Deck 15: Global Commerce, 1450-1750

Question 1

Which of the following was a goal of the Wahhabi movement?

A) To return to what was considered the pure faith of early Islam
B) To promote religious blending to create a new Islamic faith
C) To teach religious tolerance and encourage syncretism
D) To eliminate the patriarchal framework of Islamic law

Answer 1

To return to what was considered the pure faith of early Islam

Question 2

What made the Scientific Revolution revolutionary?

Answer 2

Answer would ideally include:
•The Scientific Revolution put an end to the dominant understanding of the universe in Western Europe, which held that the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe.
•The formulations of Isaac Newton demonstrated that the universe was not propelled by angels and spirits but functioned on its own according to timeless principles that could be described mathematically. A corollary of this view of the physical universe was the idea that knowledge could be obtained through human reason alone, without the aid of ancient authorities or divine revelation.

Question 3

What major movements in early modern India brought some Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression, and how do those movements differ from each other?

Answer 3

Answer would ideally include:
•The bhakti movement was a devotional form of Hinduism that disregarded the detailed rituals of the Brahmin priests in favor of direct contact with the divine. This emphasis had much in common with the mystical Sufi form of Islam and helped blur the distinction between these two traditions in India.
•The Sikh movement also blended Islam and Hinduism. Its founder, Guru Nanak, had been involved in the bhakti movement but came to believe that there was no Hindu or Muslim, only God. Sikhism won converts from both Muslim and Hindu communities.

Question 4

How did the traditional belief systems of Christian converts influence their interpretation and practice of Christianity?

Question 5

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant challenge in the Counter-Reformation?

Question 6

Why did Catholic missionaries have their greatest success in Spanish America and in the Philippines?

Question 7

How did the strategy of Christian missionaries in China differ from their strategy in Spanish America?

Question 8

What facilitated the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

A) Illuminated manuscripts
B) The printing press
C) The Council of Trent
D) The Society of Jesus

Question 9

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation in Western Europe challenge the authority of the pope?

Question 10

In Source 15.4, the woodblock print from a Jesuit book was intended to illustrate which event from the Bible?

A) The Transfiguration
B) The Ascension
C) The Nativity
D) The Annunciation

Question 11

Which of the following was the most intent on converting native peoples to their religion?

A) Puritans
B) Catholics
C) Buddhists
D) Hindus

Question 12

The painting of the interior of the Dutch Reformed Church in Source 15.1 highlights the Protestant view of churches as

A) holy spaces for the pope and clergy.
B) temples to store images of saints.
C) gathering places for a congregation.
D) sacred spaces for the divine.

Question 13

What did the New England Puritans in North America emphasize?

A) Religious tolerance and missionary activity
B) Conversion of native peoples to Christianity
C) Education and a sense of civic responsibility
D) Reconciliation with the Catholic Church

Question 14

In Source 15.3, what element in the painting of the Virgin Mary reflects the cultural influence of Andean civilization before the Spanish conquest?

A) The depiction of mountains as the embodiment of gods
B) The inclusion of political and religious leaders
C) The portrayal of the Trinity as God, Jesus, and the dove
D) The symbol of the dove as the Holy Spirit

Question 15

Which groups of people were drawn to Protestantism and why?

Question 16

Which group had the greatest success in converting people outside Europe to Christianity?

A) Jesuit missionaries in China
B) Spanish missionaries in the Philippines
C) Puritan missionaries in New England
D) Portuguese missionaries in West Africa

Question 17

How did science in the nineteenth century both reflect the influence of the Enlightenment and undermine its basic assumptions?

Question 18

Which feature of the church shown in Source 15.2 identifies it as a Catholic rather than a Protestant church?

A) The statues of saints
B) The wooden benches
C) The high ceilings
D) The columns and arches

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of how Mughal India handled religious differences in the early modern era?

A) All subjects were required to follow Hinduism but were allowed to practice Islam in their homes.
B) The emperor encouraged fighting among different religious groups to maintain his power.
C) The Tokugawa shogun expelled all Christian missionaries and forced Christian converts to recant.
D) Akbar formulated a state cult that combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of how the Indian artist of the painting in Source 15.5 modified images of Christianity?

A) The portrayal of Joseph as a peasant
B) The portrayal of Mary as a mountain
C) The luxurious home of the Holy Family
D) The placement of Jesus in heaven

Question 21

How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?

A) The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.
B) The Enlightenment refers to people's growing awareness of the Scientific Revolution.
C) The Enlightenment introduced a new way of thinking that led to the Scientific Revolution.
D) The Enlightenment was a Protestant movement, while the Scientific Revolution was a Catholic movement.

Question 22

The early scientists in the Scientific Revolution

A) were all women.
B) rejected Christianity.
C) confirmed Aristotle's and Ptolemy's speculations.
D) viewed science and religion as compatible.

Question 23

What did the kaozheng movement in China emphasize?

A) Introspection and contemplation as a means to achieve the virtuous life
B) Withdrawal from the world as a means to gain spiritual enlightenment
C) Verification, precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis in all fields of inquiry
D) Attention to church sacraments and good works as the only path to salvation

Question 24

Scholars have identified which of the following as a key factor that contributed to the Scientific Revolution in Europe?

A) The relative independence of European universities
B) The superiority of the libraries in Western Europe
C) Europe's leadership in the fields of mathematics and medicine before 1000 C.E.
D) The merging of the study of the natural order with philosophy and theology

Question 25

Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community?

A) Violence offered a more effective means of gaining converts.
B) Punjab, where Sikhism was founded, was torn apart by a civil war.
C) The British colonial presence encouraged Sikhs to be militants.
D) They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.

Question 26

Which of the following describes a feature of the syncretic religions of African slave communities in the New World?

A) The emphasis on education, moral purity, and personal conversion
B) The rejection of science, reason, and logic in religious practice
C) The exclusive focus on animal sacrifice and spirit possession
D) The identification of West African deities with Catholic saints

Question 27

Which of the following describes the reception of modern European science in China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?

A) Adoption of European advances in medicine only
B) Rejection of the applications of European science
C) Selective adoption of European scientific learning
D) Wholesale adoption of Western scientific learning

Question 28

What made Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses revolutionary?

A) The validation of the Roman Catholic Church's selling of indulgences
B) The idea that an individual could find salvation by faith alone
C) The proposal that knowledge should be based on observations
D) The theory that the sun was the center of the universe

Question 29

How did the Peace of Westphalia seek to settle religious differences?

A) It closed the rift between Catholicism and Protestantism and paved the way for a unified Christianity.
B) It acknowledged the Catholic Church's acceptance of local religious traditions in Spanish colonies.
C) It ended the religious wars in Africa between advocates of religious syncretism and defenders of Islam.
D) It granted the ruler of each European state the authority to control religious affairs within his own domain.

Question 30

Both Wang Yangmin in his view of Confucianism and Martin Luther in his view of Christianity

A) attacked local customs as idolatry and sought to purify their respective traditions.
B) invoked divine will to justify the power and privileges of the elite.
C) argued that individuals could find their own path to virtue and salvation.
D) fought for religious tolerance and social justice for the poor and oppressed.

Question 31

Which of the following is a principle or practice upheld in Sikhism?

A) Seclusion of women
B) Universalism of Islam
C) Equality of men and women
D) Respect for caste distinctions

Question 32

What similar feature did Andean Christianity and Mexican Christianity share?

A) Both defined Christian rituals as civil observances rather than religious practices.
B) Both condemned the ritual of Holy Communion as a kind of cannibalism.
C) Both used Christian communities to organize rebellions against Spanish rule.
D) Both reinterpreted Christian practices within the framework of local customs.

Question 33

What factor made some parts of the world more receptive to Christianity than others?

A) The absence of a literate world religion
B) The strength of state religions
C) The absence of military conquest
D) The early conversion of local rulers

Question 34

Why did the Chinese imperial court initially welcome the Jesuit missionaries?

A) The Chinese state saw the political and military success of the European states as a demonstration of the power of the Christian God.
B) The Chinese people had been defeated, their societies disrupted, and their cultural confidence shattered.
C) The Jesuits' knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, technology, geography, and mapmaking was useful to the Chinese.
D) The Jesuits far outnumbered the Chinese and had already converted the vast majority of the nomadic peoples in the steppes north of China.

Question 35

During the centuries between 1450 and 1750, the spread of Islam was usually the

A) work of Muslim holy men, scholars, and traders.
B) result of conquest and forced conversions.
C) product of state indoctrination programs.
D) responsibility of specially chosen missionaries.

Question 36

Europeans who participated in the Scientific Revolution placed value on knowledge that was acquired through

A) the writings of classical philosophers.
B) rational inquiry based on evidence.
C) cultural tradition and social practice.
D) the Roman Catholic Church's interpretation of the Bible.

Question 37

Which of the following represents a form of Hinduism that shared features with mystical Sufi forms of Islam?

A) The kaozheng movement
B) The bhakti movement
C) The Wahhabi movement
D) The Taki Onqoy movement

Question 38

In what way did nineteenth-century developments in the sciences depart from Enlightenment principles?

A) They emphasized conflict and struggle as the motors of progress.
B) They challenged the validity of universal laws in science.
C) They challenged the very idea of progress.
D) They rejected the techniques of science.

Question 39

Which of the following marked a major turning point in the relationship between China and Christian missionaries?

A) The Catholic Church's crushing of the Taki Onqoy movement
B) The pope's claim of authority over Chinese Christians
C) The issuance of the Edict of Nantes
D) The emergence of Wahhabi Islam

Question 40

Which of the following did all Enlightenment thinkers share?

A) The notion of the divine right of kings
B) The principle of gender equality
C) The belief in progress and reason
D) The repudiation of Christianity

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 43

Which of the following reflects the Enlightenment view of the innate qualities of the individual?

A) Intolerant, close-minded, and hypocritical
B) Conservative, complacent, and obedient
C) Aggressive, neurotic, and irrational
D) Thoughtful, rational, and independent

Question 44

Comparative Analysis: Evaluate the state of scientific learning and advancements in China, the Islamic world, and Europe in the early modern era.

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Series of missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become part of the culture of an Asian country in their efforts to convert the elite, although with limited success.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Literally, "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 48

Which of the following was a reaction against too much reliance on human reason during the eighteenth century in Europe?

A) Romanticism
B) Deism
C) Sikhism
D) Pantheism

Question 49

Refer to Map 15.2 in the textbook. In which country was the spread of Christianity in the early modern era not accompanied by European conquest?

A) Japan
B) Mexico
C) Peru
D) The Philippine Islands

Question 50

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Pen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Major religious movement led by the theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Italian mathematician and astronomer (1564-1642) who improved the telescope and made a series of discoveries that put into question well-established understandings of the cosmos. He published his findings in 1610 in a book titled The Starry Messenger.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Slave and later religious lay woman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Clara (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works. She gained a reputation as a woman of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak around 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 59

Which of the following figures is associated with the Scientific Revolution?

A) Mirabai
B) Newton
C) Voltaire
D) Condorcet

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason.

A)Protestant Reformation
B)Catholic Counter-Reformation
C)Úrsula de Jesús
D)Taki Onqoy
E)Jesuits in China
F)Wahhabi Islam
G)kaozheng
H)Mirabai
I)Sikhism
J)Copernicus
K)Newton
L)Galile
M)Voltaire
N)European Enlightenment
O)Condorcet and the idea of progress

Question 61

Personal Reflection: Looking back from the twenty-first century, did the benefits of the Scientific Revolution outweigh its drawbacks?

Question 62

Comparative Analysis: Compare and contrast the spread of Western European Christianity with that of Islam during the early modern period.