Deck 9: China and the World: East Asian Connections, 500-1300

Question 1

In what ways did the experience of Islam in West Africa differ from that in Anatolia?

Answer 1

Answer would ideally include:
•Islam arrived in West Africa through commercial contact; Islam was brought to Anatolia by invading Arab or Turkic armies.
•In West Africa, Islam was adopted primarily by political rulers and the urban elite; in Anatolia, nearly all of the population converted.
•The arrival of Islam in West Africa did not coincide with a change in the political structure of the region. In Anatolia, however, such a change did occur, as seen in the dominance of the Turkic elite, who were followers of Islam, in the region and the settlement of a large Turkic population.
•The arrival of Islam in West Africa did not lead to a collapse in the leadership of preexisting religions; it did in Anatolia.
•The arrival of Islam in West Africa had a less profound impact on the social and cultural traditions of the region than did the arrival of Islam in Anatolia.
•Sufis played a smaller role in West Africa than in Anatolia.

Question 2

Which of the following religious traditions blended elements of Hinduism and Islam?

A) Sunni Islam
B) Shia Islam
C) Sikhism
D) Sufism

Answer 2

Sikhism

Question 3

Explain the difference between the greater and lesser forms of jihad.

Answer 3

Answer would ideally include:
•The greater jihad was the personal effort of each Muslim against greed and selfishness, a spiritual striving toward living a God-conscious life.
•The lesser jihad, or the "jihad of the sword," referred to armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil as a means of establishing Muslim rule and of defending the umma from the threats of infidel aggressors.
A very good answer will note that the understanding and use of the concept of jihad varied widely in the history of Islam and remains a matter of controversy in the twenty-first century.

Question 4

The sixteenth-century Turkish painting of the Battle of Badr in Source 9.3 suggests that Muhammad's victory was due to

A) divine intervention.
B) individual bravado.
C) greater numbers.
D) better weapons.

Question 5

How did the rulers of the Arab Empire treat subjects in the newly conquered territories?

Question 6

What event is depicted in the fourteenth-century Persian painting in Source 9.1?

A) Gabriel's command to Muhammad to recite the first revelation of the Quran.
B) Gabriel forcing Muhammad to renounce Islam and convert to Christianity.
C) Muhammad communicating with Allah through prayer and meditation.
D) Muhammad being possessed by a demonic spirit and becoming mad.

Question 7

Membership in the Islamic community known as the umma was based on a common

A) culture.
B) faith.
C) race.
D) class.

Question 8

Which of the following was the most thoroughly Islamized region in the period from 600 to 1500?

A) Anatolia
B) West Africa
C) India
D) Southeast Asia

Question 9

Which of the following contributed to the rapid expansion of the Islamic/Arab Empire in the century following the death of Muhammad?

A) The weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empires
B) A smooth succession of caliphs selected by election
C) The violent campaigns against Christians and Jews
D) The uniting of all Arabs behind Muhammad's relative Ali

Question 10

What are the five Pillars of Islam?

Question 11

In the absence of a political center, what bound the Islamic civilization together after the end of the Abbasid dynasty?

Question 12

What details in the sixteenth-century Persian painting of Muhammad's night journey in Source 9.2 indicate that Muhammad is traveling through the heavens?

A) The depiction of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
B) The symbol of the mythical winged creature
C) The depiction of Allah
D) The depiction of angels

Question 13

In what respects did the birth of Islam differ from that of Christianity?

Question 14

What key elements identified a Shia follower of Islam?

Question 15

How did the transition to a Muslim religious identity in Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa differ from that found in Iran/Persia, Turkey, and Pakistan?

Question 16

What initiated the division within Islam between the Sunnis and Shias?

A) Fear that Muslims in conquered lands were abandoning Islamic teachings
B) The imam Ali's new revelation and elaboration of the teachings of Islam
C) The belief that Husayn, the son of Ali, was the real messiah
D) Disagreement over who should assume leadership in the Islamic world

Question 17

Which of the following is true of pre-Islamic Arabia?

A) Arabia had no contact with the long-distance trade networks of Eurasia.
B) The Arabian Peninsula enjoyed long periods of peace under the Bedouins.
C) Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the established Arab populations.
D) A centralized state had ruled over Arabia since the fourth century.

Question 18

How did the beliefs and practices of Sufi Muslims depart from those of orthodox Muslims?

Question 19

What event does the fifteenth-century Persian painting of Muhammad and his followers in Source 9.4 represent?

A) The vengeance carried out by Muslim soldiers after their conquest of the city of Mecca
B) The purification of the Kaaba in order to make it a focal point for the worship of Allah alone
C) The enslavement of prisoners of war captured at the Battle of Badr
D) The public trial and conviction of members of the Quarysh clan

Question 20

Which of the following explains why Muhammad's face is obscured in the sources?

A) To focus on the message of Islam
B) To symbolize Muhammad's divinity
C) To avoid idolatry
D) For devotional purposes

Question 21

Which of the following refers to the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad?

A) The Quraysh
B) The "Islamic Green Revolution"
C) The Pillars of Islam
D) The hadiths

Question 22

Which of the following refers to the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims should try to make at least once in their lifetime?

A) Hijra
B) Umma
C) Jihad
D) Hajj

Question 23

Which of the following events marked the beginning of the new Islamic calendar?

A) Muhammad's birth
B) Muhammad's realization that he was Allah's messenger
C) Muhammad's emigration to Yathrib/Medina
D) Muhammad's conquest of Mecca

Question 24

Which of the following statements expresses a view of women found in the Quran?

A) Women were to remain veiled and secluded.
B) Women were to blame for the evil in the world.
C) Women were spiritually equal to men.
D) Women were socially equal to men.

Question 25

The Arab Empire that accompanied the spread of Islam stretched from

A) Spain to India.
B) Russia to Australia.
C) the Andes to the Himalayas.
D) the Gulf of Mexico to the Red Sea.

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a role assumed by the ulama?

A) Ruler
B) Warrior
C) Judge
D) Doctor

Question 27

Why was the city of Mecca important?

A) Jews, Christians, and Muslims all regarded it as the Holy Land.
B) It was the birthplace of Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.
C) It was the meeting point for all the major long-distance trade routes.
D) It was the site of the Kaaba, where pilgrims congregated.

Question 28

Sufi practitioners facilitated the conversion to Islam of people living in Anatolia and India by

A) promoting the enforcement of the sharia by local Islamic rulers.
B) emphasizing personal experience of the divine rather than the law.
C) initiating campaigns to close Christian and Hindu schools.
D) freeing large numbers of slaves who agreed to convert.

Question 29

Which of the following was a result of the cross-regional ties created in the expanding Islamic world?

A) The disappearance of the Silk Roads as trade shifted to the Mediterranean
B) The exchange of agricultural products and practices from one region to another
C) The emergence of new systems of slave labor based on plantation crops
D) The emphasis on secularism, democracy, and reason in politics and education

Question 30

Which of the following was a feature of Islam that ran counter to Hinduism in India?

A) The religious inclusivity of Islam
B) The notion of equality of all believers
C) The eroticism of Islamic art
D) The secular values of the Quran

Question 31

Which of the following was a goal of the education offered at the madrassas?

A) To preserve an established body of Islamic learning
B) To prepare young men and women for military service
C) To revise the Quran to make it relevant for contemporary society
D) To train young scholars in logic, reason, and the laws of nature

Question 32

In which region was conversion to Islam motivated by a desire to expand trading networks rather than from the result of conquest and Islamic rule?

A) India
B) Anatolia
C) West Africa
D) Spain

Question 33

In contrast to the Umayyad dynasty, the caliphs of the Abbasid dynasty

A) were not challenged by the forces of local autonomy.
B) allowed non-Arabs to play a prominent role in society.
C) did not identify themselves as Arabs.
D) rejected Persian cultural influence.

Question 34

Which of the following describes the effect of Islam on West Africa?

A) Merchants rejected Islam because of its hostility toward trade.
B) Islam had the greatest influence on rulers and urban elites.
C) Farmers comprised the majority of converts to Islam.
D) The Arabic language was used by both Muslims and non-Muslims.

Question 35

Which of the following was a force that helped bind the Islamic world together?

A) The expulsion of all nonbelievers from Islamic territories
B) The successful suppression of competing religious orders
C) Political leadership over the Islamic world by Arab caliphs
D) The system of Islamic education created by the ulama

Question 36

Which of the following contributed to the mass conversion of people living in the Middle East to Islam by the eighth century?

A) Conversion to Islam offered many financial and social benefits.
B) Subjects were forced to convert to Islam upon penalty of death.
C) Those who refused to convert to Islam were sold into slavery.
D) No religious tradition in the Middle East competed with Islam.

Question 37

Which of the following is a distinctive feature of Sufism?

A) Rejection of the idea that one can have direct or personal contact with Allah
B) Renunciation of the material world in the pursuit of spiritual union with Allah
C) An exclusively male movement with no place for women
D) A trend toward secularism, materialism, and republicanism

Question 38

Which of the following is a requirement for all Muslims?

A) Confession
B) Almsgiving
C) Baptism
D) Meditation

Question 39

Which of the following was an Arab innovation?

A) Papermaking
B) Rockets
C) Numerical notation
D) Algebra

Question 40

Which of the following resulted from Muslim rule in Spain?

A) The harmony and tolerance of Muslim Spain was used as a model for Christian Europe.
B) Islam became Christianized even as all of Europe came under the rule of Muslim rulers.
C) A new hybrid religion developed that blended elements of Christianity and Islam.
D) The secular aspects of Islamic learning influenced the shaping of new European civilization.

Question 41

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 42

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Dynasty who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, eventually becoming little more than figureheads.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 43

Which of the following aspects of Arab tribal life was reinforced in the Quran?

A) Solidarity
B) Hierarchy
C) Pursuit of wealth
D) Independence

Question 44

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Fourteenth-century Arab traveler (1304-1368) who wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 45

Islam had roots in which set of religious or philosophical traditions?

A) Hinduism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism
B) Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism
C) Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism
D) Sufism, Sikhism, and Greek rationalism

Question 46

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 47

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 48

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Muslim king of Mali (ca. 1280-ca. 1337) who famously undertook a pilgrimage from his West African homeland to the holy city of Mecca.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 49

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 50

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early eighth century C·E·.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 51

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 52

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Islamic religious scholars.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 53

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 54

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible).

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 55

In contrast to the spread of Buddhism and Christianity, the early spread of Islam

A) occurred at a much slower pace.
B) gave rise to a large empire.
C) was limited to the immediate vicinity of its birthplace.
D) was checked by older civilizations that surrounded it.

Question 56

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism; founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539).

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 57

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C·E·. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 58

Map 9.3 in the textbook shows that different parts of the Islamic world were connected through

A) madrassas.
B) language.
C) ethnicity.
D) trade.

Question 59

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna," the Latinized form of his name.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 60

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The flight of Muhammad and his original seventy followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later Medina) in 622 C·E·.; the journey marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 61

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Family who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 750 C·E·.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 62

Historical Analysis: What unique features united the Islamic world? What unifying features found in Chinese or European civilizations were not essential to the definition of the Islamic world?

Question 63

Historical Comparison: In what ways were the experiences of women in the Islamic world similar to those of their counterparts in China during the Song and Tang dynasties?

Question 64

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The community of all believers in Islam.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 65

Identify the different traditions that have developed within Islam, and explain the basis of those differences.

Question 66

Why did certain areas experience a more thorough process of Islamization than other areas?

Question 67

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The mystical dimension of Islam that sought to return to the spirituality of Muhammad's time; central to mainstream Islam for many centuries, roughly from 1100 to 1800; followers renounce the material world, meditate on the words of the Quran, and pursue an interior life, seeking to tame the ego and achieve spiritual union with Allah.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina

Question 68

Use the following to answer
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An imaginary folk character within the world of Islam and especially among Sufis who expressed a skeptical attitude toward the rational mind, sanctimonious posturing, human vanity, and the many faces of the ego.

A)Quran
B)umma
C)Pillars of Islam
D)hijra
E)sharia
F)jizya
G)Umayyad caliphate
H)Abbasid caliphate
I)ulama
J)Sufism
K)Mullah Nasruddin
L)al-Ghazali
M)Sikhism
N)Ibn Battuta
O)Timbuktu
P)Mansa Musa
Q)al-Andalus
R)madrasas
S)House of Wisdom
T)Ibn Sina