Deck 3: Culture

Question 1

A citizen who knows how to fill in the correct forms to register to vote and how to vote in an election is using

A) voter education materials.
B) social knowledge.
C) material technology.
D) social technology.

Answer 1

social technology.

Question 2

Which of the following is the subdiscipline of sociology that seeks to discover and understand the shared meanings that implicitly guide social behavior?

A) Ethnosociology
B) Multisociology
C) Ethnomethodology
D) Cultural scriptology

Answer 2

Ethnomethodology

Question 3

Culture is essential to maintain social systems because it provides two crucial functions: stability and

A) socialization.
B) acculturation.
C) predictability of action.
D) operant conditioning.

Answer 3

predictability of action.

Question 4

Judy always wears a ballgown to class or football games. Her friends laugh at her because she is violating a(n)

A) college dress code.
B) societal norm.
C) minor law.
D) outmoded dress requirement.

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct definition of the term ideologies?

A) Shared beliefs about the physical, social, and metaphysical worlds
B) The knowledge, beliefs, and customs that the members of a social organization share
C) Norms that are viewed as less important and are not severely punished if violated
D) The arrangement of people in order of importance

Question 6

_____ refers to the information, techniques, and tools used by people to satisfy their varied needs and desires.

A) Symbology
B) Technology
C) Culture
D) Socialization

Question 7

Some anthropologists and sociologists believe in the importance of _____, the idea that the customs of a society should not be evaluated by our standards, but evaluated in light of the culture and the functions of those customs for that society.

A) evolutionary destiny
B) integrative understanding
C) cultural relativism
D) sociological relativity

Question 8

When school systems were required to teach that the dominant culture was better than other cultures, they were being told to teach a(n) _____ version of history.

A) evolutionary
B) ethnographic
C) ethnonormative
D) socialized

Question 9

Traits such as age, sex, race, religion, and social class affect not only the way others perceive individuals but also the way they

A) perceive others in return.
B) perceive themselves.
C) internalize references.
D) transpose society.

Question 10

Ethnocentrism is defined as a(n)

A) prejudice found among some Christians who consider non-Christians to be evil.
B) universal tendency for people to think of their own culture's ways as "right" and all others as "wrong."
C) belief that human beings are divided into fixed races or ethnicities.
D) idea that other cultures have secret wisdom not found in highly developed societies.

Question 11

What must knowledge be in order for it to affect culture?

A) Accurate
B) Symbolic
C) Normative
D) Shared

Question 12

In their comparison of Hopi and Anglo use of language, Sapir and Whorf demonstrated _____, the idea that language shapes thought.

A) linguistic relativity
B) cultural relativity
C) language relativism
D) cultural relativism

Question 13

Which of the following can be defined as societal norms that are viewed so important that to violate them is to violate the morals of a society?

A) Norms
B) Values
C) Mores
D) Laws

Question 14

One way culture is internalized is by psychological identification with _____ to which the individual belongs or wants to belong.

A) reference groups
B) social groups
C) belief systems
D) integration systems

Question 15

Which of the following is the process by which society's demands become part of the individual, acting to control her or his behavior?

A) Integration
B) Socialization
C) Segmentation
D) Internalization

Question 16

Defined as cultural patterns that are widespread, _____ constantly shifts as technology advances and as the media promotes new or different ideas and behaviors.

A) Emergent culture
B) Popular culture
C) Socialization
D) Culturecentrism

Question 17

_____ was the 19th century belief or doctrine that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its territory over all of North America.

A) Jim Crow
B) Oriental Exclusion Act
C) Roe v. Wade
D) Manifest destiny

Question 18

Karen is a newborn baby. She does not know anything about her culture yet, but she will learn it quickly through a process called

A) socialization.
B) internalization.
C) osmosis.
D) appropriation.

Question 19

When a carpenter builds a table based on the knowledge and skills that she learned from her teachers and through her own experience, she is drawing on

A) objective culture.
B) cultural ideology.
C) material technology.
D) social technology.

Question 20

A person's _____ could be defined as the position that person occupies within any of the many organizations or institutions to which he or she belongs.

A) value
B) mores
C) couvade
D) status

Question 21

For many people, the fact that President Obama is African American is his _____, the characteristic that has the greatest significance for social identity.

A) defining quality
B) master status
C) ascribed status
D) achieved status

Question 22

The fundamental belief in freedom that the Founding Fathers codified in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights is the belief in

A) nonconformity.
B) conformity.
C) rule by government.
D) civil liberties.

Question 23

Which of the following is defined as the criteria used in evaluating objects, acts, feelings, or events as to their relative desirability, merit, or correctness?

A) Standards
B) Values
C) Mores
D) Status

Question 24

The chapter identifies several social problems that stem from the North American emphasis on individual freedom. Which of the following is NOT one of those social problems?

A) Unfair competition
B) "To each his own" philosophy
C) "Let the buyer beware" philosophy
D) Ecological crisis

Question 25

A person occupying a status in a group is expected to behave according to his or her

A) master status.
B) ascribed status.
C) achieved status.
D) role.

Question 26

North Americans tend to blame poor people for their poverty because they place such a high value on

A) conspicuous consumption.
B) hopefulness.
C) family values.
D) industriousness.

Question 27

People in North American society tend to believe in _____, the idea that things will keep getting better.

A) progress
B) upward mobility
C) industriousness
D) entitlement

Question 28

A latent function of using chemical fertilizers would be

A) increased food production.
B) prevention of famine.
C) greater prosperity for farmers.
D) pollution of food and water.

Question 29

Mr. Smith sees a homeless man begging on a street corner and angrily tells him to "get a job." Mr. Smith believes that his own hard work and continual striving prove that he is favored by God. Mr. Smith is exhibiting

A) countercultural beliefs.
B) cultural relativity.
C) the Protestant ethic.
D) internalization.

Question 30

While North American society tends to value progress, the idea that progress means _____ leads to problems of increasing population and declining resources.

A) upward mobility
B) growth
C) change
D) hard work

Question 31

Technology solves some problems but can have unintendent negative consequences called

A) accidental incidents.
B) chance events.
C) latent functions.
D) hidden effects.

Question 32

In the chapter's discussion of reality television, the author points out that contest-based shows teach certain life lessons. Which of the following is NOT one of those lessons?

A) There is only one winner.
B) Ability is more important than personality.
C) Success, fame, and winning are possible without an education.
D) Fame is its own reward.

Question 33

Within a group, certain people have high status and corresponding advantages and others have low status and few advantages, while many are somewhere in between. This arrangement of people in order of importance is called a(n)

A) hierarchy.
B) social ladder.
C) chain of command.
D) affront to democracy.

Question 34

Competition pervades all aspects of American society, and our emphasis on winning can create problems. Which of the following would be considered a healthy form of competition?

A) Professional athletes using steroids
B) Corporations ignoring long-term damage to the environment in favor of short-term financial gains
C) High school band students competing for "first chair"
D) Coaches paying athletes for nonexistent jobs

Question 35

Kaitlyn is a 65-year-old white woman and, as such, certain attitudes and behaviors are expected of her in her small New England town. Those statuses over which she has no control and yet lead others to have certain expectations of her would be considered her

A) master status.
B) ascribed status.
C) achieved status.
D) role.

Question 36

Status that is obtained through accomplishment or occupation is called

A) master status.
Auguste Comte
B) ascribed status.
Max Weber
C) achieved status.
Emile Durkheim
D) role.
Karl Marx

Question 37

It can be difficult to reconcile the North American value of equality with the actual fact of

A) civil liberties.
B) entitlement programs.
C) injustice.
D) formal and informal practices.

Question 38

North Americans value _____ because of the implied benefit of freedom from government interference and the ability to make one's own choices.

A) individual freedom
B) collective action
C) redistribution of wealth
D) aggressive behavior

Question 39

What is the type of success that is most commonly used to measure success in American culture?

A) Community
B) Familial
C) Artistic
D) Economic

Question 40

When a sociologist uses a questionnaire to ask people what they believe is good, bad, moral, immoral, desirable, or undesirable, it is possible to have big discrepencies between what the people say and what they actually do. However, the results will still be a valid indicator of their

A) values.
B) policies.
C) choices.
D) consensus.

Question 41

Conflict theorists view the mass acceptance of values as a form of

A) social equality.
B) cultural progressivism.
C) peaceful progress.
D) cultural tyranny.

Question 42

The term _____ refers to a society composed of people who differ in important social dimensions, such as age, sex, race, religion, social class, or ethnicity.

A) conflict based
B) cultural diversity
C) cultural relativity
D) socially normative

Question 43

Which term is used in the chapter to refer to a generation, a group of people born during a particular time period?

A) Stage mates
B) Siblings
C) Age cohort
D) Classmates

Question 44

A(n) _____ is typically defined as a relatively cohesive cultural system that varies in form and substance from the dominant culture.

A) subculture
B) age cohort
C) generation
D) latent culture

Question 45

According to _____, shared values are symbolic representations of the existing society that promote unity and consensus and must, therefore, be preserved.

A) sociologists
B) anthropologists
C) order theorists
D) conflict theorists

Question 46

While North American society claims to favor individualism, the "go along to get along" team player favored by large bureaucracies is actually demonstrating

A) conformity.
B) personal liberty.
C) diversity.
D) latent functions.

Question 47

Milton Yinger proposed that a group that sets its belief systems in conflict with the dominant group, and can therefore only be understood in relation to that dominant group, should be called a(n)

A) counterculture.
B) subculture.
C) unassimilated culture.
D) culture of rebellion.

Question 48

In her book about escaping from the FLDS religious sect, Carolyn Jessop reflected on her daughter's return to the group by noting that people who have never been taught or allowed to think for themselves do not suddenly change, because

A) religion is too polarizing.
B) change is too frightening.
C) socialization is more important than freedom.
D) self-determination is too unexpected.

Question 49

Milton Yinger proposed using the term _____ to identify a group that differs from the larger culture because of physical or social isolation.

A) counterculture
B) subculture
C) unassimilated culture
D) outsiders

Question 50

Which age cohort is also called the "post-baby boomers"?

A) The Greatest Generation
B) Millennial Generation
C) Documentation Generation
D) Generation X