Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

A) insight
B) innate learning
C) vicarious learning
D) latent learning

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.

A) the CS substitutes for the UCS
B) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
C) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
D) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Thorndike was known for his work with ________.

A) a Skinner box
B) a puzzle box
C) modeling
D) monkeys

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.

A) the learning/performance distinction
B) the innate performance preference
C) the delayed learning paradigm
D) the observational delay effect
Chapter 5 - Quick Quiz 2

Question 5

Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.

A) brain wave activity
B) blood pressure
C) heart rate
D) body temperature

Question 6

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) vicarious learning
D) cognitive learning

Question 7

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by having him watch her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?

A) Her son must always model the behavior immediately.
B) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
C) Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her.
D) Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner.
Chapter 5 - Quick Quiz 1

Question 8

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

A) if it is a primary reinforcer
B) if it is a positive reinforcer
C) if it is a negative reinforcer
D) regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

Question 9

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a white rat
B) a loud noise
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space

Question 10

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.

A) maturation
B) learning
C) habituation
D) growth cycles

Question 11

The "aha!" experience is known as ________.

A) latent learning
B) insight learning
C) thoughtful learning
D) serial enumeration

Question 12

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.

A) stimulus generalization
B) stimulus adaptation
C) response generalization
D) transfer of habit strength

Question 13

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

A) a variable-ratio schedule
B) a fixed-ratio schedule
C) a fixed-interval schedule
D) a continuous schedule

Question 14

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive and negative reinforcement

Question 15

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.

A) a stop sign
B) the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning
C) the white rat in Watson's Little Albert study of producing phobias
D) a knee jerk

Question 16

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 17

For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

A) variable interval
B) variable ratio
C) fixed ratio
D) fixed interval

Question 18

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) memory linkage
D) adaptation

Question 19

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is ________.

A) Watson
B) Thorndike
C) Skinner
D) Bandura

Question 20

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________.

A) learned helplessness
B) contingency blocking
C) latent learning
D) response generalization

Question 21

The abbreviation UCR stands for ________.

A) unconditional reinforcement Incorrect. UCR stands for unconditioned response, which is a part of the classical conditioning paradigm. The abbreviation is not used for a reinforcement term.
B) uniform conditioned rule
C) unconditional retention
D) unconditioned response Correct. UCR stands for unconditioned response.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 22

The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.

A) unconditional statement Incorrect. Unconditional statement is not a term associated with learning theory.
B) uniform conditioned subject
C) unconditional sensation
D) unconditioned stimulus Correct. UCS stands for unconditioned stimulus.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 23

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat. Incorrect. Pavlov was not studying his assistant's reactions; he was interested in the salivation of the dogs.
C) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food. Correct. Pavlov was fascinated with why the dogs learned this connection between the assistant and the food.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 24

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A) presence of Alan near the aquarium Incorrect. Alan's presence is not what brings about a response, either conditioned or unconditioned, in this example.
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food Correct. The fish food is the unconditioned stimulus because, by definition, food is an unconditioned stimulus.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 25

Ivan Pavlov, who is credited with discovering classical conditioning, was a ________.

A) psychiatrist
B) psychologist
C) neurologist Incorrect. Freud is the well-known contributor to psychology who was a neurologist.
D) physiologist Correct. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 26

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?

A) UCR
B) UCS Correct. The unconditioned stimulus is one of three types of stimulating classical conditioning that can produce a response. The other two are a conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
C) CER Incorrect. CER refers to a conditioned emotional response, which is not a form of a stimulus.
D) CSR TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 27

________.

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus Correct. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the conditioned response. Food automatically causes one to salivate.
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus Incorrect. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked salivation. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral and food is not a neutral stimulus.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 28

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.

A) it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B) once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action Incorrect. Unfortunately, learning something does not mean that you won't fail to remember it.
C) it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes Correct. These changes in the brain make a temporary record of what was learned.
D) memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent TOPIC: Definition of Learning

Question 29

________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A) Learning Correct. Experience or practice that leads to a long-term behavior change is referred to as learning.
B) Adaptation Incorrect. Adaptation is a sensory effect that describes a perceptual change to a given stimulus level. Perceptual changes are not behavioral changes and, thus, are not considered to be learning.
C) Memory enhancement
D) Muscle memory TOPIC: Definition of Learning

Question 30

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________.

A) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C) physiologist who was studying digestion Correct. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and he was a physiologist.
D) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows Incorrect. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning. Although some dog trainers may have had a reasonably pragmatic set of training principles, they didn't scientifically study them or publish their findings.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 31

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.

A) maturation Correct. Alterations due to a genetic blueprint would be examples of maturation.
B) learning
C) habituation
D) growth cycles Incorrect. Growth cycles is not a term used in our text.
TOPIC: Definition of Learning

Question 32

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.

A) Skinner Incorrect. Skinner was a well-known contributor to the study of learning, but his work centered on operant or instrumental conditioning.
B) Tolman
C) Kohler
D) Pavlov Correct. The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was Pavlov.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. Correct. Pavlov was studying digestion, and salivation is one of the initial processes in digestion.
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food. Incorrect. Pavlov was not concerned with feelings or any other internal mental states in his initial experiments. He was studying the physiology of digestion.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 34

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus. Correct. The puff of air elicits a reflexive response without learning taking place, so it is an unconditioned stimulus.
C) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus. Incorrect. The blinking of the eye is a response, not a stimulus.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 35

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning BEST describes the dog's behavior?

A) classical conditioning Correct. The dog has come to associate the sound of the keys with the departure of Maricella, and his sadness has become a conditioned response.
B) innate learning
C) punishment by removal Incorrect. While the dog may experience the departure of Maricella as a punishment, this does not explain his association with the sound of her car keys.
D) instinctive drift TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 36

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.

A) unconditioned response Correct. The salivation was reflexive to the presentation of food and, thus, was an unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response Incorrect. Because salivation was initially reflexive for food and not to another stimulus, such as a sound, salivation would be considered an unconditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 37

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.

A) unconditioned response Correct. The unconditioned response is a naturally occurring process when the animal is stimulated. Salivation is such a process in response to food.
B) voluntary response
C) conditioned response
D) digestive reflux Incorrect. Although salivation is part of digestion, the best answer is the unconditioned response because it is more specific and part of Pavlov's conceptualization.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 38

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A) Learning is another word for "maturation." Correct. Unlike learning, maturation is a biologically and genetically based process and not an experiential one.
B) Learning is relatively permanent.
C) Learning involves changes in behavior.
D) Learning involves experiences. Incorrect. Learning does involve experience, and the statement is true. The question asks which statement is NOT true.
TOPIC: Definition of Learning

Question 39

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.

A) classical conditioning Correct. A classically conditioned response occurs when the subject learns to make a reflexive response to a new stimulus.
B) operant conditioning Incorrect. Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior and not reflexive responses that occur automatically. Classical conditioning entails learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original.
C) memory linkage
D) adaptation TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 40

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.

A) instrumental learning
B) observational learning Incorrect. Observational learning involves watching others in a learning experience; in this example, Stephanie experienced these events herself.
C) classical conditioning Correct. Stephanie's experience is an example of classical conditioning.
D) habituation TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 41

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

A) the metronome was not a distinctive sound
B) the metronome should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit Incorrect. The CS occurring after the UCS has been found not to yield strong classical conditioning.
C) you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit
D) the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome Correct. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation. Longer intervals were not successful.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 42

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

A) the metronome was not a distinctive sound
B) the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit Correct. One of the basic principles of classical conditioning is that the CS must come before the UCS.
C) you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit
D) Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation Incorrect. This statement is true but does not explain that the conditioning didn't work because the CS must precede the UCS.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 43

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________.

A) spontaneous recovery Correct. When a conditioned response briefly reappears after it has been extinguished, this is called spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning refers to a chain of conditioned responses established from the first pairing, which is not the situation described here. The reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous recovery.
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 44

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.

A) stimulus generalization Correct. Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus adaptation
C) response generalization Incorrect. The subject is generalizing to a stimulus and, thus, the process is called stimulus generalization.
D) transfer of habit strength TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 45

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a ________.

A) primary reinforcer
B) positive reinforcer
C) conditioned response Correct. Since salivation is not a natural reflexive response to footsteps, the situation was one in which salivation became a response to the sound and, thus, is referred to as a conditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer Incorrect. A reinforcer is a stimulus, whereas the salivation is a response-in this case, a conditioned response.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 46

The fact that you now tend to prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair BEST illustrates ________.

A) stimulus generalization Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when we respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
B) generalization gradient
C) stimulus discrimination Incorrect. Stimulus discrimination occurs when a person or animal recognizes that different stimuli should evoke different responses.
D) discrimination gradient TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 47

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.

A) counterconditioning Incorrect. Counterconditioning occurs when the animal is conditioned to some other stimulus.
B) instinctive drift
C) spontaneous recovery Correct. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus discrimination TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 48

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called ________.

A) acquisition
B) testing Incorrect. Testing is not a term used in this paradigm.
C) extinction Correct. Extinction occurs when the CR no longer predicts the CS and the organism no longer responds to the stimulus.
D) spontaneous recovery TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 49

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as it hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A) can of cat food
B) sound of the electric can opener Correct. The sound of the can opener is a stimulus that causes a conditioned response in the cat.
C) dish that Harmony puts the food in Incorrect. Although the dish might also have become a conditioned stimulus, in this example Harmony noticed that salivation came in response specifically to the sound of the can opener.
D) cat scurrying into the kitchen TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 50

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A) Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. Incorrect. The toy dog wasn't a conditioned stimulus because seeing it repeatedly probably wouldn't have helped Albert. He needed to see the rat repeatedly.
B) Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
C) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur. Correct. Showing Albert a rat without the loud noise would teach Albert that nothing scary coincides with the presence of the rat.
D) Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present. TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 51

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, flinching to the lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):

A) unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect. In this example, the thunder is the unconditioned stimulus because it elicits a response before learning occurs.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response. Correct. The conditioned, or learned response, is flinching to the lightning because it only occurs after learning took place.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 52

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

A) behavior modification Incorrect. Behavior modification is a clinical technique that uses conditioning. Stimulus generalization was the issue.
B) stimulus discrimination
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response spreads to a similar stimulus. In this case, it was from rat to rabbit.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 53

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?

A) The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
B) The initial knee jerk response is the CR. Incorrect. Because the initial knee jerk took place without learning, it is a US.
C) The sound is the CS. Correct. If you learned to respond to the sound with a previously reflexive response, the sound becomes a conditioned stimulus.
D) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR. TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 54

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A) acquisition Correct. In the acquisition step, there is a repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS, and the organism is in the process of acquiring learning. Repeated presentations of the metronome paired with the food caused the animals to acquire the conditioned response.
B) testing
C) extinction
D) spontaneous recovery Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery occurs when the conditioned response reappears after extinction.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 55

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):

A) unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect. In this example, the thunder is the unconditioned stimulus because it elicits a response before learning occurs.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus. Correct. The conditioned, or learned stimulus, is lightning because it only elicited a response after learning took place.
D) conditioned response. TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 56

The abbreviation CR stands for ________.

A) conditional reinforcement Incorrect. CR stands for conditioned response. The abbreviation is specifically defined as conditioned response even though conditioned reinforcement is a term used in learning theory.
B) contingent reflex
C) conditioned response Correct. CR stands for conditioned response.
D) contingent reflection TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 57

The abbreviation CS stands for ________.

A) conditioned stimulus Correct. CS stands for conditioned stimulus, which refers to an event that produces a response after learning has taken place.
B) correlated stimulus
C) conventional structure Incorrect. Conventional structure is not a term that is used in learning theory.
D) conditional situation TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 58

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will eventually "die out" in a process called ________.

A) CR fading
B) extinction Correct. The CR will fade in a process known as extinction or when a repeated presentation of the CS leads to the fading of the CR.
C) habituation
D) generalization fading Incorrect. Generalization fading is not a term used in our conditioning models.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 59

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus Correct. A conditioned stimulus is one that has been a signal for the UCS. In this case, the door sound signals food.
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response Incorrect. The sound cannot be a response because the sound was a stimulus presented to the dog.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 60

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A) counterconditioning Incorrect. Counterconditioning would have occurred if the animal was conditioned to some other stimuli, but this was not the case.
B) instinctive drift
C) spontaneous recovery Correct. Milo's response spontaneously recovered.
D) stimulus discrimination TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 61

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _________ in his study.

A) discriminative stimulus
B) counterconditioning stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus Correct. The child was conditioned to respond to this stimulus with fear, even though he was not originally afraid of the rat.
D) unconditioned stimulus Incorrect. An unconditioned stimulus is one that the child automatically responds to with fear, such as a loud noise.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 62

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

A) Pavlov Incorrect. Pavlov suggested that stimulus substitution, and not expectancy, explained classical conditioning.
B) Garcia
C) Rescorla Correct. The cognitive explanation of classical conditioning was proposed by Robert Rescorla.
D) Skinner TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 63

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A) instinctive drift Incorrect. Instinctual drift deals primarily with animal behavior, not phobias.
B) innate learning
C) conditioned taste aversion
D) conditioned emotional response Correct. Conditioned emotional responses are some of the earliest forms of learning and fear is a basic emotion that appears very early in our lives
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 64

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory.

A) generalization Incorrect. Generalization, or the spread of the response to various stimuli, isn't a new addition to the theory.
B) habituation
C) memory loss
D) expectancy Correct. Rescorla explained that animals must have an expectancy created by the pairing of a stimulus (or absence of a stimulus) with an unpleasant experience.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 65

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ________.

A) white rat Incorrect. Albert did not have a reflexive fear response to the rat so it couldn't be the unconditioned stimulus. He did have a reflexive fear response to the noise, and that was the unconditioned stimulus.
B) loud noise Correct. Noise was the unconditioned stimulus, as it automatically evoked fear.
C) fear of the rat
D) fear of the noise TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 66

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.

A) the CS substitutes for the UCS Incorrect. Rescorla theorized that the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS and predict the latter's coming. Substitution was an earlier theory of Pavlov's.
B) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
C) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS Correct. The subject has to have some cognitive appreciation of the contingency.
D) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 67

It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________.

A) vicarious conditioning Correct. You can become conditioned by watching through a process called vicarious conditioning.
B) conditioned emotional responses
C) stimulus generalization
D) higher-order conditioning Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning involves linking one conditioned stimulus to another. It does not involve watching someone.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 68

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back. Correct. In spontaneous recovery, the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although the response is usually weak and short-lived.
B) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
C) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise. Incorrect. Although the statement is true, it doesn't answer the question about spontaneous recovery, which involves the resurfacing of the fear even after it has seemingly been extinguished.
D) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present. TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 69

While watching his older sister dive into a swimming pool, Jackson saw her slip on the end of the diving board, crack her head on the end of the board, and end up bleeding in the pool and crying hysterically. She required 12 stitches to close the cut on the back of her head. As a result, Jackson was highly afraid of both diving boards and the deep end of swimming pools. HE did not overcome these fears until he was well into his early adult years. Jackson acquired his phobia as a result of ________ conditioning.

A) classical Incorrect. Jackson observed an action that led to his fear rather than experiencing the actual event itself..
B) operant
C) latent
D) vicarious Correct. This form of learning involves acquiring a response based on observing the reactions of another person.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 70

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ________.

A) colorful clown Incorrect. In fact, little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, not a colorful clown.
B) brown mouse
C) white rat Correct. The case of Little Albert is famous for demonstrating the ability to condition a phobia of a white rat.
D) white puppy TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 71

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as ________.

A) stimulus substitution Correct. This was known as stimulus substitution.
B) the cognitive perspective Incorrect. This was known as stimulus substitution. Although referencing the brain might seem to imply cognition, this wasn't part of Pavlov's conceptualization. Cognition involves a defined thought process and that was not part of Pavlov's theory.
C) the Skinner model
D) higher-order conditioning TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 72

Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because:

A) the pairing of the CS and US does not provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
B) the pairing of the CS and UR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS.
C) the pairing of the CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US. Correct. This cognitive model suggests that expectation underlies the entire phenomenon of classical conditioning.
D) the pairing of the US and UR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US. Incorrect. It is the pairing of the CS and US that is thought to provide information about the occurrence of the US in the future that underlies the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 73

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.

A) classical counterconditioned Incorrect. Counterconditioning does not necessarily deal with emotional responses like the one seen in the case of Little Albert.
B) conditioned emotional Correct. The case of Little Albert was used to demonstrate conditional emotional responses.
C) positively reinforced
D) negatively reinforced TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 74

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must ________ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

A) replace
B) come after
C) appear simultaneously with Incorrect. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the UCS for conditioning to take place. A simultaneous appearance would not give any information useful in prediction.
D) predict Correct. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the UCS for conditioning to take place.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 75

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a white rat Correct. The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn't elicit a fear response but that, after conditioning, became a conditioned stimulus.
B) a loud noise Incorrect. The UCS was the loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response.
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 76

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS connection was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of ________.

A) higher-order conditioning Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning.
B) neoclassical conditioning
C) generalization
D) operant conditioning Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary responses, such as salivation.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 77

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.

A) higher-order conditioning Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being added.
B) neoclassical conditioning
C) generalization Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original.
D) operant conditioning TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 78

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions based on his work giving sweetened liquid to rats and then inducing nausea in them?

A) Seligman Incorrect. Seligman is known for his work on learned helplessness. Garcia was responsible for the discovery of taste aversions.
B) Garcia Correct. Garcia was responsible for the discovery of taste aversions.
C) Skinner
D) Watson TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 79

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as ________.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) higher-order conditioning Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning.
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn't involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning process.
TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning

Question 80

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be ________.

A) based on classical conditioning Correct. Watson took a neutral stimulus, the rat, and paired it with a fear-producing noise to make the rat a fear-inducing stimulus.
B) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants Incorrect. There was no focus on the unconscious in Watson's experiment. He was demonstrating the relationship of classical conditioning to phobias.
C) based on the principle of observational learning
D) based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement TOPIC: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning