological determinism
D) heteronormalacy

Question 38

In a study by Sadker and Sadker,what did most boys say was a "good thing" about being a girl?

A) being treated kindly
B) receiving more attention
C) getting better grades
D) nothing

Question 39

Which refers to how traditional masculinity has become more extreme?

A) spectrum masculinity
B) binary masculinity
C) hypermasculinity
D) ubermasculinity

Question 40

According to the text,who are the transgendered?

A) those who want to change their gender
B) those stuck in the "gender identity gate"
C) those who call themselves bisexual
D) those who have hormonal imbalances

Question 41

After work Allyson picks up her son Duke from daycare,goes home,prepares dinner,eats with her husband,then begins Duke's evening bedtime ritual,followed by laundry,and kitchen clean-up.What term do sociologists use to refer to Allyson's at-home activities once she returns from work?

A) the second shift
B) overtime
C) the stalled revolution
D) dual tasks

Question 42

According to the text,when does gender socialization by parents begin?

A) Starting at about 18 months of age,parents act toward children on the basis of the child's sex.
B) Before the baby is even born,parents want to know the gender of the baby,and once the sex is known,parents see the baby by their gender.
C) Children's toys often contradict their parents' gender expectations.
D) When old enough to do household chores,children are usually assigned the same chores,irrespective of gender.

Question 43

Although the effects are sometimes subtle,what has research on children's classrooms at all ages found?

A) There really are no differences in the character of male and female educational experiences.
B) Girls are encouraged to try to figure out problems on their own.
C) Only incompetent teachers are likely to reinforce gender differences in the classroom.
D) Boys are likely to dominate classroom interaction.

Question 44

Which statement best describes occupational segregation?

A) Over the last few decades there has been an increase in occupational segregation based on gender.
B) Over the last few decades a decline has occurred in occupational segregation mainly because so many men have entered professions traditionally dominated by women.
C) Over the last few decades a decline has occurred in occupational segregation in part due to the fact that more women have entered occupations normally dominated by men.
D) Over the last few decades,as women entered traditionally male careers in greater numbers,they were more likely than men to rise to the top of their fields and hold positions of authority.

Question 45

Why did women begin entering the workforce on a large scale in the 1960s?

A) "first wave" feminism was on the rise
B) satisfaction as a homemaker was dwindling
C) economic needs of the family required the income
D) daycare was more readily available

Question 46

In the 1960s women started to move into the labour force in large numbers.What was this largely the result of?

A) the rise of third wave feminism
B) the rapid escalation of inflation
C) the dramatic decline in education segregation on the basis of gender
D) the postwar economic boom

Question 47

According to the text,how is the cultural expectation of women's role as homemaker most visible in today's society?

A) many women are mothers and employees
B) women continue to bear the heavy burden of caring for children and meeting demands of the workplace
C) the introduction of the ideology of the male breadwinner
D) the increase of technology available to ease the burden of domestic labour

Question 48

According to the text,what did one study of implicit gender stereotypes find?

A) Holding implicit stereotypes had no relationship to choices made between the sciences and the social sciences/humanities.
B) Holding implicit stereotypes was related to program selection across fields within each of the sciences and social science /humanities.
C) Males tended to be overrepresented in biology and engineering as compared to females.
D) Females tended to be overrepresented in psychology and economics.

Question 49

Which term describes the disparity between earnings for men and women?

A) work gap
B) labour gap
C) wage gap
D) wage disparity

Question 50

How do women's hourly wages today compare to that of men's?

A) Women earn 70 cents for every dollar men earn.
B) Women earn 78 cents for every dollar men earn.
C) Women earn 84 cents for every dollar men earn.
D) Women earn 95 cents for every dollar men earn.

Question 51

Which statement best describes the wage gap between men and women in Canada?

A) The wage gap has been closing steadily and is now almost non-existent.
B) A wage gap only exists because we have failed to consider the effects of part-time and non-unionized work.
C) For every dollar men earn,women earn 99 cents.
D) A gender-based wage gap has been evident ever since relevant data were first collected.

Question 52

What has research on the classroom behaviour of preschool teachers found?

A) Teachers are not likely to engage in gender neutral play during free play periods.
B) Teachers are more likely to engage in gender specific play with males only in the context of mixed-groups.
C) Teachers are more likely to engage in gender specific play with females only in the context of mixed-groups.
D) Teachers might be more likely to encourage female children to play with dolls when they are with a group of only female children.

Question 53

How do parents affect stereotypical gender-role development of their children?

A) They pass on their own beliefs about gender.
B) They act toward children on the basis of a child's age.
C) They apply similar expectations and standards for male and female children.
D) They challenge societal gender expectations in their modelling.

Question 54

Vince and Twyla both worked at a non-unionized manufacturing plant.They started their jobs at the same time and did comparable jobs on the same shift.However,Vince made approximately $65,000 per year while Twyla earned roughly $47,000.According to the text,what might be the explanation for this difference in pay?

A) It is sometimes still assumed that women's work is "peripheral" to family life.
B) Women are not paid at the same rate as men due to more sick days and anticipated maternity leaves.
C) Due to physical differences in physical strength and work capacity,males produce more marketable product than their female coworkers.
D) Women don't aspire to supervisory or management positions and don't take advantage of training opportunities that would give them a greater rate of pay.

Question 55

Which statement best describes the feedback given to male and female students?

A) Males receive more of each kind of feedback than do females.
B) Females receive more of each kind of feedback than do males.
C) The feedback profiles of male and female children are the same.
D) Who receives the most feedback varies by type of feedback.

Question 56

Which type of student is likely to receive more attention in the classroom?

A) the studious and industrious female
B) female students who conform to the traditional model of femininity
C) the studious and industrious male
D) male students who conform to the traditional model of masculinity

Question 57

Avaya was three days old when her mother took her to a piercing salon to have her ears pierced.According to the text,to what socially constructed perceptions and expectations was her mother responding?

A) Infant girls often have very few distinguishing female features and it is important that people be able to respond to either a male or female child appropriately.
B) Social learning theory suggests that parents teach their children from the earliest of moments what is attached to their gender at birth.
C) Desensitization theory suggests that seeing the pierced earing in her ears from an early age will desensitize the child to the possibility of fear during future medical or dental treatment.
D) Gendered treatment begins very early in a child's life and reflects the gendering that individuals will face later in educational,occupational,and economic situations.

Question 58

Which term refers to a preference for sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex?

A) homosexuality
B) bisexuality
C) gendered sexuality
D) heterosexuality

Question 59

Which type of feedback are male students most likely to receive?

A) praise
B) remediation
C) criticism
D) acceptance

Question 60

Bobby was always being called out in class to answer questions,which taught him to be assertive and independent.Julie was never called on so she learned passivity and to remain silent.According to the text,what is the label given to this portion of the learning curriculum?

A) secret
B) gendered
C) hidden
D) skill-related

Question 61

What does the term "second shift" refer to?

A) men's unpaid work in the home,done in addition to a paid job outside the home
B) that many men,and some women,must work two paying jobs to make ends meet
C) children working a part-time job in additional to school work
D) women's unpaid work in the home,done in addition to a paid job outside the home

Question 62

Candace West and Don Zimmerman used which of the following perspectives when explaining what they refer to as "doing gender"?

A) postmodernist
B) functionalist
C) interactionist
D) feminist

Question 63

Which type of feminist theory argued that inequalities in education,occupation,economics,and families are the result of differential opportunities?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) cultural feminism
D) Marxist feminism

Question 64

Which feminist perspective criticizes mainstream feminism for ignoring some women's experiences?

A) liberal
B) socialist
C) racial
D) radical

Question 65

According to interactionist theory (Erving Goffman)what do codes of gender do?

A) reinforce dualisms of sex and gender
B) undermine the dualism of sexuality
C) challenge male dominance
D) challenge female passivity

Question 66

According to recent research,how is domestic labour divided among LGBTQ?

A) Lower income earners are responsible for more domestic labour.
B) Most believe that domestic labour is divided evenly.
C) When labour is divided,it is divided according to age.
D) The more highly educated partner is responsible for more domestic labour.

Question 67

Which statement best defines the "second shift"?

A) It is the need to work increasing amounts of overtime because of inflation.
B) It is the change in feminist objectives in the 1960s.
C) It is the pattern by which employed women have to put in a full shift of domestic labour after working a full shift outside the homes.
D) It is the pattern by which women find it increasingly necessary to take on a second job in order to make ends meet.

Question 68

Which statement best describes parental leaves in Canada?

A) Only mothers are allowed to take parental leaves.
B) Fathers are allowed to take parental leaves only if divorced or a single parent.
C) Although fathers are allowed to take parental leave,they seldom do.
D) Parental leaves are not allowed in the case of a child adoption.

Question 69

Which theory group states that a gender "identity" is not possible?

A) liberal feminism
B) interactionist theory
C) functionalism
D) postmodernism

Question 70

Sandra and James have a "traditional" division of labour in the home.James works full-time and Sandra looks after their daughter,Janine.How would a symbolic interactionist perspective understand Sandra's situation?

A) Sandra is "doing gender" with each bath she gives Janine,each meal she feeds her,and in every aspect of her daily interactions as a mother.
B) James's unwillingness to take any responsibility for domestic work reinforces male dominance.
C) Sandra is exploited at home by patriarchy.
D) Sandra would be far better off if she had childcare options and could return to the workforce.

Question 71

According to functionalist theorists such as Talcott Parsons,which statement best describes tasks?

A) Twenty-first century families engage in more task-sharing than was the case in the past.
B) Traditionally females have been responsible for more instrumental tasks.
C) Traditionally males are responsible for more expressive tasks.
D) Task differentiation by gender is the fairest way to ensure that what needs to be done is done.

Question 72

How is gender perceived in the context of postmodern theory?

A) One does gender rather than has a gender.
B) Gender is an inner essence.
C) It is possible to have a consistent gender identity.
D) The dualism of sex and gender are understood as unchangeable.

Question 73

Many feminists say that we cannot speak of women as a general category.Instead,we need to consider the ways in which our individual arrays of multiple identities combine to create a distinctive whole.Therefore,which of the following must be recognized as important?

A) identity politics
B) multiple identity syndrome
C) intersectionality
D) multidentification

Question 74

Which perspective questions the very notion of gender?

A) postmodern
B) socialist
C) liberal
D) radical

Question 75

What is the result when dual-career couples hire someone to help with domestic labour?

A) Both partners benefit equally.
B) Men tend to benefit more than women.
C) Women tend to benefit more than men.
D) Neither party actually benefits because they discover new forms of domestic labour than need to done.

Question 76

From a functionalist perspective,which assumption is the basis of the division of labour into instrumental tasks and expressive tasks?

A) Men and women are socialized differently.
B) A traditional division of labour is natural.
C) Men can provide expressive tasks.
D) Women are best at instrumental tasks.

Question 77

Which of the following is a claim of liberal feminism?

A) Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
B) Male domination causes all forms of human oppression,including racism and classism.
C) Women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers.
D) Women of colour experience a different world than other people because of oppression based on race,ethnicity,gender,and class.

Question 78

What did the conflict theory of Frederich Engels argue?

A) A gendered division of labour is part of the natural order.
B) The transition from feudalism to capitalism would result in patriarchy.
C) Female subordination would increase as women entered paid employment.
D) A gendered division of labour would contribute to the socialization of children and the stabilization of adult personalities.

Question 79

If you were a conflict theorist,with which claim would you agree?

A) Gender stratification results from public ownership of the means of production.
B) Although women may gain control of resources,it does not mean that they acquire the associated social power.
C) Marriage reinforces male dominance.
D) Men's ability to use physical power to control women increases in industrial societies.

Question 80

A group of workers organizes to challenge the lack of childcare options in the workplace.What form of feminism does this represent?

A) lesbian
B) socialist
C) radical
D) liberal