Deck 17: Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes, 1750-1914

Question 1

Which of the following does Lenin call for in Source 17.4?

A) The mobilization of the working class into trade unions
B) The extension of the right to vote to women of all classes
C) The creation of a group of professional revolutionaries
D) The drafting of legislation to improve working conditions

Answer 1

The creation of a group of professional revolutionaries

Question 2

The economic development of Latin America depended heavily on

A) state subsidies.
B) domestic manufacturing.
C) stock appreciation.
D) foreign capital.

Answer 2

foreign capital.

Question 3

What were the major destinations for European immigrants in the nineteenth century, and how did they affect the places where they settled?

Answer 3

Answer would ideally include:
•The majority of Europeans settled in the Americas. In Latin America, Argentina and Brazil absorbed most of the European immigrants, where "whiteness" was privileged over other races. In the United States, the immigrant experience was turned into a national myth (the melting pot), which emphasized assimilation. However, new immigrants were often marginalized.
•Australia and New Zealand became settler colonies as the overwhelming number of European immigrants pushed out the native populations.
•Russian immigrants also contributed to the Europeanization of Siberia.
•A few Europeans settled in the various colonies in Africa, where their presence introduced a sharp racial divide.

Question 4

What role did Latin American countries play in the global economy in the nineteenth century?

Question 5

Which of the following reflects an assumption that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels made in Source 17.1 that Eduard Bernstein challenges in Source 17.2?

A) The gradual democratization of political systems will enable worker interests to be addressed, thereby diminishing if not altogether eliminating the possibility of revolution.
B) The political and economic interests of workers can only be protected when the right to private property is protected by a government committed to eliminating socialism.
C) The Industrial Revolution has significantly improved the lives of the working class, brought about greater equality between social classes, and weakened communism.
D) The capitalist system generates a class struggle between a small bourgeoisie and a large proletariat that will inevitably lead to proletariat revolution and the collapse of capitalism.

Question 6

In what parts of the world did industrialization lead to major social transformations?

A) Britain, the United States, and Japan
B) Ottoman Empire and Egypt
C) Latin America and China
D) Colonial India and Africa

Question 7

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to industrialize?

A) Lack of oil deposits forced British industrialists to develop wind-based energy sources.
B) The British government directed and financed every aspect of the country's industrialization.
C) A scarcity of workers in Britain led to technological innovations that increased efficiency.
D) Britain had a ready supply of coal and iron ore, the resources that fueled industrialization.

Question 8

The following quote can be found in Source 17.1 in the textbook: "These laborers, who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market." What special term do Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels use to describe this group?

A) The bourgeoisie
B) The proletariat
C) The capitalists
D) The caudillos

Question 9

Compare and contrast the Russian and Mexican revolutions.

Question 10

How did industrialization shape the nature and form of social protest in the nineteenth-century world?

Question 11

According to Clara Zetkin in Source 17.3, what does the socialist movement identify as essential to women's emancipation?

A) A class war in which the exploited overthrow those who exploit them
B) Unity with the bourgeois women's rights movement to win suffrage
C) Recognition that women of all social classes share common interests
D) Destruction of the patriarchal system that oppresses women of all classes

Question 12

Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in Europe?

Question 13

How did social class affect how women experienced the Industrial Revolution?

Question 14

Which of the following reflects an explanation for Europe's Industrial Revolution that most historians criticize as Eurocentric and deterministic?

A) Technological creativity outside Europe had slowed down considerably or stagnated by the early modern era.
B) Unique features of European society, economy, or history gave it a long-term advantage and head start in industrializing.
C) By the eighteenth century, the most advanced regions in the world enjoyed global economic parity.
D) Industrial techniques that originated in Britain spread around the world with little innovation elsewhere.

Question 15

Which source does not see revolution as essential to the realization of socialist aims?

A) Source 17.1
B) Source 17.2
C) Source 17.3
D) Source 17.4

Question 16

How did industrialization in the United States differ from industrialization in Britain?

Question 17

What factors limited the influence of Marxism in Britain?

Question 18

Which of the following explains why industrialization first occurred in Europe?

A) Europe had an unchallenged economic advantage over all other regions by 1750.
B) Europe possessed a unique capacity for technological innovation.
C) European rulers fostered unusually close alliances with their merchant classes.
D) Europe was the only region that had commercialized economies in 1750.

Question 19

Which of the following arguments serves to counter the notion that European culture is inherently more suited to industry and technology?

A) In 1750, core areas of Europe and Asia enjoyed similar levels of economic development.
B) Non-European civilizations have made valuable contributions to world history in music and cuisine.
C) Europeans today lag far behind the United States in terms of industry and technology.
D) Europe's early industrialization relied almost exclusively on slave labor from Africa.

Question 20

What problems emerged in Latin America following the revolutions that secured the region's political independence?

Question 21

Industrialization was associated with violent social revolution only in

A) Britain.
B) France.
C) the United States.
D) Russia.

Question 22

In nineteenth-century Britain, women from the laboring classes found jobs as

A) factory workers and domestic servants.
B) teachers and college professors.
C) executives, supervisors, and managers.
D) doctors, nurses, and midwives.

Question 23

What agricultural breakthrough sustained the Industrial Revolution?

A) The development of firestick farming
B) The shift from four- to two-crop rotation
C) The use of guano excrement as fertilizer
D) The domestication of plants and animals

Question 24

Which of the following made global migration an appealing option for many Europeans during the nineteenth century?

A) The demand for labor overseas
B) The appeal of socialist ideas
C) The search for a utopian society
D) The commitment to revolution

Question 25

Which of the following describes the situation in Latin America after independence?

A) The availability of cheap land created a new class of small independent farmers.
B) Internal divisions, regional revolts, and foreign wars created political instability.
C) The military declined, and civilian governments restored stability and prosperity.
D) New legal distinctions were created based on race, sex, age, class, and religion.

Question 26

Which group in the United States in the early twentieth century supported reforms to improve working conditions and called for greater governmental intervention in the economy?

A) The Labour Party
B) The Progressives
C) The Bolsheviks
D) The Marxists

Question 27

Which of the following was a reason for the failure of socialism to take root in the United States?

A) The absence of labor unions in the United States
B) The lack of class-consciousness among workers in the United States
C) The availability of cheap land and high rates of home ownership
D) The homogenous nature of the American population

Question 28

Which of the following groups benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century Britain?

A) The aristocracy
B) The middle classes
C) The laboring classes
D) Women and children

Question 29

How did Britain's geography affect its Industrial Revolution?

A) Proximity to France made it vulnerable to Napoleon's invasions.
B) Its northern location minimized the effects of the Little Ice Age.
C) Coal and iron ore deposits were abundant and close to each other.
D) Trees covered the country, providing a renewable source of energy.

Question 30

In what way did the Industrial Revolution transform the human relationship to the natural world?

A) Humans learned to domesticate plants and began to practice animal husbandry.
B) The ecological exchanges fostered by industrialization encouraged globalization.
C) People learned to access energy resources derived from outside the biosphere.
D) Scientists discovered the laws that made possible human mastery of nature.

Question 31

Which of the following describes a feature of Karl Marx's vision of the society he predicted would emerge after the collapse of capitalism?

A) A society controlled by a totalitarian state
B) A society made up only of the middle class
C) A society without classes and conflict
D) A society run by the captains of industry

Question 32

Which of the following describes how the Industrial Revolution unfolded?

A) It began independently in only one place, Great Britain.
B) It was actively resisted almost everywhere.
C) It spread slowly and evenly throughout the world.
D) It spontaneously started in the most commercialized economies.

Question 33

Which was the only country in Latin America to experience a nationwide revolution in the early twentieth century?

A) Mexico
B) Argentina
C) Peru
D) Chile

Question 34

In the eighteenth century, how did the Industrial Revolution solve an emerging energy crisis?

A) It emphasized intensive use of renewable energy sources.
B) It introduced the use of coal, oil, and natural gas as sources of fuel.
C) It facilitated the migration of the rural population to towns and cities.
D) It encouraged the global trend toward economic protectionism.

Question 35

Most of the European capital invested in Latin America was used to finance which of the following?

A) Factories
B) Telegraphs
C) Steamships
D) Railroads

Question 36

In nineteenth-century Britain, most members of the aristocracy derived their wealth from

A) manufacturing.
B) commerce.
C) finance.
D) landownership.

Question 37

Which of the following describes how the movement toward industrialization in the nineteenth century affected Latin America?

A) The commercial activities of private entrepreneurs in Latin America financed the region's industrialization.
B) Governments in Latin America encouraged manufacturing industries through state subsidies and tax breaks.
C) Latin America exported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods to the United States and Europe.
D) Latin America provided the food products, raw materials, and markets for industrializing countries.

Question 38

Which of the following was a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A) An increase in production in mining, manufacturing, and services
B) The dominance and expansion of agriculture in the economic sector
C) The decline of the middle class and the rise of the working class
D) The closing of the economic gap between rich and poor countries

Question 39

Which of the following played a greater role in industrial development in Russia than in the United States or Western Europe?

A) The state
B) The serfs
C) Trade unions
D) Political parties

Question 40

How did the working-class movement in Britain differ from the one in Russia?

A) It faced a more hostile and autocratic state and never influenced politics.
B) It was more committed to the ideas and program of Marxism.
C) It advocated class struggle and revolution to overthrow capitalism.
D) It advocated a reformist program and a peaceful transition to socialism.

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
English workers who felt threatened by the new machines of industry and who organized to destroy machines; burn buildings; and, on occasion, attack employers. They took their name from a mythical Robin Hood-like figure. Sixty to seventy alleged members of this group were hanged, and sometimes beheaded, for breaking machines.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A Scottish factory worker and poet who wrote about the inequalities and exploitation of industrial life and called on the "master" of the mill to behave in a benevolent fashion toward his employees.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The most influential proponent of socialism, he was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 44

Which of the following is a phrase that has been used to describe the form of economic growth in Latin America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) Industrial capitalism
B) Market-driven industrialization
C) Socialist development
D) Dependent development

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Spontaneous rebellion that erupted after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 47

Which of the following was a factor that pushed many Europeans to immigrate in the nineteenth century?

A) The rise in artisan manufacturing worldwide
B) The decline in peasant farming in their homelands
C) The high cost of transportation in Europe
D) The scarcity of factory jobs in European urban centers

Question 48

Refer to Map 17.5 in the textbook. Which of the following was a reason for U.S. intervention in Central America in the early twentieth century?

A) To support American corporate interests in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Mexico.
B) To ensure that the food items exported from the so-called banana republics were pesticide-free.
C) To prevent the European powers from establishing spheres of influence near the Panama Canal.
D) To establish and maintain the American monopoly on international shipping in the Caribbean.

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Fairly minor political movement, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 50

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
For much of the eighteenth century, competition from this industry in another country stimulated the British to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the foreign market both in Europe and in India.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 52

Which of the following was a value associated with middle-class culture in nineteenth-century Britain?

A) Social justice
B) Racial equality
C) Respectability
D) Extravagance

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; its introduction allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Followers of an American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Military strongmen who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and depended on European and North American prosperity and decisions.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator and create a new, much more democratic political order.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 58

Historical Description: Describe the impact on Latin America of the Atlantic revolutions and the Industrial Revolution.

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Large-scale increase in raw materials and foodstuffs to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

A)steam engine
B)Indian cotton textiles
C)middle-class values
D)lower middle class
E)Karl Marx
F)Ellen Johnston
G)Labour Party
H)Luddites
I)socialism in the United States
J)Progressives
K)Russian Revolution of 1905
L)caudillos
M)Latin American export boom
N)Mexican Revolution
O)dependent development

Question 61

Personal Reflection: Do you believe that the Industrial Revolution deserves to be called a revolution?

Question 62

What accounts for the differences in the way that industrialization affected Britain, the United States, Russia, and Latin America?