Deck 5: Global Temperatures

Question 1

With reference to the figure above,at what point do the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales coincide?

A)-40°.
B)-273°.
C)0°.
D)212°.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following best describes land surface temperature (LST)?

A)It is measured using a ground network of at least one station per 250 000 km2 across the globe.
B)It is often much cooler than air temperature due to vegetation cover.
C)It is highest in areas with high albedo and dense cloud cover.
D)It is a measure of the heating of the land surface and is distinct from air temperature.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which is the best thermometer to use where temperatures drop below -39°C?

A)A barometric thermometer.
B)A mercury thermometer.
C)A bulb mounted in direct sunshine.
D)An alcohol thermometer.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Air temperature is a measure of the presence of which of the following?

A)Heat capacity.
B)Apparent temperature.
C)Relative humidity.
D)Sensible heat.

Question 5

What is the Celsius scale?

A)It is a scale used exclusively in the United States.
B)It is a scale that places freezing at 0° and was formerly called centigrade.
C)It is a scale that was developed by the British physicist Lord Kelvin.
D)It is a scale that was developed by Fahrenheit,who also developed the alcohol and mercury thermometers.

Question 6

Which of the following is the single most important control on temperature?

A)Insolation.
B)Altitude.
C)Distribution of land and water.
D)Latitude.

Question 7

Which is the effect of wind and temperature on the human skin?

A)Heat index.
B)Sensible heat measurement.
C)Wind chill factor.
D)Apparent temperature index.

Question 8

In colder temperatures,why are alcohol thermometers preferred to mercury thermometers?

A)Mercury freezes at -39°C,whereas alcohol freezes at -120°C.
B)Alcohol thermometers are generally more accurate,especially in cold temperatures.
C)Alcohol thermometers are less expensive and more easily replaced if broken in extreme temperatures.
D)Mercury is poisonous and is rarely used in modern thermometers any more.

Question 9

Which is the general term for the outdoor temperature as it is perceived by humans?

A)Wind chill.
B)Latent heat.
C)Apparent temperature.
D)Sensible heat.

Question 10

Which of the following are included as principal controls and influences on temperature patterns?

A)Earth's tilt,rotation,revolution,and sphericity.
B)Latitude,altitude,land-water heating differences,cloud cover,ocean currents,and surface conditions.
C)The distance of Earth from the sun and sunspot activity.
D)The seasons and human activity.

Question 11

Approximately what percent of all evaporation on Earth is from oceans?

A)22.
B)37.
C)84.
D)76.

Question 12

How does the size of one Kelvin unit compare to any other temperature scale?

A)It is twice as large as one Celsius degree.
B)It is the same size as one Celsius degree.
C)It is two times smaller than one Celsius degree.
D)It is the same size as one Fahrenheit degree.

Question 13

What is -273°C?

A)It is the same as 273 Kelvin.
B)It is an average boiling temperature.
C)It is 0° absolute temperature.
D)It is not possible on any scale.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the shelters into which thermometers are placed to measure official temperatures?

A)The shelters are non-ventilated and black boxes,placed at ground level.
B)The shelters are placed a few metres above the ground in louvered white boxes.
C)The shelters are in black boxes placed in direct sunlight for maximum insolation absorption.
D)The shelters are at ground level,in direct sunlight.

Question 15

To what does kinetic energy refer?

A)It refers to the energy an object possesses by virtue of its elevation above a surface.
B)It refers to the energy an object possesses because of its gravitational attraction to other objects.
C)It refers to the energy an object possesses in accordance with the law E = mc2.
D)It refers to the energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion.

Question 16

Which of the following is important to the calculation of the wind-chill index?

A)It takes into account infrared solar radiation.
B)It assumes people are wearing a basic layer of clothing.
C)It uses the same variables as the heat index does.
D)It does not consider whether or not a person is engaged in physical activity.

Question 17

Which temperature scale do most countries use?

A)Fahrenheit.
B)Kelvin.
C)Celsius.
D)Rankine.

Question 18

How does the increase in kinetic energy of the air relate to temperature?

A)As kinetic energy increases,its temperature decreases.
B)As kinetic energy increases,its temperature increases.
C)As kinetic energy increases,its temperature is unaffected.
D)As kinetic energy increases,its temperature may either increase or decrease depending upon the circumstances.

Question 19

On a cold,windy day,how does the air feel and why?

A)It feels colder because the wind increases the cooling effect of the air.
B)It feels warmer because the wind mitigates against the cold temperatures.
C)It feels colder because the wind increases evaporative heat loss from our skin.
D)It feels warmer because the wind disperses clouds,allowing more sunlight to reach the ground.

Question 20

What is temperature?

A)It is a form of energy.
B)It is heat,as perceived by humans and other living things.
C)It is a function of insolation and windspeed.
D)It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules in matter.

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the flow of the Gulf Stream?

A)It moves southward and moderates temperatures in eastern South America.
B)It moves equatorward,warming the California coast.
C)It moves northward in the western Atlantic,moderating temperatures in Iceland.
D)It creates a warming effect on Japan and the Aleutians.

Question 22

How does evaporation affect land-water heating differences?

A)Evaporation tends to increase temperatures over land.
B)Evaporation tends to lower temperatures more over water bodies than over land.
C)Evaporation tends to increase the temperature over water.
D)Evaporation affects land more than ocean surfaces.
E)Evaporation affects the temperature of land surfaces and water bodies the same amount.

Question 23

During the day,clouds affect insolation,lowering daily maximum temperatures while at night,clouds affect longwave energy,raising minimum nighttime temperatures.Which of the following correctly pairs the two effects?

A)Daytime clouds absorb insolation; nighttime clouds reflect longwave energy.
B)Daytime clouds scatter insolation; nighttime clouds refract longwave energy.
C)Daytime clouds reflect insolation; nighttime clouds absorb and reradiate longwave energy.
D)Daytime clouds reflect insolation; nighttime clouds scatter longwave energy.

Question 24

If the temperature at the surface of Earth (at sea level)is 20°C,what is the temperature at 3000 m if the normal lapse rate is 6.4 C° • 1000 m-1?

A)30.22°C.
B)20.6°C.
C)0)8°C.
D)-2.8°C.

Question 25

Which of the following is true regarding clouds?

A)They increase temperature minimums and temperature maximums.
B)They cover about 15 percent of the surface of Earth at any one time.
C)They have a moderating influence on temperatures.
D)They decrease nighttime temperatures and increase daytime temperatures.

Question 26

How does air pressure at 5500 m compare as a percentage to that at sea level?

A)0)
B)10.
C)30.
D)50.

Question 27

As it pertains to differences in land-water heating,which of the following best describes transparency?

A)It is greater in land than water.
B)It refers to the fact that land is opaque and water is transparent.
C)It produces a heat loading at the surface of water bodies.
D)It produces a photic layer that normally is 2000 m deep.

Question 28

As a result of the characteristics of water,cities located near a coast should experience a temperature range that is different from those of cities located in the interior at the same latitude.How should a coastal city compare to an interior city in temperature range?

A)The coastal city should have the same temperature range as the interior city during winter.
B)The coastal city should have a smaller temperature range than the interior city year round.
C)The coastal city should have a larger temperature range than the interior city year round.
D)The coastal city should have the same temperature range as the interior city during summer.

Question 29

To what does 6.4 C ° • 1000 m-1 refer?

A)A latitudinal lapse rate.
B)The normal lapse rate.
C)An environmental lapse rate.
D)A measure of air pressure.

Question 30

In general,as distance from the subsolar point increases,what happens to the average annual insolation and to the average annual temperature?

A)Insolation increases and temperature increases.
B)Insolation increases and temperature decreases.
C)Insolation decreases and temperature increases.
D)Insolation decreases and temperature decreases.

Question 31

During summer,how does the temperature for cities located near the coast compare to the temperature for cities in the interior at the same latitude,and how do they compare in winter?

A)Coastal cities are warmer than interior cities in summer and in winter.
B)Coastal cities are warmer than interior cities in summer,while coastal cities are cooler than interior cities in winter.
C)Coastal cities are cooler than interior cities in summer while coastal cities are warmer than interior cities in winter.
D)Coastal cities are cooler than interior cities in summer and in winter.

Question 32

Which of the following is the land-water heating difference that specifically relates to opaqueness?

A)Altitude.
B)Specific heat.
C)Transparency.
D)Evaporation.

Question 33

What do the cool ocean currents,such as the Humboldt Current,that flow along the west coasts of continents promote when conditions in these regions are warm and moist?

A)They promote heavy rainfall.
B)They promote fog.
C)They promote the development of thunderstorms.
D)They promote warm,mild conditions.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the differences in the heating of land and water?

A)Soil has a higher specific heat than water.
B)Water has mobility and is mixed in ocean currents.
C)Light transmits through soil faster than water.
D)A greater amount of evaporation occurs over land than over oceans.

Question 35

Which of the following is true regarding the specific heat of land and water?

A)Water can hold more heat energy than a comparable volume of rock.
B)The temperature of water will rise faster than that of land when exposed to the same amount of insolation.
C)Land surfaces have a higher specific heat than water surfaces.
D)Land and water have very similar specific heat values.

Question 36

If the temperature at the surface of Earth (at sea level)is 40°C,what is the approximate temperature at 2000 m if the normal lapse rate is 6.4 C° • 1000 m-1?

A)27°C.
B)33.5°C.
C)46.5°C.
D)-21°C.

Question 37

How does the specific heat of land compare to water and what does this mean about the rate of heating of land versus water?

A)Specific heat of land is higher; so land heats more slowly than water.
B)Specific heat of land is higher; so land heats more quickly than water.
C)Specific heat of land is lower; so land heats more slowly than water.
D)Specific heat of land is lower; so land heats more quickly than water.

Question 38

Imagine two hypothetical cities,both located at 12° N latitude.However,one is located near sea level,while the other at an elevation of 4,000 metres above sea level.Which of the following is likely true?

A)The climate of the two cities is quite similar.
B)Annual temperatures for the city at the lower elevation are lower than those at the city at the higher elevation.
C)The city at the higher elevation has extremely cold winters (similar to those at high latitudes).
D)Though both cities are within the tropics,the city at the higher elevation has been average monthly and yearly temperatures lower than the city near sea level.

Question 39

Which of the following best describes,in general,more moderate temperature patterns?

A)They are created by continentality.
B)They are exemplified by Winnipeg and Saskatoon.
C)They indicate maritime influences.
D)They occur in continental interiors.

Question 40

Which of the following is the temperature control that includes the heat capacity of a substance?

A)Movement.
B)Evaporation.
C)Cloud cover.
D)Specific heat.

Question 41

Salvador,Brazil is located at 13° S (and at an elevation of 9 m).Based on its latitudinal position,which of the following likely best describes its temperature?

A)Seasonal variations of temperature are most pronounced in the summer.
B)Temperatures can range from -10°C in winter to 21°C in summer.
C)Cool and mild temperatures predominate throughout the year.
D)The temperature is consistently high throughout the year.

Question 42

Which of the following refers to the greater range between maximum and minimum temperatures that occur in inland areas distant from large bodies of water?

A)The maritime effect.
B)Specific heat.
C)Heat dome.
D)Continentality.

Question 43

Relative to latitude and surface energy receipts,which of the following is true?

A)Insolation intensity increases with distance from the subsolar point.
B)Daylength decreases with increasing latitude in summer.
C)Insolation intensity decreases with distance from the subsolar point.
D)Seasonal effects increase toward the equator.

Question 44

Vancouver,BC and Winnipeg,MB are located at approximately the same latitude.Which of the following is true?

A)The average monthly temperature range in Vancouver is much smaller than in Winnipeg.
B)Maximum average temperatures are higher year-round in Winnipeg.
C)Vancouver experiences more days below the freezing point than Winnipeg.
D)Vancouver is more influenced by continentality than Winnipeg.

Question 45

Which of the following cities would experience the least continentality?

A)Lethbridge,Alberta.
B)Regina,Saskatchewan.
C)Halifax,Nova Scotia.
D)Whitehorse,Yukon

Question 46

Within the troposphere,what happens to temperatures and density with increasing altitude above the surface of Earth?

A)Both increase.
B)Decrease and increase,respectively.
C)Both decrease.
D)Increase and decrease,respectively.

Question 47

What type of lines on a temperature map connect points of equal temperature?

A)Isobar.
B)Isohyet.
C)Isotherm.
D)Isobath.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the thermal equator in July?

A)It trends equatorward over continents and poleward over the oceans.
B)It trends poleward over continents and equatorward over the oceans.
C)It assumes an orientation that closely parallels that of the equator.
D)It is apparently random and has yet to be adequately explained.

Question 49

Trondheim,Norway is located at approximately 63° N.Despite its high latitude,it has a relatively moderate annual temperature regime.What likely accounts for this moderation?

A)Trondheim's high degree of continentality.
B)Trondheim's maritime location.
C)The urban heat island of Trondheim.
D)Thick cloud cover in Trondheim traps in longwave radiation.

Question 50

How is the temperature on a cloudy night likely to compare to the temperature on a clear night-all other factors being equal?

A)Cloudy night temperatures are warmer than clear night temperatures.
B)Cloudy night temperatures are colder than clear night temperatures.
C)The temperatures are the same.

Question 51

Which of the following is true regarding locations at high elevations?

A)Higher elevations experience higher temperatures during the day because they are closer to the Sun.
B)Higher elevations experience lower average temperatures during both day and night.
C)The density of air increases with increasing elevation.
D)Temperatures at night,and in the shadows,are greater at higher elevations.

Question 52

Why does the land surface cool more rapidly at night than the water?

A)The energy is stored in a shallow layer near the surface of the land,and so it can be radiated away faster.
B)The amount of energy stored in the water column is less than that stored in land.
C)Heat is transferred to deeper depths on land via conduction.
D)There is more ocean than land,so more ocean is being heated than land.

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the thermal equator?

A)It corresponds with the geographic equator.
B)It trends into the interior of landmasses.
C)It is highest over ocean basins.
D)It remains in the same location throughout the year.

Question 54

Both City A and City B are located at the same latitude and experience the same amount of cloud cover.City A has a mean annual temperature of 27°C and a temperature range of 22°C.City B has a mean annual temperature of 26°C and a temperature range of 14°C.Which city is located in the interior of the continent?

A)City A.
B)City B.
C)Both City A and B are located in the interior.
D)Neither City A nor City B is located in the interior.

Question 55

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A)Winnipeg - marine.
B)Trondheim - continentality.
C)Verkhoyansk - continentality.
D)Vancouver - continentality.

Question 56

What is the difference between elevation and altitude?

A)Elevation is the height of a point on the surface of Earth; altitude is the height above the surface of Earth.
B)Elevation is the height above Earth's surface; altitude is the height of a point on Earth's surface.
C)Both refer to the height above the surface of Earth.
D)Both refer to the height of a point on the surface of Earth.

Question 57

On average,which of the following are the typical and extreme depths of the illuminated zone in oceans?

A)Typical = 20 m; extreme = 30 m.
B)Typical = 100 m; extreme = 500 m.
C)Typical = 60 m; extreme = 300 m.
D)Typical = 30 m; extreme = 900 m.

Question 58

Imagine a profile of soil extending to a depth of approximately 3 m.On a sunny day,how will the temperature of the soil at a depth of 1.5 m compare to the soil at the surface?

A)The 1.5 m deep soil will be warmer because soil is a good conductor of heat.
B)The 1.5 m deep soil will be cooler because land is opaque preventing heating at depths.
C)The 1.5 m deep soil will be warmer because geothermal processes heat the deeper soils.
D)The 1.5 m deep soil will be cooler because plate movement mixes the soils and dissipates the heat.

Question 59

Which of the following is an isoline that connects all points of highest mean temperature on a world map?

A)Isobar.
B)Highest mean temperature isoline.
C)Thermal equator.
D)Min/max line.

Question 60

From 1982 through 2010,which of the following best describes the changes in average annual sea-surface temperature (SST)?

A)It followed an opposite trend of air temperature and decreased.
B)It increased until 1993,then slightly decreased.
C)It steadily increased.
D)It remained fairly constant.

Question 61

Which of the following best describes the thermal equator in January?

A)It trends southward into the interior of South America and Africa.
B)It trends northward over all ocean basins.
C)It peaks in the interior of Eurasia.
D)It is not influenced by continentality.

Question 62

Which accurately describes global temperatures?

A)Temperatures are rising at a rate of 0.17 C° per decade.
B)Temperatures are higher than any time in the last 800 000 years.
C)Temperatures are increasing at a decreasing rate.
D)Temperatures are increasing by 3% per year.

Question 63

Why do the highest maximum temperatures recorded on Earth occur in interior deserts during July?

A)Insolation is greater at other latitudes keeping their temperatures moderated.
B)Skies are cloudy at those locations,trapping heat at the surface.
C)Skies are clear because little evaporation occurs to supply moisture to the atmosphere.
D)The north pole is pointed away from the Sun so radiation path lengths are short.

Question 64

On cold,windy days,the air feels cooler due to evaporative heat loss from skin.

Question 65

Vancouver,BC and Winnipeg,MB are located at approximately the same latitude.Which of the following is true?

A)Vancouver experiences several months with average temperatures below the freezing point.
B)Annual temperature ranges in Winnipeg are greater than those in Vancouver.
C)Summer temperatures in Vancouver far exceed those of Winnipeg.
D)Minimum average temperatures in Winnipeg are consistently lowers than those in Vancouver.

Question 66

Which is a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures,usually in association with humid weather?

A)A temperature anomaly.
B)Sensible heat.
C)Apparent temperature.
D)A heat wave.

Question 67

Which of the following is true about heat stress?

A)Heat stress poses little threat to human health.
B)Heat stress can lead to potentially life-threatening conditions.
C)Heat stress can result in heart attack and stroke.
D)Heat stress is monitored nationally by the Ministry of Health.

Question 68

Official temperature measurements are made in dark-colored,sealed boxes placed at ground-level in direct sunlight.

Question 69

Which of the following is the region with the highest average ocean temperatures in the world?

A)In the Western Pacific Warm Pool in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
B)Along the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic.
C)East of the Humboldt Current long South America's Pacific Coast.
D)Near the Benguela Current in the South Atlantic.

Question 70

According to the U.S.National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences,which of the following is not a predicted outcome for each Celsius degree increase in global temperature?

A)5% to 15% increase in crop yields (as currently grown).
B)3% to 10% increase in rainfall during heaviest precipitation events.
C)25% decrease in Arctic summer sea ice.
D)200% to 400% increase in area burned by wildfire.

Question 71

Which of the following best describes global temperature patterns?

A)Northern Hemisphere temperatures are more strongly dominated by continentality than are Southern Hemisphere temperatures.
B)Southern Hemisphere temperatures are more strongly dominated by continentality than are Northern Hemisphere temperatures.
C)The Northern and Southern hemispheres are dominated equally by maritime influences.
D)The Northern and Southern hemispheres are dominated equally by continentality.

Question 72

Which best describes global average air temperatures worldwide?

A)Global average temperatures have appeared to stabilize after a century of increase.
B)Global average temperatures are at present demonstrating no apparent trend one way or another.
C)Global average temperatures are being influenced by human-induced changes in the greenhouse effect.
D)Global average temperatures are generally lower than 20 years ago.

Question 73

Present day carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are higher now than any time in the last 800 000 years.

Question 74

Which best describes global annual temperature ranges?

A)The lowest ranges occur over continental interiors in the Northern Hemisphere.
B)The greatest ranges occur in the subtropics over the oceans.
C)The greatest ranges occur over the continental masses in the Southern Hemisphere.
D)The greatest ranges occur in east central Siberia in Russia.

Question 75

If the Gulf Stream shifted away from Iceland and England,what would happen to winter temperatures in these locations?

A)Winter temperatures would become cooler,thereby decreasing the average winter temperature.
B)Winter temperatures would become warmer,thereby increasing the average winter temperature.
C)Winter temperatures would remain the same.
D)It is impossible to say what would happen to the winter temperatures without more information.

Question 76

Based on the maps,which of the following is true?

A)The 1970s had the greatest degree of temperature anomalies.
B)The greatest temperature anomalies of the 1980s accorded in the North Atlantic Ocean.
C)There were no significant temperature anomalies in the 1990s.
D)The 2000s showed widespread temperature anomalies worldwide.

Question 77

Which best describes the humidex?

A)It relates temperature and relative humidity.
B)It combines air pressure and temperature in a comfort index.
C)It gives you an indication of the effect of wind on the skin.
D)It is generally reported during critical winter months.

Question 78

Which of the following is true regarding climate change?

A)Climates have varied over the last 2 million years and are,in essence,always changing.
B)Few professional scientific organizations support actions to mitigate climate change.
C)There is no scientific consensus on human-forced climate patterns.
D)The current witnessed climatic changes are within this natural climatic variability.

Question 79

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas,liquid,or solid molecules.

Question 80

The flow of temperature into an object raises its heat.