Deck 11: The Worlds of Islam: Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600-1500

Question 1

Which of the following describes the role pastoral societies played in world history before the Mongol Empire?

A) They preserved the lifestyle of gathering and hunting societies.
B) They spread their polytheistic religions to neighboring civilizations.
C) They created a series of pastoral empires and controlled major trade routes.
D) They introduced new political models that reshaped the states of older civilizations.

Answer 1

They created a series of pastoral empires and controlled major trade routes.

Question 2

Discuss the types of exchanges that occurred between different parts of Eurasia during the time of the Mongol Empire.

Answer 2

Answer would ideally include:
•A discussion of economic exchanges should explain the extent of long-distance trade.
•A discussion of diplomatic exchanges should give examples of contact and dialogue between different parts of the empire.
•A discussion of cultural exchanges should give examples of the ideas, inventions, and technologies spread by the movement of people within the empire.
•A discussion of the exchange of germs should focus on the plague and note that contact also brought negative consequences.

Question 3

What characteristics were widely shared by pastoral peoples?

Answer 3

Answer would ideally include:
•Pastoral societies relied heavily on their animals.
•They generally lived in small, widely scattered encampments of related kinfolk.
•They generally offered women a higher status, fewer restrictions, and a greater role in public life than women in agricultural civilizations were granted.
•They were highly mobile.
A really good answer might note that many pastoral peoples occasionally banded together in tribal confederations or nomadic states.

Question 4

What do the selections by Chinggis Khan in Source 11.2 and Ogodei in Source 11.1 reveal about Mongol rule in China?

A) The Mongols ruled with an iron fist and virtually enslaved their Chinese subjects.
B) The Mongols adopted many Confucian ideas on governance.
C) The Mongols imposed their language and culture on their Chinese subjects.
D) The Mongols converted all farmland to pastureland for their herds.

Question 5

A characteristic feature of pastoral societies was their

A) productivity.
B) stratification.
C) mobility.
D) wealth.

Question 6

What impact did pastoral peoples have on the spread of Islam?

Question 7

In which regions of Africa and Eurasia did the Black Death have its greatest impact, and where did it have less of an impact?

Question 8

What key features of their army and of their method of waging war made the Mongols such an effective military force?

Question 9

Which of the following reflects the Russian view of the Mongols as represented in Source 11.4?

A) "The wild man of the mountains"
B) "A woman with no principles"
C) "Clouds on the paths of the immortals"
D) "The pagan and godless Tartars"

Question 10

In Source 11.3, how did Chinggis Khan justify his conquest of Bukhara?

A) As a civilizing mission
B) As a quest for revenge
C) As military competition
D) As God's punishment

Question 11

The excerpts in Source 11.1 describing the Mongol practice of anda and the process by which Temujin acquired the title of Chinggis Khan suggest that political authority and political relationships were based on

A) deeply personal ties of friendship and loyalty.
B) kinship relations and marriage alliances.
C) democratic principles and practices.
D) diplomacy, negotiation, and compromise.

Question 12

To govern their empire, what types of policies did Mongol rulers implement and what infrastructure did they set up?

Question 13

How were the Mongols changed by their experiences as the rulers of an empire that encompassed such a diverse range of peoples and cultures?

Question 14

Why did pastoral societies emerge only in the Afro-Eurasian world and not in the Americas?

A) The environments in the Americas were not suitable for pastoral societies.
B) The settled societies in the Americas lacked the necessary military prowess.
C) There was a lack of large animals that could be domesticated in the Americas.
D) There were no agricultural societies with which to trade in the Americas.

Question 15

What accounts for the differences in the effect of Mongol rule on China, Persia, and Russia?

Question 16

Which groups reaped benefits under Mongol rule?

Question 17

Which of the following describes pastoral societies' relationship with agricultural societies?

A) Pastoral societies were self-sufficient and did not interact with agricultural societies.
B) Pastoral societies sought foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and luxury items from agricultural societies.
C) Pastoral societies paid tribute to agricultural societies as a way to maintain diplomatic relations.
D) Pastoral societies were often raided by the professional armies of agricultural societies.

Question 18

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Black Death on European society?

A) Shrinking employment opportunities for women
B) Labor shortages that weakened serfdom
C) Better relations between landowners and workers
D) A lack of interest in technological innovation

Question 19

In comparison to the Mongol conquests of Persia and China, Mongol rule in Russia

A) did not depend on local elites to govern.
B) was not accompanied by Mongol occupation.
C) penetrated all the way to the village level.
D) resulted in the creation of a mixed-race population.

Question 20

Which of the following did the Mongol ruler Ogodei list as one of his greatest accomplishments in Source 11.1?

A) The destruction of the Eurasian network of post stations
B) The extension of Mongol rule throughout Pacific Oceania
C) The placement of spies and agents among the people in the cities
D) The conversion of the farmland in Cathay (China) to pastureland

Question 21

Which of the following was a feature of Mongol rule?

A) Persecution of merchants
B) Hostility toward commerce
C) Tolerance of all religions
D) Kindness toward conquered peoples

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of the Mongol rulers' policy toward people in the conquered territories?

A) Chinese and Muslim officials were allowed to hold advisory positions in government.
B) Conquered people were forced to convert their land into pastureland for Mongol herds.
C) A policy of segregation made conquered people a permanent underclass similar to slaves.
D) Conquered people were barred from the military and forced to adopt the pastoral lifestyle.

Question 23

Mongol rule in Russia facilitated the rise to power of which city?

A) Moscow
B) Kiev
C) Riazan
D) Sarai

Question 24

Refer to Map 11.1 in the textbook. Which country was not conquered by the Mongols despite repeated invasions?

A) Persia
B) Russia
C) Korea
D) Japan

Question 25

What aspects of Chinese civilization did Mongol rulers in the Yuan dynasty adopt?

A) The Chinese examination system
B) The traditional Confucian rituals
C) The disdain toward merchants
D) The practice of foot binding

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of the types of exchanges facilitated by Mongol rule over much of Eurasia?

A) The establishment of a formal alliance between the Mongol Empire and the Holy Roman Empire
B) The diplomatic dialogues between Christian and Muslim rulers that brought an end to the Crusades
C) The merging of the Silk Roads with the trans-Saharan slave trade
D) The sharing of intelligence information between Persia and China

Question 27

Which of the following was a pastoral empire that served as a model for the Turks and the Mongols?

A) Abbasid
B) Yuan
C) Almoravid
D) Xiongnu

Question 28

What role did Mongol women play in the administration of the Mongol empire?

A) They dominated the Bureau of Colonial Affairs.
B) They ruled independently in various parts of the empire.
C) They led armies in many of the invasions throughout Eurasia.
D) They advised on government policies and court decisions.

Question 29

Which of the following facilitated the creation of the Mongol Empire?

A) The territories the Mongols invaded were experiencing internal divisions.
B) The technology of the Mongols was superior to that of their adversaries.
C) Chinggis Khan had a precise blueprint for world conquest.
D) The tribal values of the Mongols functioned as a unifying ideology.

Question 30

Which of the following contributed to Temujin's rise to power and recognition as Chinggis Khan of the Great Mongol Nation?

A) The effect of the Black Death on agricultural and pastoral societies
B) The support of the clan of his father, who was a powerful chief
C) The incorporation of warriors from defeated tribes into his own forces
D) The construction of the largest navy in the world at the time

Question 31

Which of the following was a way in which the Mongols contributed to the globalization of the Eurasian world?

A) In providing a secure environment for traders, they facilitated long-distance international commerce.
B) Their immunity to several deadly diseases allowed them to maintain long-distance trade routes.
C) Their promotion of Islam as the only true faith in the empire gave the whole empire a shared culture.
D) The Mongol conquest of Japan linked the extreme ends of the Eurasian trade networks for the first time.

Question 32

Like the Arabs and the Persians, the Turks between the tenth and fourteenth centuries

A) accepted Confucianism and forced the Chinese Empire to pay them tribute.
B) created short-lived empires that disintegrated when the ruler died.
C) consistently maintained the pastoral lifestyle and resisted assimilation.
D) converted to Islam and introduced the religion to the areas they conquered.

Question 33

Which of the following was an obstacle to the creation of large empires among pastoralists?

A) Lack of charismatic leaders
B) Lack of horses and weapons
C) Internal rivalry between clans
D) Ignorance of mounted warfare

Question 34

What happened to the Mongols in Persia in the fourteenth century?

A) Persian generals drove the Mongols back to the steppes.
B) The Ottoman Empire defeated and enslaved the Mongols.
C) The Mongols assimilated into Persian society.
D) The Mongols were made serfs of Persian lords.

Question 35

Which of the following describes the transformation of the Turkic people from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries?

A) They changed from military leaders of confederations to slave soldiers in the Mongol Empire.
B) They changed from rulers of agrarian civilizations to creators of pastoral empires in Africa.
C) They changed from polytheistic worshippers to followers and carriers of a monotheistic Islam.
D) They changed from farmers who occasionally hunted to pastoral peoples who occasionally farmed.

Question 36

Which of the following resulted from Mongol rule over Russia?

A) The rise of Kiev to renewed prominence in Russian history
B) The adoption by Russian princes of the Mongols' diplomatic rituals
C) The dispatch of a Byzantine army that freed Russia from Mongol rule
D) The replacement of Orthodox Christianity by Roman Catholicism in Russia

Question 37

Which region gained the most from the exchanges of ideas and technologies facilitated by the Mongol Empire?

A) China
B) Europe
C) Sub-Saharan Africa
D) The Middle East

Question 38

Which of the following is a reason Western Europe was not conquered by the Mongols?

A) Western Europe lacked adequate pasture for Mongol herds.
B) Western Europe successfully resisted the Mongol invasions.
C) The Black Death had devastated the Mongol army.
D) European rulers formed an alliance with the Mongols.

Question 39

Why was promoting international commerce important to the Mongols?

A) They saw commercial activities as an honorable occupation.
B) They wanted to extract wealth from civilizations by taxing trade.
C) Most of what they produced was in high demand in distant markets.
D) They wanted to create a global market for their products.

Question 40

The most difficult and protracted of the Mongols' many conquests was in

A) Persia.
B) Russia.
C) China.
D) Japan.

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
People of the Mongolian steppe lands north of China who formed a large-scale nomadic empire in the third and second centuries B·C·E·.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of the ideas and techniques exchanged within the Eurasian network facilitated by Mongol rule?

A) The incorporation of the Mongol supreme sky god Tengri into the Hindu pantheon of gods and goddesses
B) The transmission to the Middle East of the Chinese practice of diagnosing illness by taking the pulse of patients
C) The use by Turkic rulers of European court rituals and ceremonies
D) The conversion of the Sanhaja Berber pastoralists to Christianity

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Mongol dynasty that ruled from 1271 to 1368; its name means "great beginnings."

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 44

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Grandson of Chinggis Khan (ca. 1217-1265) who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 45

In what way were Europeans in the sixteenth century similar to Mongols in the thirteenth century?

A) Both were the most economically developed civilizations.
B) Both had their wealth plundered by surrounding civilizations.
C) Both were on the periphery of the major established civilizations.
D) Both possessed a naval technology that gave them a military advantage.

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Name later given to the massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia beginning in 1331.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
People from Central Asia, originally nomads, who spread westward into the Near East and into India; they created a series of nomadic empires between 552 and 965 C·E·. but had a more lasting impact on world history when they became dominant in the Islamic heartland and founded a series of states and empires there.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 50

As a corrective to past views of pastoral peoples, recent interpretations of their role in world history have drawn attention to their

A) development of cultures centered on horses, camels, or cattle.
B) lack of technological innovation and literary learning.
C) inability to adapt to inhospitable environments.
D) destruction of cross-cultural and commercial exchanges.

Question 51

Personal Reflection: Do you find convincing the long-established interpretation of pastoral societies being a destructive force in human history?

Question 52

The Mongol Empire played a significant role in world history because it

A) introduced a new alphabet that became the basis for most of the languages in Eurasia.
B) created and, through its conquests, spread a new religion that is still practiced throughout Central Asia.
C) developed a hybrid civilization that blended together Persian, Chinese, and European culture.
D) brought together the pastoral peoples of inner Eurasia and the agricultural civilizations of outer Eurasia.

Question 53

Historical Analysis: Were the Mongols something new in the realm of pastoral empires?

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An alternative kind of food-producing economy focused on the raising of livestock. It emerged only in the Afro-Eurasian world because in the Americas the absence of large animals that could be domesticated precluded a herding economy.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Title meaning "universal ruler" that was given to this Mongol leader in 1206 after he united the Mongols.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A mongol princess (ca. 1260-1306) whose exploits in battle and wrestling along with her choice of husbands provide insight into the relative freedom and influence of elite Mongol women in their societies.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 57

Comparative Analysis: Compare and contrast the creation of the Arab and Mongol empires.

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Name given to Russia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Russians as the Khanate of the _______.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Emerging out of an Islamic reform movement among the Sanhaja Berber pastoralists in the eleventh century, this empire incorporated a large part of northwestern Africa with its capital in Marrakesh. In 1086, it crossed into southern Spain where it offered vigorous opposition to Christian efforts to conquer the region. The empire had collapsed by the mid-twelfth century.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Great ruler of the Xiongnu Empire (r. 210-174 B·C·E·.) who created a centralized and hierarchical political system.

A)pastoralism
B)Modun
C)Xiongnu
D)Turks
E)Almoravid Empire
F)Temujin/Chinggis Khan
G)the Mongol world war
H)Yuan dynasty China
I)Khubilai Khan
J)Hulegu
K)Khutulun
L)Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde
M)Black Death/plague