Deck 16: Religion and Science, 1450-1750

Question 1

How did class and racial differences shape the revolutionary goals of different groups in Haiti?

Answer 1

Answer would ideally include:
•Rich white landowners (grands blancs) wanted greater autonomy and fewer economic restrictions on trade.
•Whites of modest means (petits blancs) wanted equality of citizenship for all whites.
•Free people of color wanted equal treatment for all free peoples regardless of race.
•Slaves wanted freedom and the end of the slave trade and slavery.

Question 2

The image titled The Awakening of the Third Estate in Source 16.2 highlights the

A) role of the Third Estate in putting an end to the French Revolution.
B) key role of the Third Estate in starting a war with the rest of Europe.
C) conspicuous absence of women from the events of the French Revolution.
D) divisions between the Third Estate and the other two estates.

Answer 2

divisions between the Third Estate and the other two estates.

Question 3

In response to Napoleon's conquest and reform of European lands outside France, the people in the conquered lands

A) eagerly embraced Napoleon as their emperor but rejected the reforms.
B) accepted many of the reforms but revolted against French control.
C) refused to accept the reforms and fought bitterly against French control.
D) refused to accept the reforms but passively tolerated French control.

Answer 3

accepted many of the reforms but revolted against French control.

Question 4

When considered chronologically, the visual sources representing the French Revolution show a marked shift from

A) radicalism to moderation.
B) conflict to consensus.
C) secularism to pacifism.
D) cooperation to violence.

Question 5

Why have the Atlantic revolutions been described as democratic revolutions?

A) Their overall thrust was to extend political rights further than ever before.
B) Their common objective was to end the slave trade and abolish slavery.
C) They fought for universal human rights for all, regardless of race or sex.
D) They permanently eliminated the monarchy as a viable political system.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of the influence of nationalism outside the Euro-American world in the nineteenth century?

A) The fragmentation of China into colonies
B) The "Egypt for the Egyptians" movement
C) The dissolution of the Indian National Congress
D) The rise of the Ottoman Empire as a Muslim state

Question 7

What obstacles prevented the leaders of independence movements in Latin America from uniting the Spanish colonies?

Question 8

What attitude toward religion during the French Revolution is suggested in the cartoon with the caption, "Patience, Monsignor, your turn will come" in Source 16.3?

A) Harsh criticism of the Catholic Church
B) Acceptance of the clergy's role in the revolution
C) Widespread tolerance of non-Christian faiths
D) Eager cooperation with church officials

Question 9

In contrast to the American Revolution, the French Revolution

A) drew on Enlightenment ideas about liberty.
B) sought to re-create society from scratch.
C) sought to preserve existing liberties.
D) experienced no participation by women.

Question 10

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Revolution?

A) Political authority shifted from colonial elites to small farmers.
B) Enlightenment ideals were rejected as part of a quest for stability.
C) Universal voting rights were established in the former colonies.
D) Existing democratic tendencies in the colonial societies were accelerated.

Question 11

What were the driving forces behind the abolition of slavery?

Question 12

In which of the countries shown on Map 16.3 did the only completely successful slave revolt in world history occur?

A) Haiti
B) Mexico
C) Peru
D) Bolivia

Question 13

The cartoon "Hell Broke Loose, or, The Murder of Louis" in Source 16.4 condemns

A) monarchy.
B) regicide.
C) Christianity.
D) civil war.

Question 14

How did new national identities both build upon older identities and take advantage of the weakening of traditional identities?

Question 15

Among the Atlantic revolutions, why is the French Revolution considered to be more radical than the American Revolution?

Question 16

What were the various arguments made in support of women's rights?

Question 17

What did the Atlantic revolutions share?

A) The same outcome and time period
B) Causes triggered by similar conditions
C) A unified opposition to slavery
D) A common political vocabulary

Question 18

In the nineteenth century, nationalism in Europe fueled

A) the abolition of the slave trade.
B) the feminist movement.
C) a competitive drive for colonies in Asia and Africa.
D) the collapse of European overseas empires by the 1890s.

Question 19

In what respects was the American Revolution democratic?

Question 20

How did Enlightenment ideas influence the Atlantic revolutions?

Question 21

How did the Atlantic revolutions influence subsequent movements that spread throughout Europe in the nineteenth century?

A) All were committed to republicanism and social equality.
B) All favored extending equal voting rights to women.
C) All sought to reestablish national monarchies.
D) All resulted in the disappearance of overseas empires.

Question 22

Which of the following is one reason why the Spanish American revolutions took longer and were more difficult than the (North) American Revolution?

A) Language barriers between colonies and mother countries
B) Greater wealth in Spanish America than in British America
C) Divisions of class, race, and region within Spanish America
D) The greater stability and wealth of the monarchy in Spain

Question 23

How did the end of the international slave trade affect Africa?

A) International pressure compelled African states to abolish slavery.
B) Reliance on slave labor increased in West and East Africa.
C) Production of labor-intensive cash crops dropped significantly.
D) Trade in North Africa shifted from Europe to Pacific Oceania.

Question 24

Which of the following elements of the French Revolution did Napoleon preserve?

A) Religious intolerance
B) Aristocratic privileges
C) Revolutionary violence
D) Secular legal code

Question 25

Which of the following arguments made the cause of abolition widely acceptable in the nineteenth century?

A) Slavery, as a form of serfdom, perpetuated feudalism.
B) Slavery hindered the international socialist movement.
C) Slavery was no longer necessary for economic progress.
D) Slavery made Africans wealthy at the expense of Europeans.

Question 26

Which of the following represents the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century?

A) The political unification of Germany and Italy
B) The creation of the United States of Latin America
C) The extension of the vote to women in New Zealand
D) The end of feudalism, slavery, and suffrage

Question 27

In contrast to North America, the creole elites who led the independence movement in Latin America faced the fear that

A) Spain and Portugal would involve the colonies in their wars.
B) the Catholic Church was gaining too much control over the government.
C) the lower classes and nonwhites would rise up in rebellion.
D) new colonists from Spain and Portugal would take over.

Question 28

What did freedom mean in postrevolutionary Haiti?

A) Establishment of political rights for all
B) Independence and the end of slavery
C) Equality for both blacks and whites
D) Equality for both men and women

Question 29

Which of the following reflects an understanding of the nation associated with civic nationalism in the nineteenth century?

A) A multiethnic empire opposed to imperialism and war
B) A socialist collective committed to the ideas of Marxism
C) An international forum where individuals can file their grievances against their governments
D) A diverse group of people who assimilate into the dominant culture of a particular territory

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the women's movement by the early 1900s?

A) It had secured widespread voting rights for women across Europe.
B) In the most industrialized countries of the West, it had become a mass movement.
C) Large numbers of working-class women had gained entrance to universities.
D) There was an international feminist movement that linked the entire world.

Question 31

Which of the following was used by intellectuals in nineteenth-century Europe to argue for women's rights?

A) Civic nationalism
B) Maternal feminism
C) Biological differences
D) Social Darwinism

Question 32

Which of the following was a result of the end of slavery in the Atlantic world?

A) The economic prospects of former slaves greatly improved.
B) Patterns of global migration shifted from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
C) New forms of dependent labor like sharecropping emerged.
D) Civil wars erupted in West and North Africa.

Question 33

What did the leaders of the various independence movements in Latin America do to gain the support of the general population?

A) Preserve regional identities and racial divisions to appease popular demands
B) Challenge the Catholic Church's control over colonial politics and society
C) Abolish the feudal system of landownership and institute a land-to-the-tiller program
D) Appeal to nativist feelings by defining all those born in the Americas as Americanos

Question 34

What common set of circumstances contributed to the abolition of slavery in the Atlantic world and the end of serfdom in Russia in the nineteenth century?

A) Demands for suffrage, labor shortages, and pacifist sentiments
B) Fear of rebellion, economic inefficiency, and moral concerns
C) Campaigns for civil rights, Marxist ideas, and nativist feelings
D) Spread of imperialism, economic protectionism, and racist ideas

Question 35

Which of the following was an effect of the Haitian Revolution throughout the Atlantic world?

A) The movement to abolish slavery collapsed as fear of free slaves grew.
B) Slave owners and whites were filled with a deep caution and fear.
C) Runaway slaves from Jamaica and Louisiana sought refuge in Haiti.
D) The French Revolution's principles were discredited and lost influence.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about women's participation in the French Revolution?

A) Women took on leading roles in the revolutionary government.
B) Women were unified in their defense of Queen Marie Antoinette.
C) Women joined in the major events of the revolution.
D) Women spoke out against the violence of the revolution.

Question 37

The Atlantic revolutions were inspired by the Enlightenment belief that political and social arrangements

A) were driven by economic forces.
B) could be improved by human action.
C) should be regulated by church authority.
D) were justified by the divine right of kings.

Question 38

The American Revolution erupted as a response to increasing

A) British control over the economic affairs of the colonies.
B) social tensions between colonial elites and yeoman farmers.
C) population pressure on the land.
D) popular demands for decolonization.

Question 39

Some feminists based their arguments for women's rights on the role of women as

A) laborers.
B) professionals.
C) revolutionaries.
D) mothers.

Question 40

Which of the following represents a way that governments in the nineteenth century instilled national loyalties in their citizens?

A) Rewarding charity work
B) Spreading local dialects
C) Sponsoring public rituals
D) Encouraging family ties

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). Its first leader was Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803), a former slave who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 42

Historical Comparison: What accounts for the different goals of the Atlantic revolutions despite the common commitment to Enlightenment ideals?

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and ending it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 44

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a group with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902). She was instrumental in organizing the first women's rights conference, which took place in her hometown of Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 47

Historical Analysis: How did the Atlantic revolutions inspire change in the rest of the world?

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 49

The Atlantic revolutions challenged the absolute and divine authority of

A) nations.
B) republics.
C) monarchies.
D) empires.

Question 50

Personal Reflection: Do you consider the abolition of slavery, the rise of nationalism, or the beginnings of the feminist movement as the most important echo of the Atlantic revolutions of the nineteenth century? Why?

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); he preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 53

Historical Comparison: What similarities did the movement for the abolition of slavery share with the feminist movement in the nineteenth century?

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Series of risings in the colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from imperial rule but that, for the most part, retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A Javanese woman from an elite background (1879-1904) who has come to be regarded as a pioneer of both feminist and nationalist thinking in Indonesia.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A group of radicalized military officers and about 3,000 Russian soldiers who staged an uprising in St. Petersburg in 1825 and refused to swear an oath of allegiance to Tsar Nicholas I. Many of the rebels were well-educated, often French-speaking, army officers from aristocratic families who had been exposed to the ideas of the European Enlightenment and the French Revolution after serving in France or elsewhere in Europe during the war with Napoleon.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were mostly lost under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.

A)North American Revolution
B)Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
C)French Revolution
D)Napoleon Bonaparte
E)Haitian Revolution
F)Spanish American revolutions
G)abolitionist movement
H)Decembrists
I)nationalism
J)Vindication of the Rights of Woman
K)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
L)maternal feminism
M)Kartini

Question 59

In countries outside Western Europe and the United States, arguments for women's rights were often linked with

A) strengthening the nation.
B) temperance movements.
C) Christianity and imperialism.
D) nativism and abolitionism.