Deck 11: Sexualities and Gender Stratification

Question 1

Many people resist or reject the gender that is assigned to them based on their sex.According to the textbook,how do some people in society respond to this breech of convention?

A) by applying positive sanctions to help people to create an affirming sense of self
B) by applying negative sanctions to punish people for their lack of conformity or to force them to conform
C) by understanding that diversity is healthy for a society such as Canada
D) by ignoring those who deviate from conventional norms

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Before what age is a gender reassignment more likely to be successful?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is consistent with a person's sex?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What do we call the alignment of sex,sexuality,gender,and gender roles in distinct and complementary relations based on the binary categories of male and female?

A) gender identity
B) sex roles
C) heterosexuality
D) heteronormativity

Question 5

Jack is playing with his friends in the backyard.His slightly younger friend Tyler brings over one of his sister's dolls and Jack tells him they can't play with the doll because they are boys.What has Jack learned that he is passing on to Tyler?

A) his sex
B) his sexuality
C) his gender
D) his gender role

Question 6

What is the main lesson to be drawn from the textbook's story of Bruce/Brenda/David?

A) Social learning of gender begins very early in life.
B) Gender identity is mainly established by biology.
C) Sexuality is organized around biological factors.
D) Gender identity is non-existent.

Question 7

What is often used as a means of enforcing conventional gender norms with those who stray?

A) physical and emotional violence
B) conflict resolution strategies
C) religious or spiritual guidance
D) education and training

Question 8

When Carolina is interested in nurturing her baby dolls and playing with her Easy Bake oven,what is she following?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 9

Which of the following is consistent with a person's gender?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 10

Which of the following is consistent with a person's sexuality?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 11

Why are babies sometimes born with ambiguous genitalia?

A) because the pregnant woman eats or drinks something that is toxic to the fetus
B) because of a low sperm count on the part of the sperm donor
C) because of a traumatic event experienced by the pregnant woman during pregnancy
D) because of a hormonal imbalance in the embryo during development in utero

Question 12

Which of the following is consistent with a person's gender identity?

A) hormones, chromosomes, and physiology
B) culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C) sexual desires and behaviours
D) self-definition

Question 13

What do we call cultural expectations about the ways that males and females should act?

A) gender
B) gender role
C) gender identity
D) gender assignment

Question 14

What has Erin formed if she thinks of herself as a girl?

A) gender role
B) sex
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 15

Although Dr.John Money claimed that the sexual reassignment of baby Bruce was successful,it later appeared not to be.According to the textbook,what is the reason for the lack of success?

A) the inescapable influence of genetics
B) the lack of support for the sex reassignment surgery from Bruce's family
C) the fact that the surgery occurred after Bruce had learned a male gender identity
D) the fact that the surgery occurred after Bruce had learned a female gender identity

Question 16

By what age is gender identity developed in most people?

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) twelve

Question 17

What are babies who are born with ambiguous genitalia called today?

A) hermaphrodites
B) intersexed
C) conjoined
D) he-shes

Question 18

Dr.Bains discovers that when the male embryos she's been researching in the lab failed to receive a significant dose of testosterone at about six weeks of gestation,the genitalia fail to fuse to form a penis.If this embryo was carried to full term,what would we call the resulting infant today?

A) female
B) hermaphrodite
C) intersexed
D) bisexual

Question 19

Philippe is a pretty macho guy who looks forward to the day when he can settle down and get married to a lovely woman and have children.What concept is Philippe exhibiting with his thoughts?

A) gender identity
B) sex roles
C) heteronormativity
D) sexuality

Question 20

What do we call a sexual-emotional preference for the "opposite" sex?

A) sexuality
B) heterosexuality
C) sex
D) heteronormativity

Question 21

Although she is only ten,Melinda is a highly skilled lacrosse player.The only kids who play lacrosse in her neighbourhood are boys.When she asks to play,what is likely to be the outcome,based on Barrie Thorne's research?

A) They will mock her and say no.
B) They will mock her but say yes.
C) They will feel threatened, say no, and try to beat her up.
D) They will accept her based on her skills and be unconcerned that she is a girl.

Question 22

Mitch and Anna have one daughter.They encourage her to play cooperatively with other children in role-playing games but they do not allow any kind of competitive,noisy,or rowdy play.Which of the following is a likely consequence of their parenting style?

A) The daughter will have heightened aggression.
B) The daughter will have heightened physical and spatial abilities.
C) The daughter will have heightened cognitive skills.
D) The daughter will have heightened verbal and emotional skills.

Question 23

Which of the following is a criticism of essentialism?

A) Gender is historically and cross-culturally variable.
B) Essentialists pay too much attention to within-group variability.
C) DNA sequencing has uncovered genes that are linked to differing traits in males and females.
D) The role of power in explaining differences in gender is central to essentialists.

Question 24

Regarding gender differences in childrearing practices,what has recent research demonstrated?

A) That most parents try to teach boys compliance early to curb their aggression.
B) That infants' "startle" responses are interpreted as either anger (in boys) or fear (in girls).
C) That girls are encouraged to play more competitively today and are rewarded for this behaviour.
D) That boys are encouraged to engage in role-playing games but are punished for games that seem too feminine.

Question 25

William and Melissa are considering what school they should send their only daughter to,and money is not an issue.They are concerned that she gets the best possible education to set her up for an occupationally successful future.Based on research,which of the following options will they most likely choose?

A) St. Margaret's Private School for Girls
B) Glenlyon-Norfolk Private School
C) Central High Public School
D) home schooling with a tutor

Question 26

What decision did preschool boys make when presented with the choice of playing with a dish set or with a tool set?

A) They almost always chose the tool set.
B) They chose the tool set more often than the dish set.
C) They were as likely to choose one set as another.
D) They almost never chose the dish set.

Question 27

Jimmy is at the pub after a fight with his wife.He is making it clear to any who will listen that he thinks it is ridiculous that his wife would work outside the home.He believes it would be very damaging for his son and daughter to see either of them outside their proper roles.Which of the following perspectives is his reasoning consistent with?

A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) feminism
D) postmodernism

Question 28

According to functionalists,with regard to gender,which of the following is necessary for the proper functioning of society?

A) It is necessary that people allow their innate masculine and feminine tendencies to flourish.
B) It is necessary that children be given explicit curricula regarding who should do what in the home.
C) It is necessary that religions instil in people proper lessons about appropriate sexual choices.
D) It is necessary to instil fear in people that they will be unattractive as mates if they stray from conventional gender socialization.

Question 29

Ellen is the CEO for a large multinational advertising firm.Most of her employees consider her highly competitive and aggressive.While she is married and does have a child,her husband,a musician,stays home with the child.What does the existence of this couple suggest?

A) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct.
B) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are incorrect.
C) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates a genetic mutation.
D) Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates how culture can overpower biology in a rare number of cases.

Question 30

Cara and her husband Mark believe strongly that women should stay at home and care for children,cooking,cleaning,and laundry,while men should go out and earn the household money,fix the car,and represent the family in public.Which of the following do their personal beliefs reflect?

A) gender identity
B) gender ideology
C) gender role models
D) gender mirroring

Question 31

Based on research by Barrie Thorne,in which of the following situations are boys and girls most likely to be playing together without regard to gender?

A) in role-playing games
B) in an art project
C) in "chase" games
D) in sports

Question 32

According to the research on gender socialization,which of the following may inspire Dustin to avoid playing with the Easy Bake Oven at preschool?

A) a innate lack of interest in things associated with femininity
B) the fact that blocks are more creative toys to play with
C) the idea that his dad might see and get mad at him for it
D) the fact that Barbie dolls are much more fun to play with

Question 33

Megan believes that the subordination of women developed alongside industrial capitalism as when people began to acquire surplus wealth and property,they required a system of inheritance.Since men can never be sure of the parentage of their children in the same way women can,men needed to develop a way to control women.Which theory is Megan's belief consistent with?

A) feminism
B) essentialism
C) constructionism
D) conflict theory

Question 34

According to an evolutionary psychology or sociobiology perspective,why would women be more invested in ensuring the survival of their children than men would be?

A) because women are biologically incapable of being concerned about only themselves
B) because when a woman gets pregnant, a part of her brain is activated that ensures altruism
C) because most women can only have 20 to 30 children, while men can have thousands
D) because women have a gene that triggers nurturing behaviour as soon as a pregnancy occurs

Question 35

Professor Johnson tells her gender psychology class that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers because males are innately more competitive,making them very good at business,while females are innately more nurturing,making them better suited for taking care of husbands and children.Which of the following perspectives is Professor Johnson following?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) symbolic interactionism
D) postmodernism

Question 36

Brittany is a seven-year-old girl.If she has been socialized appropriately according to cultural messages,which of the following toys will she select when she goes to after-school care?

A) the GI Joe doll
B) the Barbie doll
C) a dinosaur puzzle
D) a book about cars

Question 37

According to the textbook,which of the following is an accurate portrayal of toys marketed to children today?

A) Toys are becoming increasingly gender neutral.
B) Almost all toys are gender neutral by now.
C) Almost all toys are gender specific now.
D) Toys are becoming increasingly gender specific again.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is consistent with the essentialist position with regard to gender?

A) Gender is a social construction created to support capitalism.
B) Gender is socially imposed.
C) Gender creates conflict between the sexes.
D) Gender develops naturally based on biological differences.

Question 39

According to the textbook,which of the following sets of theories can be viewed as good exemplars of male power and privilege?

A) sociobiology, social constructionism, and conflict theory
B) essentialism, Marxist theory, and feminism
C) evolutionary psychology, functionalism, and sociobiology
D) social constructionism, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism

Question 40

Danielle has a three-year-old daughter and refuses to purchase a Barbie doll for her.She also has forbidden any of her friends and relatives from doing this as well.Danielle's childrearing practices can likely be attributed to a belief in which of the following theories?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) sociobiology
C) social constructionism
D) essentialism

Question 41

Shelley is a senior manager in government and has a fantastic team of employees.They appreciate her as a boss because,even when she does a great deal of the work,or most of it,she shares the credit evenly with her team.She and her team are therefore shocked when Shelley is bypassed for a promotion and the much-less-competent male manager down the hall gets it.According to Deborah Tannen's research,the fault lies with Shelley saying "we did it" instead of "I did it." What does this tend to do?

A) It makes workers more productive and no one wants to see that changed.
B) It camouflages Shelley's considerable accomplishments.
C) It establishes team spirit, a valuable asset in short supply.
D) It makes Shelley seem weak and frivolous and like she is trying too hard.

Question 42

What do one-quarter of North American women and one-sixth of North American men say they would willingly trade in exchange for achieving their body weight goals?

A) their looks
B) most of their possessions
C) several years off their lives
D) their inheritances

Question 43

Faron does not identify with any gender and refuses to tell people anything.Furthermore,no gender is indicated by clothing or behaviour or voice.Which of the following terms best describes Faron?

A) transsexual
B) transphobic
C) transvestite
D) transgendered

Question 44

Regarding gender,how does the textbook refer to the human body?

A) as an empty slate upon which to write cultural messages
B) as a billboard advertising culturally appropriate gendered messages
C) as an MP3 player upon which to download cultural messages
D) as a newspaper telling stories about gender to anyone who can read

Question 45

Some people dress in clothing generally determined appropriate for people of the other sex.According to the textbook,what do we call this behaviour?

A) cross-dressing
B) cross-clothing
C) gender confused dressing
D) gender bent attiring

Question 46

What do we call people who wish to alter their bodies,through surgery and hormone therapy,to fit their gender identities?

A) transsexuals
B) transgendered people
C) transvestites
D) transphobes

Question 47

What do we call the form of segregation that allows women to see the top of the corporate ladder but prevents them from ever achieving it?

A) the glass ceiling
B) the gender barricade
C) the mommy track
D) the gender wall

Question 48

What do we call people who firmly believe they were born into the wrong body and wish to change that?

A) transsexuals
B) transgendered people
C) transvestites
D) transphobes

Question 49

Every time Heidi looks in the mirror she sees increasing levels of fat on her body,even though each day she eats only a few frozen grapes and a lettuce leaf and works out at the gym for three to fours hours.What condition does Heidi have?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bulimia
D) anorexia

Question 50

Approximately one in 30 000 people in North America identify with a sex they were not born into and desire to live as another sex.What do we call these people?

A) transsexuals
B) transgendered
C) transvestites
D) transphobes

Question 51

Jane has worked as a junior manager for 15 years,always with the idea of being promoted to senior manager.She has watched several men younger than her get promoted over the years,despite her performance evaluations always being superior.What is Jane likely experiencing?

A) the mommy track
B) the gender barricade
C) the glass ceiling
D) the gender wall

Question 52

Approximately what percentage of North American men and women have dieted?

A) 90 percent of women and 70 percent of men
B) 80 percent of women and 50 percent of men
C) 70 percent of women and 30 percent of men
D) 60 percent of women and 10 percent of men

Question 53

Ross has always believed that she was really a female locked inside a male's body.She has finally saved up the money to pay for sex reassignment surgery,estrogen shots,and is looking forward to living life as Rose.Which of the following terms is used to refer to Ross/Rose and others like her?

A) transvestites
B) transphobes
C) transsexuals
D) transgenders

Question 54

Which of the following terms is used to refer to people who believe that there are more possibilities for attitudes and behaviour than simply masculine and feminine?

A) transsexuals
B) transgendered
C) transvestites
D) transphobes

Question 55

What do we call macro societal-level ideas about the appropriate masculine and feminine roles and behaviours?

A) gender identities
B) role models
C) gender ideologies
D) essentialism

Question 56

Women around the world were asked about their satisfaction with their own body.According to the textbook,who exhibited the highest scores on body dissatisfaction?

A) Southeast Asian women
B) Scandinavian women
C) North American women
D) Eastern European women

Question 57

Every time Sarah eats,she worries that she will gain weight.However,she loves food,so her solution is to eat everything she adores and then make herself vomit afterwards.What condition does have?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bulimia
D) anorexia

Question 58

According to the textbook,how did body image become so important for self-definition through the twentieth century and up to today?

A) through widespread advertising and consumerism
B) through a lack of focus on mental health and psychological health
C) through increased secularization
D) through increased levels of health education

Question 59

Which of the following is a consequence of macro societal-level ideas about appropriate feminine behaviour surrounding families and careers?

A) More than 75 percent of the people working in the ten lowest-paid occupations are women.
B) Only one-third of the people in top management positions in Canada are women.
C) Sixty-seven percent of young women today have given up on the idea of having children, as they feel they cannot juggle both and need a job to survive.
D) Almost four-fifths of women with children under age six are out of the paid labour force.

Question 60

Lisa has always been romantically attracted to girls and women,and she entered into her first relationship with another woman while in college.What is Lisa's sexual orientation?

A) gay
B) lesbian
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 61

Bettina works at a coffee shop along with several other young men and women.She knows the men make $2.00 per hour more than any of the women and that the manager allows the men to take much longer breaks.To add insult to injury,the men never have to do any of the closing-shift janitorial duties.What sociological term is given to what Bettina and the other women at the coffee shop experience?

A) employment inequity
B) gender discrimination
C) gender gap
D) employment obstacle

Question 62

In 1967,the gender gap in earnings was first reported.What has happened to the gap since then?

A) The gap has not decreased at all.
B) The gap has decreased by approximately 12 percent.
C) The gap has decreased by approximately 50 percent.
D) The gap has been virtually eliminated.

Question 63

In what year is the gendered wage gap predicted to be completely eliminated?

A) 2012
B) 2045
C) 2067
D) 2085

Question 64

Under the relatively new hate crime legislation in Canada,what happens to a person convicted of a crime motivated by hatred?

A) He or she can be denied bail.
B) He or she can be denied parole.
C) He or she can receive more severe sentencing.
D) He or she can be given an indefinite sentence.

Question 65

With regard to sexual orientation,what are sociologists most interested in?

A) how it is socially constructed, expressed or repressed
B) the debates about nature versus nurture
C) the various lifestyle choices of those who practise each orientation
D) the ways that it is understood by various religions worldwide

Question 66

What implicit lesson is reinforced in the film Brokeback Mountain?

A) Being gay is nothing to be ashamed of.
B) People can act gay without being gay.
C) Being gay will lead to tragedy and misery.
D) Being gay makes a person stronger in the face of adversity.

Question 67

Which of the following are major socio-historical processes contributing to the growth of gender inequality?

A) separation of public and private spheres, plow agriculture, and long-distance warfare and conquest
B) nomadic foraging, elimination of public and private spheres, and the development of horticulture
C) merging of public and private spheres, inter-tribal raiding, and pastoralism
D) industrialization, technological warfare, and the elimination of public and private spheres

Question 68

Levi had a gay friend,and he firmly believes that homosexuals choose their sexual orientation.Based on research about attitudes,which of the following most likely reflects how Levi feels?

A) He is likely to be more tolerant of homosexuals.
B) He is likely to be less tolerant of homosexuals.
C) He is likely to wish he was homosexual.
D) He is likely to develop a hatred for bisexuals.

Question 69

Based on the earnings chart showing the ratio of female to male earnings from 1976 to 2008,which of the following conclusions can be reached?

A) Marriage for women is a bad idea, regarding wage equity.
B) Marriage held women back in 1976, but the situation is reversed today.
C) Marriage did not hold women back in 1976, but it does today.
D) Marriage has no bearing on women's wages compared to men's.

Question 70

What do we call people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of both sexes?

A) heterosexuals
B) homosexuals
C) bisexuals
D) transsexuals

Question 71

What do we call people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of the same sex?

A) heterosexuals
B) homosexuals
C) bisexuals
D) pansexuals

Question 72

Gerald has always been romantically attracted to boys and men,and he had his first sexual encounter with another man while at band camp.What is Gerald's sexual orientation?

A) gay
B) lesbian
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 73

Some recent research suggests that some violent crimes against homosexuals could result from repressed homosexual urges on the part of the aggressors.While this psychological explanation may account for some of this violence,why is it not an adequate explanation?

A) Violence against homosexuals is based on pathological reasoning.
B) Violence against homosexuals is spontaneous.
C) Violence against homosexuals is follows in clear patterns.
D) Violent sentiments against homosexuals are widespread and variously motivated.

Question 74

According to the American Psychological Association,sexual orientation "emerges for most people in early adolescence without any prior sexual experience." What might this mean with regard to sexual orientation?

A) One's sexual orientation may not be a choice.
B) One's sexual orientation is clearly a choice.
C) One's sexual orientation is clearly not a choice.
D) One's sexual orientation is fluid throughout life.

Question 75

In which of the following types of occupations do women earn approximately 85 percent of what men earn?

A) management
B) health
C) sales and service
D) art, culture, recreation, and sport

Question 76

Ruby has always felt attracted to both men and women.At various times in her life she has had relationships with each.What is Ruby's orientation?

A) heterosexual
B) homosexual
C) asexual
D) bisexual

Question 77

What was the relative gender equality found in foraging societies based on?

A) women doing the same tasks as men
B) men doing more of the childrearing tasks than women
C) women being more likely to hold positions as tribal leaders and healers
D) women producing up to 80 percent of the band's food

Question 78

Fewer than 2 percent of Canadians identify as homosexual and yet as many as 35 percent of female undergraduates and 18 percent of male undergraduates admitted having same-sex activity or desire.What does this discrepancy in percentages suggest?

A) A large number of people are liars.
B) A large number of people are in denial about their sexual orientation.
C) The relationship between identity, behaviour, and desires is not linear.
D) Many people engage in "bisexual chic" in university and then forget about it afterward.

Question 79

What do we call the irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals?

A) homophobia
B) gay bashing
C) heterophobia
D) homo-hate

Question 80

Approximately how long has substantial gender inequality existed?

A) 500 years
B) 2500 years
C) 6000 years
D) throughout all of human history