Deck 19: Internal Troubles, External Threats: China, the Ottoman Empire,and Japan, 1800-1914

Question 1

How was Japan affected by the reform program that followed the Meiji restoration?

Answer 1

Answer would ideally include:
•The new regime attacked the power and privileges of both the daimyo and the samurai, replacing the daimyo domains with a system of prefectures, whose appointed governors were responsible to the central government.
•The old Confucian-based social order was effectively dismantled through the abolition of class restrictions on occupation, residence, marriage, and clothing.
•Limitations on travel and trade were removed.
•The study of the science and technology of the West and of its various political and constitutional arrangements; legal and educational systems; and dances, clothing, hairstyles, and literature was encouraged.
•Eventually, Japan began to borrow selectively from Western ideas and to combine foreign and Japanese elements in distinctive ways.
•A state-guided industrialization program took shape.

Question 2

What did Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War mean for Japan, Russia, Western powers, and colonial subjects around the world?

Answer 2

Answer would ideally include:
•For Japan, it meant parity with Western powers and confirmed its role as the liberator of Asia.
•For Russia, it was a humiliating defeat and sparked the 1905 revolution.
•For Western powers, it led them to recognize Japan as an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia.
•For colonial subjects, Japan inspired them to fight against imperialism because many looked to Japan for models for their own modernization.

Question 3

How was the Taiping Uprising different from other peasant rebellions in China?

A) Its ideology was a unique form of Christianity.
B) Its goal was to restore an idealized Chinese society.
C) It proclaimed a millenarian religious message.
D) It drew upon a variety of peasant grievances.

Answer 3

Its ideology was a unique form of Christianity.

Question 4

What was the significance of the opium trade in China in the nineteenth century?

A) It increased the tax revenue collected by China.
B) It resulted in a large flow of silver into China.
C) It reversed the trade imbalance in favor of Britain.
D) It lowered unemployment rates in rural China.

Question 5

What did the unequal treaties imposed on China and Japan by Western powers have in common with the capitulations between the Ottoman Empire and European states?

Question 6

What effect did nationalism have on China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan in the nineteenth century?

Question 7

In Source 19.4 in the textbook, the Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen urged fellow Chinese that "we must try to improve the economic structures of society so as to preclude a social revolution in the future." How did he propose to do this?

A) Through a radical redistribution of land
B) Through the process of land valuation
C) Through class struggle
D) Through foreign aid

Question 8

Which of the following was a consequence of the Taiping Uprising?

A) The state initiated an effective and successful program of modernization.
B) The problems facing the peasantry were addressed and permanently resolved.
C) The Qing dynasty collapsed, leading to years of civil war and foreign invasion.
D) The provincial gentry consolidated their power at the expense of the central state.

Question 9

In the nineteenth century, how did China's confrontation with Britain compare to Japan's confrontation with the United States?

Question 10

In light of what was happening to China as depicted in Map 19.1 in the textbook, which of the following phrases was used by many Chinese to describe their country during the nineteenth century?

A) "Heavenly kingdom of great peace"
B) "Revolution from above"
C) "The Middle Kingdom"
D) "Carved up like a melon"

Question 11

How were women's lives affected by the upheavals of the nineteenth century in China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan?

Question 12

Which of the following reflects the goal of the policies introduced by the Chinese state in the 1860s and 1870s to address the problems facing China?

A) To restore free trade and diplomatic relations with European states
B) To reinvigorate China by selectively borrowing from the West
C) To redistribute land equally among the peasantry and landlords
D) To encourage the growth of an independent capitalist class

Question 13

Which of the following statements in Source 19.3 in the textbook reflects the Chinese female revolutionary Qiu Jin's argument for a greater role for women in public life?

A) "All of you are aware that we are about to lose our country. Men can scarcely protect themselves. How can we rely on them? We must revitalize ourselves. "
B) "Some men go as far as killing baby girls while most hold the opinion that 'girls are eventually someone else's property' and treat them with coldness and disdain."
C) "It seems clear now that it was we women who abandoned our responsibilities to ourselves and felt content to let men do everything for us."
D) "When Heaven created people it never intended such injustice because if the world is without women, how can men be born?"

Question 14

In what ways did the reforms implemented in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century transform the Ottoman Empire from an Islamic to a secular state?

Question 15

How did the changes already underway in the Tokugawa era provide a foundation for Japan's industrialization in the late nineteenth century?

Question 16

How did opium affect China in the nineteenth century?

Question 17

Which of the following reflects a policy proposed during the Hundred Days of Reform in 1898 (Source 19.2)?

A) "For the court to use poetry, rhyme-prose, and fine script as the criteria for passing or failing the examinations for men of ability . . . ."
B) ". . . an independent branch expressly responsible for civil service examinations."
C) ". . . [W]e must establish elementary and high schools, colleges and universities, in accordance with those of foreign countries. . . ."
D) ". . . to create a constitutional democratic political system . . . ."

Question 18

In his 1898 memorial to the Chinese emperor in Source 19.1 in the textbook, where does Kang Youwei suggest China look for models for its own reforms?

A) Japan
B) The United States
C) France
D) Britain

Question 19

In what ways were the political situations in China and the Ottoman Empire similar in the early twentieth century?

Question 20

What does the Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen identify in Source 19.4 in the textbook as "the root of nationalism" for China?

A) The Confucian tradition
B) Shared political ideals
C) Chinese ancestral institutions
D) Ethnic identity as Han Chinese

Question 21

The capitulations between European countries and the Ottoman Empire were similar to the

A) spheres of influence in Japan.
B) Meiji Restoration in Japan.
C) unequal treaties between European countries and China.
D) defensive modernization programs in China and Japan.

Question 22

The many rules and regulations issued by the Tokugawa shogunate reflect its goal to

A) freeze Japanese society in the interests of stability.
B) control the process of borrowing from Western culture.
C) encourage capitalism and industrialization in Japan.
D) play the Western powers against one another.

Question 23

Which was the only country outside Europe and North America to launch its own Industrial Revolution successfully?

A) The Ottoman Empire
B) Korea
C) China
D) Japan

Question 24

What did the Young Turks advocate?

A) A religious war against the West
B) A militantly secular Turkish state
C) A jihad against all non-Muslims
D) A regime based on Wahhabi principles

Question 25

In the nineteenth century, which group in the Ottoman Empire advocated a program of radical secularization and modernization along European lines?

A) Young Ottomans
B) Young Turks
C) The daimyo
D) Islamic modernists

Question 26

Which of the following contributed to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century?

A) Disagreement among the European states on how to divide the Ottoman Empire among them
B) Nationalist-inspired independence movements in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania
C) Explosive population growth in the nineteenth century
D) Ottoman control of Afro-Eurasian commerce

Question 27

How did Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 affect the Ottoman Empire?

A) The Ottoman Empire lost Egypt as a province.
B) The core region of the Ottoman Empire came under French rule.
C) A massive peasant uprising erupted that nearly toppled the Ottoman Empire.
D) The Ottoman Empire was required to exempt the French from Ottoman law.

Question 28

Which of the following was a goal of the Young Ottomans?

A) The overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and restoration of the caliphate
B) The replacement of the ulama by the reinvigorated Janissaries
C) The creation of a European-style parliamentary, constitutional regime
D) The creation of a theocratic state based on Islamic principles

Question 29

Critics of industrialization who argue that the Industrial Revolution was a failure generally base their interpretation on which of the following criterion?

A) Growth of national wealth
B) Preservation of the environment
C) Strengthening of state power
D) Transformation of society

Question 30

Which of the following characterizes Japanese colonial policies in Taiwan and Korea in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) Japanese colonialism was less harsh and exploitative than European colonialism.
B) Japanese colonialism matched or exceeded the brutality of European colonialism.
C) The Japanese granted equal rights and protections to colonial subjects.
D) The Japanese relinquished their colonies once the colonies had industrialized.

Question 31

Which of the following was an antiforeign movement that erupted in northern China at the turn of the twentieth century and seriously weakened the Qing dynasty?

A) The self-strengthening movement
B) The Hundred Days of Reform
C) The Boxer Uprising
D) The Taiping Uprising

Question 32

Which of the following characterizes the goal of the Tanzimat reforms initiated by the Ottoman leadership in the mid-nineteenth century?

A) To strengthen the power of the Janissaries and give more autonomy to the ulama
B) To clarify and reaffirm the religious principles for a renewed Muslim state
C) To establish an economic, social, and legal base for a strong centralized state
D) To confirm the fundamentally Islamic character of the Ottoman Empire

Question 33

What could countries with a sphere of influence in China do within their respective spheres?

A) Collect tribute
B) Issue imperial edicts
C) Establish parliaments
D) Build railroads

Question 34

What was a result of the reform program launched by the Japanese leadership in the late nineteenth century?

A) The rejection of Western models in favor of Chinese models
B) The fall of the emperor and the restoration of the Tokugawa
C) A radical transformation of the social structure of Japan
D) The isolation of Japan from the rest of the world

Question 35

Which of the following reflects how Japanese society was changing during the Tokugawa era?

A) The participation of samurai in commerce
B) The maintenance of a residence in Edo by daimyo
C) The creation of a national army loyal to the shogun
D) The autonomy enjoyed by daimyo over their domains

Question 36

In what respect were Qing China and the Ottoman Empire similar in the nineteenth century?

A) Both created industrial economies that made them equal to Europe.
B) Both successfully strengthened and centralized their states.
C) Both lost their independence to Japan in the late nineteenth century.
D) Both were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe.

Question 37

Which of the following developments during the Tokugawa era provided a solid foundation for Japan's industrial growth in the late nineteenth century?

A) The high status of the samurai
B) The centralization of political authority
C) The urbanization of Japanese society
D) The power and prestige of the shogun

Question 38

Islam retained a hold on Chinese civilization in the twentieth century more firmly than Confucianism did in China because Islamic civilization

A) defined loyalty in religious terms.
B) was linked to the Ottoman Empire.
C) promoted an elitist outlook.
D) had many independent centers.

Question 39

Which of the following contributed to China's problems in the nineteenth century?

A) The state's failure to maintain flood control and public security
B) The decline in the Chinese population in the past century
C) The expansion and bureaucratization of the central government
D) The weakening power of provincial officials and local gentry

Question 40

Which of the following was a target for attack in the new nationalism that emerged in China at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) The Qing dynasty
B) Western science and technology
C) Western political practices
D) Educated Chinese

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 43

In what way was Japan in a better position than China or the Ottoman Empire in its encounter with Western imperialism?

A) Japan's samurai effectively repelled the Western powers.
B) Japan's location protected it from Western military forces.
C) Japan's vast resources enabled it to resist foreign aggression.
D) Japan was of less interest to the Western powers.

Question 44

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Royal official (1785-1850) charged with ending the opium trade in Canton, his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Era (1600 to 1868) during which Japan was under the rule of a shogun (military ruler) from a particular family. The country was at peace during this time and it operated under strict social rules meant to maintain stability.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Series of nineteenth-century agreements in which China made major concessions to Western powers.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Ottoman ruler who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Attacks by Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, for example, Latin America and China.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 50

How did the leadership that emerged after the Meiji restoration in Japan respond to the threat of Western imperialism?

A) They fought a war against the United States.
B) They used Western models to transform Japan.
C) They looked to China for inspiration.
D) They initiated Confucian reforms.

Question 51

Which of the following reflects the combination of foreign and Japanese elements characteristic of Meiji reforms in the late nineteenth century?

A) "Civilization and Enlightenment"
B) Samuel Smiles's Self-Help
C) The Meiji constitution
D) The state cult of Shinto

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan. The samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring to power the young emperor. The new government was committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 56

What did the United States expect to gain by sending a naval fleet to Japan in 1853?

A) The right to grow opium on Japanese soil
B) The acquisition of Japan as a U.S. colony
C) The right to fish in the waters surrounding Japan
D) The opening of Japanese ports for trade

Question 57

Which of the following events established Japan as an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia?

A) The Russo-Japanese War
B) The self-strengthening movement
C) The Meiji restoration
D) The Taiping Uprising

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 61

What factors contributed to the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the Ottoman Empire, and what factors contributed to the rise of Japan as a new colonial power?

Question 62

Compare and contrast the programs of defensive modernization implemented by China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan in the nineteenth century.

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed at about 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Question 64

Compare and contrast the responses to Western culture in China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan in the nineteenth century.

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Battle in northern Ethiopia between Italian forces with African troops and the Ethiopian army on March 1, 1896. The battle was a decisive victory for the Ethiopians and ensured that Ethiopia retained its independence in an era of rampant European empire building.

A)Taiping Uprising
B)Opium Wars
C)Commissioner Lin
D)unequal treaties
E)self-strengthening movement
F)Boxer Uprising
G)Chinese revolution of 1911-1912
H)"the sick man of Europe"
I)Tanzimat
J)Young Ottomans
K)Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
L)Young Turks
M)informal empires
N)Battle of Adowa
O)Tokugawa Japan
P)Meiji Restoration
Q)Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905