Deck 22: The Rise and Fall of World Communism, 1917-Present

Question 1

In contrast to the first decolonization of the Americas in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the struggles for independence in Africa, Asia, and Oceania in the second half of the twentieth century

A) occurred through peaceful negotiations.
B) resulted in political independence.
C) affirmed the vitality of precolonial cultures.
D) excluded women from participation.

Answer 1

affirmed the vitality of precolonial cultures.

Question 2

In Source 22.4, both Emaan and Saira Khan cite the Quran [Koran] as saying that women should

A) choose clothing that is form-fitting and transparent.
B) cover their face and hands when men are around.
C) dress modestly and cover themselves in public.
D) wear a burqa whenever they are in public spaces.

Answer 2

dress modestly and cover themselves in public.

Question 3

In what respects did the twentieth century witness the demise of empires around the world?

Answer 3

Answer would ideally include:
•The Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German, and Russian empires collapsed as a result of World War I.
•The German and Japanese empires collapsed as a result of World War II.
•Economic forms of imperialism, such as U.S. influence in Latin America, also came under attack (Mexican and Cuban revolutions).
•The decolonization of Asia, Africa, and Pacific Oceania after World War II led to the emergence of new nation-states.
•The end of the cold war led to the emergence of new nation-states in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
•The increasing popularity and near universal acceptance of the idea of national self-determination rendered empire increasingly illegitimate.

Question 4

What features of British rule helped to create an Indian identity?

Question 5

What common issues did the developing world in the Global South confront in the second half of the twentieth century?

Question 6

Which of the following statements reflects the progressive interpretation of Islam expressed by Sheikh Kabir Helminski in Source 22.3?

A) "Islamic civilization . . . affirms religious pluralism, cultural diversity, and human rights, and recognizes the value of reason and individual conscience."
B) "Any nonreligious power, whatever form or shape it may take, is necessarily an atheistic power, the tool of Satan."
C) "[W]e have no recourse other than to overthrow all governments that do not rest on pure Islamic principles."
D) "We have a duty to create an Islamic republic and to that end our first obligation is the creation of a system of propaganda."

Question 7

Which of the following changes in the international arena in the second half of the twentieth century contributed to the end of European colonial rule?

A) The United Nations provided an international platform from which to conduct anticolonial agitation.
B) The United States and the Soviet Union absorbed the colonies of the former European empires.
C) The Westernized elite in the colonies assimilated into European society and ruled on behalf of European states.
D) The World Bank offered to compensate those colonial powers willing to grant independence to their colonies.

Question 8

How was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cultural revolution in Turkey different from the one launched by the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran?

Question 9

Based on the pamphlet in Source 22.2, with which of the following positions would the Muslim Brotherhood agree?

A) State censorship is a violation of a person's inalienable right to free speech.
B) Girls and boys should be educated together at all levels of the school system.
C) The caliphate is an outdated institution that has no place in the modern world.
D) Islamic principles should be the basis of the state, society, and economy.

Question 10

What were the contradictions within European empires that contributed to their collapse after World War II?

Question 11

What distinguished the end of the colonial empires in the second half of the twentieth century from other cases of imperial disintegration?

A) The mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology
B) The absorption of colonial subjects into the countries that had ruled them
C) The wholesale adoption of Western culture by former colonies
D) The almost complete absence of violence in the struggle for independence

Question 12

How can one account for India's relatively smooth and lasting transition to democracy in the period since independence?

Question 13

In contrast to Indians' struggle for independence in the twentieth century, black South Africans' struggle for control of their country was

A) characterized by common interests, shared beliefs, and political unity among a homogenous population.
B) plagued by religious conflicts and handicapped by the lack of infrastructure for industrialization.
C) successfully completed when Britain handed control to the African National Congress in 1910.
D) waged against an internal community of permanent white settlers who controlled the country.

Question 14

In Source 22.4, both Emaan and Saira Khan mention the burqa. Which statement describes their position on the wearing of the burqa by Muslim women?

A) Both agree that the burqa is a cultural custom that is unique to Islam.
B) Saira Khan sees the burqa as dangerous, while Emaan sees it as a protective garment.
C) Emaan sees the burqa as dangerous, while Saira Khan sees it as a choice.
D) Emaan criticizes the burqa, while Saira Khan defends the burqa.

Question 15

Which of the following represented a fundamental contradiction that undermined the colonial enterprise in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) The prestige of scientific racism and beliefs in European uniqueness challenged colonial exploitation and poverty.
B) The authoritarian tendencies of European states ran counter to the democratization of colonial society.
C) The decline of colonies as trade partners and sources of raw materials ran counter to the original logic of colonization.
D) The ideal of national self-determination was at odds with the denial of independence to colonies.

Question 16

Why has there been a remarkable resurgence of Western-style democracy in Africa since the early 1980s?

Question 17

Which of the following reflects Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's view of the caliphate in Source 22.1?

A) "[I]t would be in contradiction to the independence of the state, to the sovereignty of the people."
B) "Islamic faith and justice demand that within the Muslim world, anti-Islamic governments not be allowed to survive. . . ."
C) "Think of it-a political clergy! Well, why not? The Prophet was a politician!"
D) "The Quran, as 'revealed' to Mohammad, is considered infallible . . . and all its commands must be obeyed without question."

Question 18

Which of the following was an initial goal of the Indian National Congress (INC)?

A) Organizing the masses for violent revolution against British rule
B) Promoting a separate state for the Muslim minority population
C) Gaining positions of influence in order to protect Indian interests
D) Writing a Hindu constitution for a newly independent India

Question 19

Which of the following was a social or economic circumstance within the European colonies that contributed to anticolonial movements?

A) Rapid industrialization within colonies, which created a working class that took a leadership role in the independence movement
B) The growing number of Western-educated colonial elites who no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their people's progress
C) The spread of a militant anticolonial version of Christianity that combined with traditional modes of resistance
D) The rising prosperity of most colonies, which left their populations richer than the populations of their colonial overlords

Question 20

Compare and contrast the tactics used by the Indian National Congress, the African National Congress, and those South Africans who continued the freedom struggle after the African National Congress was outlawed.

Question 21

Which of the following reflects a task of newly independent nation-states in the aftermath of decolonization in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) The building of modern economies, stable political system, and coherent nations
B) The construction of empire and race as a basis for political and social life
C) The suppression of indigenous customs and traditional culture
D) The restoration of a precolonial past based on self-sufficient economies

Question 22

Which of the following was a common characteristic of the leaders of independence movements in European colonies in Asia, Africa, and Oceania in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) They had military backgrounds.
B) They had peasant backgrounds.
C) They were female.
D) They were educated.

Question 23

What accounts for the resurgence of democracy in many developing countries in the decades since the 1980s?

A) The preparation by European powers for the peaceful handover of sovereignty
B) The promise of military-controlled regimes to return power to civilians
C) The failure of authoritarian governments to address economic and social problems
D) The association of democracy with the uniqueness of Western civilization

Question 24

The reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey in the early twentieth century

A) removed Islam from public life.
B) made the sharia the basis of law.
C) required women to wear the veil.
D) created a militant Islamic state.

Question 25

In contrast to previous foreign rulers in India, the British were the only ones who

A) never used military force to enforce their rule.
B) never assimilated into Indian society.
C) included Indians in colonial governance.
D) promoted a policy of religious tolerance.

Question 26

Which of the following served as a unifying factor in South Asia before British colonial rule?

A) Language
B) Religion
C) Geography
D) Culture

Question 27

In the Global South, which of the following was the standard by which people measured and granted legitimacy to their governments?

A) Human rights
B) Gender equality
C) Environmental preservation
D) Economic development

Question 28

Which of the following countries became a new nation-state in the late 1940s?

A) South Africa
B) Ukraine
C) Bangladesh
D) Israel

Question 29

In Africa, which of the following contributed to the loss of popular support for the democratic institutions established in the wake of independence from colonial rule?

A) Human rights violations
B) Pan-African unity
C) Marxist class solidarity
D) Poor economic performance

Question 30

Which of the following describes a feature of the strategy of the African National Congress in its resistance to the South African government from 1950 to 1994?

A) Lobbying for more stringent enforcement of the "pass laws"
B) Petitions to the government that invoked Christian values
C) Nonviolent civil disobedience against apartheid
D) Multiracial conferences to promote racial harmony

Question 31

What did all nationalist movements in Asia, Africa, and Oceania in the second half of the twentieth century share in common?

A) The goal of political independence
B) The ideology of Marxist revolution
C) The leadership of religious figures
D) The use of guerrilla warfare

Question 32

In Africa in the early 1980s, what happened to the political parties that had led the movements for independence from colonial rule?

A) Most were soon swept away by military coups.
B) Most controlled the government for decades.
C) Most splintered into different factions.
D) Most became personal dictatorships.

Question 33

Which group of countries has been the most successful in stimulating economic growth and industrialization in the late twentieth century?

A) North African countries
B) Middle Eastern countries
C) Sub-Saharan African countries
D) East Asian countries

Question 34

Which leader launched a revolutionary but short-lived program to achieve a peaceful transition to socialism in the early 1970s?

A) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey
B) Salvador Allende of Chile
C) The Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran
D) Jawaharlal Nehru of India

Question 35

How did the system of apartheid in South Africa come to an end?

A) As a result of a military coup organized and led by the Black Consciousness movement
B) As a result of a decade-long racially divided civil war between white and black South Africans
C) Through negotiations between the white South African government and black South African nationalist leaders
D) Through the mass exodus of white South Africans as racial violence escalated after the Soweto rebellion

Question 36

Which of the following represented a form of imperialism without territorial possessions that came under attack in the twentieth century?

A) British influence in India
B) U.S. influence in Latin America
C) Turkic influence in the Ottoman Empire
D) Chinese influence in East Asia

Question 37

Which of the following groups favored a broad alliance of everyone opposed to apartheid regardless of race?

A) The African National Congress
B) The Pan Africanist Congress
C) Inkatha Freedom Party
D) The Black Consciousness movement

Question 38

Which of the following characterizes the economic strategy of most countries in the developing world since the late twentieth century?

A) Role of the state in protecting the economy from capitalism
B) Dependence on the market to generate economic growth
C) Preference for the Soviet model of state-directed industrialization
D) Movement toward economic isolationism and self-sufficiency

Question 39

Which of the following resulted from the so-called White Revolution of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in Iran?

A) Popular demands for a Western-style democratic republic
B) Rapid economic growth and widespread economic prosperity
C) Discontent and resentment that led to an Islamic revolution
D) Civil war between Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iran

Question 40

Which of the following characterized Mohandas Gandhi's agenda in India's struggle for independence?

A) A religious view of India as an essentially Hindu nation with no room for Muslims
B) A political strategy based on violent confrontations with British rule
C) A social revolution that overthrew the caste system and rejected traditional gender roles
D) A nostalgic return to preindustrial society composed of self-sufficient villages

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A model for economic development that advocates specializing in the production of specific products for export.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881-1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 44

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Important Shia scholar of Islamic law and religion who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elites in an effort to win a voice in the governance of their country; over time, it became a major popular movement that won its country's independence from Britain.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
South African nationalist and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Leader of India's All-India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948).

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Literally, "truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 50

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An organization created in 1906 in response to the Indian National Congress in India's struggle for independence from Britain; its leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India should form a separate state called Pakistan.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
He was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A model for economic development that advocates reducing an economy's dependence on the uncertain global marketplace by processing raw materials and manufacturing goods behind high tariff barriers if necessary.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The result of military takeover of a state; they typically sweep aside old political parties and constitutions promising a return to civilian government and democracy in the future.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Conflict between the Front for the Liberation, a Marxist party that controlled the country's newly independent government, and the National Resistance, the opposition party supported by threatened white-ruled regimes in neighboring countries, that erupted into civil war in 1977. Altogether, 1 million or more people were killed and another 5 million were displaced, accounting for nearly half of the country's population. The fighting ended by the end of the 1980s, and in the early 1990s, the country emerged as a democratic state.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 56

Which of the following describes how the Ayatollah Khomeini viewed the revolution he had launched in Iran?

A) As a restoration of the Persian Empire
B) As a model for other Islamic countries to follow
C) As a struggle between capitalism and communism
D) As a transition to socialist democracy

Question 57

Which of the following describes the nature of the process of decolonization in the island societies of Pacific Oceania?

A) Peaceful, with colonial powers voluntarily relinquishing control
B) Contentious, with rival political parties competing for control
C) Unsuccessful, with foreign investors taking over as colonial rulers
D) Violent, with military generals fighting against colonial powers

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Founder of the Khudai Khidmatgar or Servants of God movement (1890-1988) in the Northwest Frontier Province of colonial India, he advocated throughout his life nonviolent social and political reform based on Islamic principles.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 59

Refer to Map 22.2 in the textbook. In the partition of British India in 1947, why was Pakistan made up of two regions flanking India?

A) The two regions were intended to act as buffer states.
B) The two regions were intended to cut India off from the rest of Asia.
C) The two regions were populated mostly by Muslims.
D) The two regions were populated mostly by Hindus.

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 61

Historical Comparison: Compare and contrast the freedom movements in India and South Africa.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A phenomenon that brought popular movements, multiparty elections, and new constitutions to many countries throughout the world. The most extensive expression of this phenomenon was in developing countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

A)decolonization
B)Indian National Congress
C)Mahatma Gandhi
D)satyagraha
E)Muslim League
F)Muhammad Ali Jinnah
G)Abdul Ghaffar Khan
H)African National Congress
I)Nelson Mandela
J)Black Consciousness
K)Sowet
L)military government
M)Mozambique's civil war
N)globalization of democracy
O)import substitution industrialization
P)export-led industrialization
Q)Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
R)Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 63

Discuss the political, economic, and cultural experiments of the new nation-states that emerged as a result of the processes of decolonization in the second half of the twentieth century.

Question 64

Personal Reflection: Having studied the history of the new nations that secured their independence from European colonial powers in the twentieth century, do you feel that the next century holds great promise for these regions? Why or why not?