Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

What basic idea states that our feelings about who we are depend largely on how we see ourselves judged by others?

A) the superego
B) the generalized other
C) the significant other
D) the looking-glass self

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What do we call the behaviour expected of a person occupying a particular position in society?

A) an ego
B) a sense of identity
C) a sense of self
D) a role

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What do sociologists call the process by which people learn their culture and become aware of themselves as they interact with each other?

A) socialization
B) networking
C) secondary socialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Three-year-old David's parents teach him how to share his toys with his two-year-old cousin Sam. According to George Herbert Mead,what is being created in this situation?

A) id
B) "I"
C) "me"
D) "you"

Question 5

As illustrated by the "wild boy of Aveyron" in the textbook,what occurs without childhood socialization?

A) Adults have intense but inappropriate personal relationships.
B) Most of our human potential remains unlocked until we are socialized.
C) Humans become overly violent.
D) Children grow up and become dependent upon external authorities for leadership.

Question 6

What do both human babies and baby rhesus monkeys require?

A) caring contact
B) regular grooming and bathing
C) fixed amounts of food
D) soothing maternal sounds

Question 7

As an infant,Sarita cries when hungry or tired or when she needs her diaper changed.When all of her needs are taken care of,she smiles happily.What did George Herbert Mead call this aspect of the self?

A) the id
B) "I"
C) "me"
D) "you"

Question 8

Although she is very thin,Heidi is convinced that everyone around her believes she is overweight.She adapts her eating behaviours so that she eats very little and when she does eat,she makes herself vomit in order to try to keep her weight down.Which of the following concepts describes Heidi's behaviour?

A) the ego managing the id and the superego
B) the looking-glass self
C) taking the role of other
D) faulty development at the abstract moral stage

Question 9

When does the process of socialization begin?

A) soon after birth
B) at one year of age
C) at six years of age
D) at 12 years of age

Question 10

In research done on baby rhesus monkeys in various conditions of isolation during their early socialization,what did the Harlows discover?

A) Emotional attachment is occasional.
B) Emotional attachment is based on the amount of food given.
C) Emotional development requires affectionate cradling.
D) Emotional development is based on how hard the artificial mothers were.

Question 11

According to Charles Horton Cooley,what is meant by the "looking-glass self" when we interact with others?

A) The superego is taken over by the generalized other.
B) The I is forced to confront the Me.
C) We pay attention to the way others evaluate us.
D) Thinking becomes fixed in the concrete operational stage.

Question 12

Which of the following is synonymous with the concept "role taking"?

A) kindness
B) compassion
C) sympathy
D) empathy

Question 13

The process of socialization,which begins at birth,continues until when?

A) 12 years of age
B) 21 years of age
C) death
D) a stable personality is formed

Question 14

What is the main sociological contribution of Sigmund Freud's theory?

A) that the self emerges during early social interaction
B) that the self emerges during social interaction with teenage peers
C) that the self is beyond the pleasure principle
D) that the self is formed in a haphazard manner

Question 15

What does the research of René Spitz,outlined in the textbook,demonstrate?

A) Infants who experience plenty of social interaction in their first year of life grow up normally.
B) Without childhood socialization, most of our human potential is delayed or remains unrealized.
C) Infants deprived of their mothers in their first year of life are developmentally delayed until approximately age five.
D) Infants deprived of social interaction with adults in their first year of life experience delays in development until age three.

Question 16

In contrast to children raised in nursing homes,René Spitz speculated that children raised as orphans may have what as adults?

A) little ego control
B) an impaired sexual life
C) psychopathic personalities
D) little contact with mother figures

Question 17

According to George Herbert Mead,how do children first learn to use language and other symbols?

A) They develop the ability to repress the trauma associated with birth.
B) They imitate important people in their lives.
C) They pretend to be other people.
D) They learn the important symbols in their environment.

Question 18

Which of the following is typical of a 15-year-old adolescent?

A) He or she has well-developed ego controls.
B) He or she knows where he or she is going in life.
C) He or she has a vaguely defined sense of self.
D) He or she has little contact with parental figures.

Question 19

Based on the research described in the textbook,which of the following is typical of children reared in isolation?

A) They cannot form intimate social relationships.
B) They have a strong sense of self.
C) They are unable to progress beyond the concrete operational stage.
D) They lack what Freud called "id" impulses.

Question 20

Which of the following do some analysts,discussed in the textbook,conclude about childhood and adolescence?

A) These are times when peer groups become less important in socialization.
B) This time period has drawn little attention from scholars.
C) These are periods when the mass media is not of much importance.
D) These developmental periods are both vanishing before our eyes.

Question 21

Joshua is a nine-year-old boy who is already highly skilled at soccer and sought after as a teammate.According to Mead,what is his success dependent upon?

A) taking the role of the self
B) repressing the significant other
C) evoking memories
D) simultaneously taking the role of several others

Question 22

You are at a party where people are consuming drugs that your parents told you were dangerous.You imagine what your mother would tell you if she learned about your circumstance.In this situation,which of the following is your social environment?

A) the party attendees, you, but not your mother
B) your mother but not you and the party attendees
C) your mother and the party attendees
D) you, your mother, and the party attendees

Question 23

According to the textbook,which of the following is a feature of social change over the last century?

A) The socializing influence of mothers has increased.
B) The socializing influence of peers has decreased.
C) Children now see less of their fathers.
D) Children are less influenced by the mass media.

Question 24

A child is getting her first ice-skating lesson.She steps on the ice and immediately falls.What has the environment provided her?

A) feedback
B) control
C) adaptation
D) socialization

Question 25

A sociological interpretation of the movie Avatar (2009)is that we can know ourselves and the world through which of the following?

A) role taking
B) ego enhancement
C) abstract moral development
D) cognitive development

Question 26

According to research cited in the textbook,in which of the following areas of their children's later lives do parents play a key role?

A) They assist with their secondary socialization.
B) They assist with their choice of a marriage partner.
C) They assist with the hidden curriculum.
D) They assist with religious identification.

Question 27

Socialization can be consideration a form of what process?

A) selection
B) recruitment
C) placement
D) evolution

Question 28

According to the research on gender differences in the development of the sense of self,the moral development of boys and girls does not reflect biological or cognitive differences tied to sex.What does it reflect?

A) The differences are the result of geographic factors.
B) The varying influences of fathers in the home determines moral development.
C) The differences are the result of different cultural standards passed on to boys and girls.
D) Individuals determine moral choices for themselves based on their own interests.

Question 29

In some cultures women are quite aggressive; in others they are not.This cultural variation in the assertiveness of women is most compatible with which theorist's views?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Margrit Eichler
D) Carol Gilligan

Question 30

Natasha is constantly worried about her appearance and whether she will be smart enough to do well in math in secondary school,despite being conventionally "pretty" and having good grades in math all through primary school.What is happening to Natasha in this situation?

A) She has internalized her culture's messages about females.
B) She has allowed her ego to suppress her id.
C) She has developed a crack in the looking-glass self.
D) She has failed to fully integrate the generalized other.

Question 31

When children learn to incorporate cultural standards,what are they taking the role of,according to Mead?

A) a significant other
B) the generalized other
C) the "I"
D) the "me"

Question 32

Which of the following forms can feedback from any environment take?

A) constraint or sanction
B) constraint or cooperation
C) cooperation or resistance
D) resistance or sanction

Question 33

According to sociologists,what is the most important agent of primary socialization?

A) family
B) peers
C) education system
D) media

Question 34

What do sociologists call socialization that occurs outside the family after childhood?

A) resocialization
B) secondary socialization
C) ancillary socialization
D) master socialization

Question 35

According to George Herbert Mead,what is the source of people's awareness of themselves as social beings?

A) childhood conflicts involving significant others
B) direct experience
C) introspection
D) imagining themselves from the perspective of others

Question 36

In Mead's terms,why does Jake,in Avatar (2009),desire to save the Na'vi and their way of life?

A) because they have become significant others
B) because they are generalized others
C) because he has reached the final stage of self development
D) because he can inhabit the body of, and pretend to be, a significant other

Question 37

Which type of theorist would view the primary goal of education as socializing students to be effective members of the workforce?

A) a functionalist theorist
B) a conflict theorist
C) a symbolic interationist theorist
D) a feminist theorist

Question 38

When a child pretends to be his father in a make-believe game of "house," who is the child pretending to be?

A) a significant other
B) a generalized other
C) an organizing affect
D) a developing "you"

Question 39

Imagine an individual believes that a person's character unfolds "naturally" And innately.Which of the following would support this belief?

A) Psychologists and sociologists.
B) Psychologists but not sociologists.
C) Sociologists but not psychologists.
D) Anthropologists but not psychologists.

Question 40

The goal of adaption is to gain which of the following from the environment?

A) compliance
B) cooperation
C) coercion
D) consideration

Question 41

What do we call a category of people composed of individuals who are not necessarily friends but are about the same age and of similar status?

A) a status group
B) a peer group
C) a statistical cohort
D) a status set

Question 42

Darlene has generally gotten above average grades in university but her grades take a nosedive when she takes a class with Professor Jameson.After studying for days and then failing the midterm exam,she gets discouraged and decides against studying for the final exam,deciding that it not make any difference in her test score.Consequently,she fails the final exam.Which sociological concept best explains Darlene's situation?

A) the Thomas theorem
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the hidden curriculum
D) gender discrimination

Question 43

Sometimes situations we define as real become real in their consequences.What does this phenomenon illustrate?

A) the hidden curriculum
B) the visible curriculum
C) the generalized other
D) the Thomas theorem

Question 44

In school,students are taught not only how to prepare for the job market but also how to be punctual,to cooperate with others,to defer to authorities,and so on.According to the textbook,what is being taught?

A) the process of socialization
B) citizenship and self-governance
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the hidden curriculum

Question 45

As soon as Jocelyn got into secondary school,she changed her style of dress and the music she enjoyed,and she took up new activities.Which agent of socialization is most likely responsible for these changes?

A) her family
B) her school
C) her peer group
D) the mass media

Question 46

In which of the following areas do peer groups often have greater influence than parents over children?

A) religious identity
B) personal appearance
C) class identity
D) educational achievement

Question 47

Research reviewed in the textbook shows how teachers were able to influence the outcome on tests by telling randomly assigned students that they were going to do well on those tests.What does this example illustrate?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) status conflict
C) role conflict
D) hidden curriculum

Question 48

What is the name for a recognized social position that an individual can occupy?

A) life stage
B) peer group
C) role model
D) status

Question 49

Which of the following correctly defines the Thomas theorem?

A) Social interaction is the result of our personal interests.
B) Phenomenology provides us with the best framework for understanding human behaviour.
C) Perceptions of reality are altered when people lack postsecondary education.
D) Situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences.

Question 50

The conflict between adolescents and parents may be intense.It also usually which of the following?

A) permanent
B) long lasting
C) temporary
D) less intense than the media portray

Question 51

After spending his childhood in a war torn region of Africa,Jorge is walking down the street in a small British Columbia town when a car drives by and backfires.Jorge immediately throws himself on the ground and covers his head.Which sociological concept best explains Jorge's actions?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) the generalized other
C) the Thomas theorem
D) the hidden curriculum

Question 52

Students may believe that they are solely evaluated on the basis of test scores.However,the textbook suggests that it is not just performance,but other criteria determine success or failure in school and in the work world.What are these other criteria?

A) street "cred"
B) class, gender, and race
C) physical prowess
D) the definition of the situation

Question 53

To which theory does the concept of the hidden curriculum belong?

A) functionalism
B) role theory
C) conflict theory
D) psychoanalysis

Question 54

If people believe that a bank is going to fail,this can cause them to pull their money out of the bank,which,on a wide scale,leads to the bank's failure.What does this situation illustrate?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) status conflict
C) role conflict
D) economic momentum

Question 55

Sometimes an expectation leads people to create the very situation that they predicted.What is this phenomenon known as?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) status conflict
C) the Thomas theorem
D) hidden curriculum

Question 56

What does the hidden curriculum refer to?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) becoming an appropriately socialized citizen
C) repressed learning experiences
D) the teaching of radical politics

Question 57

What part of the educational system teaches students how to be "good citizens" once they graduate?

A) life-skills lessons
B) the hidden curriculum
C) streaming and tracking
D) the open curriculum

Question 58

Rosenthal and Jacobson found that when teachers treated students as if they were special,they became high achievers.What is this process known as?

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) social class bias
C) reverse discrimination
D) abuse of authority

Question 59

What is the dominant socializing agent from middle childhood through adolescence?

A) the family
B) a school
C) a peer group
D) the mass media

Question 60

Many students from poor and racial-minority families reject the hidden curriculum in schools.According to the textbook,what do they tend to do?

A) They are skeptical of the ability of school to open job opportunities or other paths of achievement for them.
B) They are hostile toward other poor groups, whom they view as competitors for scarce resources.
C) They are generally receptive to alternative classes that stream them into class-appropriate job opportunities.
D) They work harder and faster than other students to overcome the disadvantages they have.

Question 61

In recent decades,what has occurred with empathy among current undergraduates?

A) It has increased, especially since the rise of social networking sites like Facebook.
B) It has decreased, especially since the rise of social networking sites like Facebook.
C) It has increased, related to an increase in narcissism.
D) It has decreased, related to an decrease in narcissism.

Question 62

Which profile best describes those who watch more television?

A) higher income, female, younger
B) higher income, male, younger
C) lower income, female, older
D) lower income, male, older

Question 63

In Stanley Kubrick's movie A Clockwork Orange (1971),a violent criminal,Alex DeLarge,undergoes aversion therapy by the state while jailed,forcing him to watch violent acts such as the ones he committed before his apprehension.What type of place is he being held in?

A) a total institution
B) a torture ward
C) a re-institutionalization facility
D) a prisoner of war camp

Question 64

Which of the following Canadians is most likely to watch 15 hours or more of television each week?

A) Marilyn from Edmonton, Alberta
B) Jeff from Victoria, British Columbia
C) Betty from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
D) Wesley from Iqaluit, Nunavut

Question 65

John realizes that he is going to be late bringing his potluck contribution to class because his younger sister needs to be dropped off at her soccer game.He calls one of his classmates who is an older single parent and asks him if he would pick up his contribution to bring to class and also explain his tardiness to the others.What is he relying upon from his classmate?

A) coordination
B) empathy
C) interdependence
D) alliance

Question 66

In Stanley Kubrick's movie A Clockwork Orange (1971),a violent criminal,Alex DeLarge,undergoes aversion therapy while jailed,forcing him to watch violent acts such as the ones he committed before his apprehension.Each time he watches an act,he experiences pain.In sociological terms,what process is he undergoing?

A) primary socialization
B) secondary socialization
C) anticipatory socialization
D) resocialization

Question 67

When people enter military boot camp,they are expected to radically change themselves physically,mentally,and emotionally.What kind of socialization is this an example of?

A) self-socialization
B) primary socialization
C) resocialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 68

What do sociologists call widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act?

A) media roles
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) gendered behaviour

Question 69

Andrew is asked by Allan,his sociology classmate,if he could lend him his notes from a missed class because Allan had to work the previous day at the same time as class was scheduled.According to recent research,what is likely to be Andrew's response?

A) "No," because Andrew is narcissistic and does not believe he needs to take notes so he has none.
B) "No," because Andrew does not know his classmate well and does not care about his misfortune.
C) "Yes," because Andrew can see himself in this position later and wants to ensure he can borrow the notes from Allan if he needs to.
D) "Yes," because Andrew can see why Allan would be stressed about missing notes and understands how difficult it might be to get out of work to go to class sometimes.

Question 70

What type of socialization takes place when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in people's values,roles,and self-conception,sometimes even against their will?

A) self-socialization
B) secondary socialization
C) anticipatory socialization
D) resocialization

Question 71

Five-year-old Mitch's parents buy him a Hot Wheels car set for Christmas,along with some Thomas the Train books and a Cars DVD.What are they engaging in?

A) gender socialization
B) bonding behaviour
C) male status engagement
D) gendered behaviour

Question 72

Which of the following is a feature of empathy?

A) It is learned and similar from individual to individual.
B) It is learned and different from individual to individual.
C) It is genetic and similar from individual to individual.
D) It is genetic and different from individual to individual.

Question 73

When your fate is,to some extent,in the hands of others,what is evident?

A) coordination
B) cooperation
C) interdependence
D) alliance

Question 74

When six-year-old Tiffany's parents buy her an Easy Bake oven,a Barbie doll,and some ballerina clothes for dress-up for her birthday,what are they engaging in?

A) residual feminization
B) female bonding
C) gender socialization
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 75

Karlin's mother has multiple sclerosis and is becoming increasingly dependent on Karlin to meet her needs.This causes Karlin a great deal of frustration and she reacts with hostility and aggression,as she finds this an imposition on her time and energy.According to the research cited in the textbook,how old is Karlin most likely to be?

A) 15-24
B) 25-34
C) 35-44
D) 45-54

Question 76

What are magazines an example of?

A) status equilibrium
B) the hidden curriculum
C) mass media
D) an adolescent peer group

Question 77

The gender roles that most strongly influence people are those that are the most widespread.Which of the following statements supports this trend?

A) These roles are the most difficult for youth to accept.
B) These roles are supported most widely throughout virtual communities.
C) These roles allow for the most flexibility of gender expressions.
D) These roles are most closely aligned with existing cultural standards.

Question 78

Sociological research shows that families have more influence on many important areas of life than do peer groups.Which of the following is one such area?

A) clothing choices
B) music preference
C) educational aspirations
D) movie choices

Question 79

What do sociologists call a ceremony or process that requires a new member of a group to abandon his or her old self-perceptions and understandings and assume a new identity?

A) a transformative reawakening
B) resocialization
C) primary socialization
D) an initiation rite

Question 80

What do sociologists call a ceremony that signals the personal transformation of someone from one status to another,and that ties the person to a new group,organization,or collective?

A) institutional ritualization
B) an initiation rite
C) primary socialization
D) brainwashing