Deck 10: Gender Inequality

Question 1

The Morgans send out birth announcements for their new baby, Robin. Friends and relatives who think the baby is a girl send cards with hearts and flowers; those who think the baby is a boy send cards with cars and soccer balls. This demonstrates that in our culture

A) girls are more valued and welcomed as babies.
B) boys are more valued and welcomed as babies.
C) girls and boys are perceived and treated differently from the moment of birth.
D) Robin used to be a boy's name but now is exclusively a girl's name.

Answer 1

girls and boys are perceived and treated differently from the moment of birth.

Question 2

Although modern technology has freed women from the need to stay at home and has allowed them to work at jobs formerly requiring great strength, _____ believe that distinct and separate roles are good for society.

A) biologists
B) feminists
C) conflict theorists
D) order theorists

Answer 2

order theorists

Question 3

Which term is the one sociologists use to describe how we learn about gender?

A) Gender identity
B) Gender socialization
C) Gender roles
D) Gender structure

Answer 3

Gender socialization

Question 4

Conflict theorists point out the traditional divide of gender roles means that women

A) have limited control over highly valued resources.
B) have the closest association with highly valued resources.
C) provide a stablizing force in society.
D) providing the role of nuturers and caretakers is more important than ever.

Question 5

_____ are more likely to be involved in cross-gender or neutral toy behavior.

A) Homosexual children
B) Transgender children
C) Boys
D) Girls

Question 6

The hierarchical placement of the sexes that gives women unequal opportunities, resources, and power is known as gender

A) identity.
B) roles.
C) structure.
D) stratification.

Question 7

Individuals who are _____ are born with external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, and/or endocrine systems that do not fit the typical biological definitions of female or male.

A) heterogendered
B) transexual
C) transgender
D) intersex

Question 8

In the Jones household, John goes out of the home every day and is the primary breadwinner, while Mary stays home and takes care of their young children. This division of labor represents

A) traditional gender roles in U.S. society.
B) the conflict model of gender roles.
C) second-wave feminism.
D) a balance of economic and other forms of power.

Question 9

The gender _____ approach emphasizes traits that individuals acquire during the course of socialization, such as independent or dependent behaviors and ways of relating.

A) identity
B) roles
C) structure
D) stratification

Question 10

Research shows that there is little hormonal difference between girls and boys prior to puberty. Research also shows that boys and girls are equally likely to use social aggression, and

A) boys are more likely to use physical aggression.
B) girls are more likely to use physical aggression.
C) boys and girls are also equally likely to use physical aggression.
D) boys and girls do not use physical aggression prior to puberty.

Question 11

The fun and games of everyday schoolchildren are _____, a complex social process involving both gender separation and togetherness.

A) power play
B) creative
C) individual
D) cooperative

Question 12

In his 1993 study of gender play in multiracial school settings, Barrie Thorne found that

A) boys avoided girls' activities and controlled a small space.
B) boys controlled more space, more often violated girls' activities, and treated girls as contaminating.
C) girls controlled more space, more often violated boys' activities, and treated boys as contaminating.
D) boys and girls were equally likely to violate each other's activities, take active toys away from others, and control small spaces.

Question 13

Biological differences between men and women can be misleading because there is considerable _____ in the distribution of traits possessed by women and men.

A) research
B) overlap
C) hormonal influence
D) dissimilarity

Question 14

The term _____ refers to the biological differences between females and males determined by chromosomes, hormones, and external and internal anatomy.

A) sex
B) gender
C) gender role
D) sex role

Question 15

Caitlyn was born with a male body but identifies as female. She has started taking steps to live as a woman instead of a man. The term that describes her situation is

A) gender confusion.
B) homosexual.
C) transgender.
D) intersex.

Question 16

Which term refers to the integration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual?

A) Homosexual
B) Transgender
C) Transexual
D) Androgyny

Question 17

Every known society makes _____ a major category for organizing social life.

A) sex
B) size
C) gender
D) personality

Question 18

The gender _____ approach emphasizes factors that are external to individuals, such as the social structures and social interactions that reward women and men differently.

A) identity
B) roles
C) structure
D) stratification

Question 19

The term gender refers to the _____ differences between men and women.

A) physical
B) social and cultural
C) economic
D) biological

Question 20

A 1972 study of children's books found that

A) most characters were female.
B) most characters were animals.
C) females were virtually invisible.
D) adult women were portrayed by their professions.

Question 21

Research shows that there are many _____ for women, but few for men.

A) high-paying career opportunities
B) derogatory or disrespectful terms
C) social roles
D) positive social messages

Question 22

Despite the fact that many teachers are trying to _____, studies show that they nonetheless continue to do so.

A) stop disregarding gender difference among their students
B) interact with their students in more gendered ways
C) interact with their students in nongendered ways
D) overcome communicating with boys and girls in the same way

Question 23

_____, many women are making advances within established churches and leaving their mark on the ministerial profession.

A) Despite being encouraged to pursue higher-paying positions
B) Despite being wives and mothers
C) Thanks to the support of organized religion
D) Despite the opposition of organized religion

Question 24

Traditional stereotypes still underlie _____ even though more girls play them now than in the past.

A) video games
B) sports
C) board games
D) role-playing games

Question 25

In 1972, Congress passed Title _____ of the Educational Amendments Acts, which outlawed sex discrimination in schools.

A) XII
B) IX
C) IV
D) III

Question 26

_____ refers to the pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force.

A) Sexual harassment policy
B) Title IX
C) The glass ceiling
D) Occupational sex segregation

Question 27

The chapter makes the case that it is difficult to find female _____ because men continue to occupy the more powerful positions.

A) drivers
B) nurses
C) teachers
D) role models

Question 28

Which ethnic group has the highest rate of female participation in the U.S. workplace?

A) Hispanic
B) White
C) African American
D) Native American

Question 29

Television commercials have long presented the sexes in _____ ways, showing women doing domestic chores well and men doing them badly.

A) accurate
B) humorous
C) stereotyped
D) prestigious

Question 30

In the 1970s, Peterson and Enarson said that the _____ perspective placed the blame for gender inequality on women and diverted attention from the need for radical social change.

A) socialization
B) order
C) conflict
D) socialist

Question 31

Which of the following was a finding by the Women's Media Center regarding media content produced in late 2013?

A) 36.1% of bylines and on-camera appearances are men.
B) Women are more likely to cover health and lifestyle news, and less likely to cover crime, justice, and world politics.
C) Women are overrepresented among newsroom staff, while men do more field reporting.
D) In sports news, editors are 60% female and 90% White.

Question 32

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings in the 1999 report by the American Association of University Women?

A) Schools ignore topics that matter in students' lives.
B) Title IX has ensured equal education for boys and girls.
C) Gender bias in schools affects female students.
D) Gender bias in schools affects male students.

Question 33

Research at the University of Buffalo found that women who base their self-worth on _____ tend to share more photos online and maintain larger online social networks.

A) their careers
B) how many friends they have
C) their role as wife and mother
D) their appearance

Question 34

Despite the fact that Roe v. Wade became the law of the land in 1973, _____ states now have restrictions that make it more difficult for women to obtain abortions and exercise their right to choose.

A) 49
B) 36
C) 23
D) 12

Question 35

The term gendered institutions refers to

A) institutions that serve only one gender.
B) entire institutions that are patterned by gender.
C) traditional gender roles in society.
D) institutions that deliberately challenge traditional gender roles.

Question 36

While Title IX has resulted in more sports opportunities for girls and young women, females who aspire to _____ have fewer opportunities than males.

A) coaching
B) traditionally female sports like cheerleading
C) sports medicine
D) play soccer or volleyball

Question 37

Which term is used to mean the beliefs and placements that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources?

A) Gender roles
B) Structured gender
C) Male dominance
D) Masculanism

Question 38

According to a report by the American Association of University Women in 1999, the _____ curriculum refers to matters central to students' lives that are touched on only briefly, if at all, in most schools.

A) evaded
B) formal
C) informal
D) hidden

Question 39

Which of the following countries has never had a female head of state?

A) Liberia
B) United States
C) Canada
D) Pakistan

Question 40

Research has found that in mixed groups, women

A) talk more.
B) interrupt more.
C) display more tentative and polite speech patterns.
D) show more visual dominance.

Question 41

Reskin and Roos used the term _____ to describe the process by which prestige and pay decline when women move into what were considered male jobs.

A) gender segregation
B) occupational distribution
C) ghettoization
D) glass ceiling

Question 42

Some research finds that _____ is particularly prevalent in male-dominated jobs in which women are new hires, because it is a way for male workers to dominate and control women who should be their equals.

A) sexual harassment
B) discriminatory hiring practices
C) ghettoization
D) the glass ceiling

Question 43

In a 2007 survey, which kind of people were found to be perceived as less competent and recommended for lower starting salaries than others with the same experience and qualifications?

A) Men who were fathers
B) Men with no children
C) Women who were mothers
D) Women with no children

Question 44

Which term refers to the invisible barriers that limit women's mobility despite their motivation and capacity for positions of power and prestige?

A) Gender segregation
B) Occupational distribution
C) Ghettoization
D) Glass ceiling

Question 45

Human _____ is the profit-seeking system whereby women and children are moved from one place to another in order to perform sexual work for money, usually by force or coercion.

A) commerce
B) trafficking
C) marketing
D) smuggling

Question 46

_____ theory divides the labor market into two separate segments. The primary segment is characterized by stability, high wages, promotion ladders, opportunities for advancement, good working conditions, and provisions for job security. The secondary segment is characterized by low wages, fewer or no promotion ladders, poor working conditions, and little provision for job security.

A) Human capital
B) Dual labor market
C) Market division
D) Interactional

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT identified in the chapter as a reason the earnings gap between men and women continues to persist.

A) Women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations.
B) Women as a group are less intelligent and capable than men; therefore, they are paid less than men.
C) Women tend to take more time off than men due to caregiving obligations.
D) Women enter the labor force at different and lower-paying levels than do men.

Question 48

_____ theory is based on the idea that the major factor in the different work experiences of men and women is the individual characteristics they bring to their jobs.

A) Human capital
B) Dual labor market
C) Order
D) Conflict

Question 49

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which group is concentrated in the lowest status jobs in the United States?

A) White men
B) Men of color
C) White women
D) Women of color

Question 50

The most common job for women today, as well as 60 years ago, is

A) secretary/administrative assistant.
B) primary school teacher.
C) nurse.
D) factory worker.