Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Short-term memories appear to be localized in the ________.

A) occipital lobe
B) cingulate gyrus
C) amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

________ memory is constantly updated.

A) Nondeclarative
B) Semantic
C) Eidetic
D) Episodic

Answer 2

D

Question 3

________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a useable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Learning
D) Memory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) episodic
C) long-term
D) nondeclarative

Question 5

A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which was one was reported in your textbook?

A) repressed memory syndrome
B) tip-of-the-tongue aphasia
C) separating trivial from important memories
D) cognitive penetrance

Question 6

People with Alzheimer's disease typically have a memory problem known as ________.

A) amygdaloid amnesia
B) inferograde amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia
Chapter 6 - Quick Quiz 1

Question 7

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs ________.

A) within the first hour after learning new material
B) within the first day after learning new material
C) near the end of the retrieval period
D) near the middle of the retrieval period
Chapter 6 - Quick Quiz 2

Question 8

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the ________.

A) phi phenomenon
B) implicit memory effect
C) serial position effect
D) sequestering effect

Question 9

For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

A) Bartlett
B) Meyer
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Skinner

Question 10

Declarative memories are to ________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to ________ memories.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) general knowledge; personal facts
D) personal facts; general knowledge

Question 11

The BEST place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in ________.

A) the biology classroom
B) an auditorium to prevent cheating
C) the English classroom
D) the special testing room used for all exams

Question 12

_______ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval
D) Evaluation

Question 13

In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning ________.

A) are not physically proximal
B) are archaic
C) are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related
D) are more subject to rapid decay and decline

Question 14

It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of ________.

A) constructive processing
B) hindsight bias
C) adaptation of memory traces
D) flashbulb integration

Question 15

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ________ rehearsal.

A) repetitive
B) imagery
C) elaborative
D) maintenance

Question 16

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A) a table
B) a modem
C) a rainbow
D) a photograph

Question 17

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 18

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ________.

A) eidetic images
B) elaborative rehearsals
C) flashbulb memories
D) eyewitness images

Question 19

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

A) Yes, because seeing is believing.
B) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest.
C) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony.
D) No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification.

Question 20

Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in ________.

A) sensory memory only
B) short-term memory only
C) long-term memory only
D) sensory memory and short-term memory

Question 21

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, ________.

A) information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain Correct. The parallel distributed processing model of memory model uses a network.
B) information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain Incorrect. The information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain.
C) information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex
D) processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 22

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin's problem was with the ________ component of memory.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval Correct. He cannot bring forth, or retrieve, information that he has in memory when he needs it.
D) retention Incorrect. He does retain the information, or have it in memory, but he can't retrieve it.
TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 23

________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Learning Incorrect. Learning has to do with the acquisition of behaviors and not the storage of information. That is the role of memory.
D) Memory Correct. Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information.
TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 24

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with ________.

A) encoding
B) storage Incorrect. She did have the information so it was stored. However, she couldn't retrieve it.
C) retrieval Correct. Yes, she couldn't find the information in her memory or retrieve it.
D) evaluation TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 25

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________.

A) encoding Correct. Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to the brain.
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation Incorrect. Evaluation is not the term used for this process even though it sounds appropriate.
TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 26

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by the levels of processing model?

A) recalling an object's function
B) attending to the sound of a word Correct. Thinking about the appearance of a word is a shallower thought process than thinking about its meaning.
C) thinking about the meaning of a word Incorrect. Thinking about meaning requires a deeper level of processing than does thinking about more superficial aspects of the word itself, such as its sound.
D) recalling that an object was rectangular TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 27

________ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

A) Encoding
B) Storage Correct. Storage puts away material.
C) Retrieval Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
D) Evaluation TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 28

The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of ________ model of memory.

A) the information processing Correct. These are the correct stages.
B) the top-down storage Incorrect. Top-down processing is more a perceptual processing term.
C) the classical conditioning
D) Tolman's cognitive TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 29

The first step in the memory process is ________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A) encoding Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory.
B) storing Incorrect. Storing the information cannot happen until after encoding it so the information can be transmitted from the senses to the brain.
C) retrieving
D) evaluating TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 30

In the ________ model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretched" across the brain.

A) levels-of-processing
B) parallel distributed processing Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.
C) transfer-appropriate processing
D) information-processing Incorrect. Information-processing models don't involve a network.
TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 31

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________.

A) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing, and retrieving information.
B) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response Incorrect. These elements are all part of classical conditioning.
C) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing
D) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 32

Information is simultaneously stored across a series of mental networks "stretched" across the brain in the ________.

A) Craik and Lockhart model of memory
B) multistore model of memory
C) information-processing theory of memory Incorrect. Information-processing models don't involve a network.
D) parallel distributed processing model of memory Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.
TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 33

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a ________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A) deeper; shallower Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.
B) shallower; deeper Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 34

When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called ________.

A) encoding Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation, as the information must be sent to the brain.
B) storage Incorrect. Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not processed, it can't be stored.
C) retrieval
D) evaluation TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 35

Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that ________.

A) the brain has nothing in common with a computer Incorrect. Modern neuroscience considers the brain to be like a computer.
B) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing Correct. Computers serve as a model for cognitive psychologists.
C) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds
D) information flows from one memory system to the next TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 36

The levels-of-processing concept would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?" Incorrect. This question requires a shallower level of processing and that leads to poorer memory.
C) "Is it written in cursive?"
D) "Would it be found in a pond?" Correct. This question requires a deeper level of processing as it engages meaning. Meaning is seen as a deeper level of processing, which leads to better memory.
TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 37

Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

A) storage
B) retrieval Correct. Pulling previously stored information out of memory is retrieval.
C) encoding Incorrect. The process of putting information into memory storage is encoding.
D) decoding TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 38

According to the levels of processing model, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a ________ level.

A) deeper Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.
B) medium
C) shallower Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.
D) any of these, depending on the information TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 39

Which of the following statements is TRUE about retrieval?

A) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness. Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness.
C) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain. Incorrect. No, this answer describes the process known as encoding.
D) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long. TOPIC: What Is Memory?

Question 40

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A) Craik and Lockhart's model
B) extinction
C) information-processing model Correct. The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer functions as its model for human thought.
D) parallel distributed processing model Incorrect. Parallel distributed processing is not the dominant form of computer architecture.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 41

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that ________.

A) you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating
B) eidetic images fade in .25 seconds as Sperling has shown Incorrect. Eidetic images last a long time. The problem is that the material is not interpreted or understood.
C) you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it Correct. Material in eidetic imagery hasn't been understood; it is only like a picture of a page of text.
D) it only helps you remember things from other cultures TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 42

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory Correct. This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done.
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory Incorrect. Testing short-term memory was done with verbal items in a list form.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 43

The term ________ memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to eidetic imagery.

A) photographic Correct. While we don't really have something called photographic memory, eidetic imagery does occur in rare cases.
B) episodic Incorrect. Episodic memory is one's memory of personal experiences or encounters.
C) reconstructed
D) affective TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 44

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images.
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory Incorrect. Sensory memory provides very brief sensory representation. Short-term memory is verbal in nature and limited in capacity.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 45

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

A) It is where photographic memories are kept. Incorrect. Although it involves images, iconic storage is not the locus of photographic memory.
B) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from microsaccades. Correct. It does help with disruption and serves as an input to later memory systems.
C) It increases depth of processing.
D) It allows a brief memory of something that was said to you even if you were not paying attention. TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 46

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

A) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn. Correct. Eidetic imagery is sometimes called photographic memory.
C) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages. Incorrect. Although the word imagine is used, it's not the same as remembering an image.
D) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember. TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 47

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around ________.

A) four or five items Incorrect. This was what the participants reported but it was not the true capacity of iconic storage. Using this estimate, Sperling then calculated the true capacity of iconic storage.
B) nine or ten items
C) all the letters present Correct. All the letters were available but only for a fraction of a second.
D) one to two items TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 48

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in ________ memory.

A) echoic
B) iconic Correct. Iconic memory is sensory and the first stage of the memory systems.
C) long-term
D) short-term Incorrect. This storage location is not first, as the sensory memory system of iconic memory comes before it.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 49

In the information processing model of memory, the process of storage would be analogous to which part of a modern computer?

A) a memory stick (or thumb drive) Correct. The memory stick is where information is stored. You might also call that a thumb drive or flash drive, among other names.
B) a central processing unit
C) a wireless mouse and keyboard Incorrect. The mouse and keyboard are for input, or "encoding."
D) a flat panel monitor TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 50

Which of the following distinguished sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)?

A) STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information.
B) STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information. Incorrect. In fact, the relative capacity of short-term memory is smaller than that of sensory memory.
C) SM holds a larger number of separate pieces of information. Correct. Sensory memory has a rather large capacity, while the capacity of short-term memory is only thought to be a handful of chunks of information.
D) STM holds a small amount of uniform information. TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 51

In the information processing model of memory, the process of encoding would be analogous to which part of a modern computer?

A) a memory stick (or thumb drive) Incorrect. The memory stick is where information is stored. You might also call that a thumb drive or flash drive, among other names.
B) a central processing unit
C) a wireless mouse and keyboard Correct. The mouse and keyboard are for input, or "encoding."
D) a flat panel monitor TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 52

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A) a table
B) a modem
C) a rainbow Incorrect. Eidetic imagery is more like a photograph and is even called photographic memory.
D) a photograph Correct. Yes, it's like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 53

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report ________.

A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared Correct. The participants had to report the line of letters that was indicated by the tone.
B) only one or two of the letters in the cued line
C) the first letter of each line only Incorrect. They could usually get the whole line, and that was used to measure sensory memory capacity.
D) the middle letter of each line TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 54

The term photographic memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to ________ imagery.

A) affective
B) episodic Incorrect. Episodic memory is one's memory of their own experiences or encounters.
C) reconstructed
D) eidetic Correct. While we don't really have something called photographic memory, eidetic imagery does occur in rare cases.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 55

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like ________ memory.

A) iconic Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image.
B) echoic Incorrect. Echoic memory is concerned with hearing and not vision.
C) short-term
D) long-term TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 56

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.

A) implicit is to explicit
B) auditory is to visual Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer.
C) visual is to auditory Correct. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory, while echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory.
D) quick is to slow TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 57

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in ________ memory.

A) sensory Correct. Sensory memory is the first and most brief type of memory that information encounters on its way into storage.
B) short-term Incorrect. Before information gets to short-term memory, it must first be encoded into sensory memory.
C) semantic
D) working TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 58

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to ________.

A) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could
B) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after the presentation with a very bright light Incorrect. Masking was used by a later study.
C) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report Correct. A cue was used by Sperling to allow the participants to retrieve the marked set of letters and let Sperling measure the duration of sensory memory.
D) test the use of chunking TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 59

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are ________.

A) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Correct. These are the three parts of the information-processing model.
B) CS, UCS, UR, and CR
C) encoding, storage, and retrieval Incorrect. These are processes but not the parts of the information-processing model.
D) shallow, medium, and deep processing TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 60

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli. Incorrect. Attention wasn't relevant to sensory memory.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory. Correct. The stimuli faded quickly before they could be read.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 61

Current research finds that younger adults can hold between ________ items in short-term (working) memory if they do not use any type of retention strategy.

A) 3 to 5 Correct. This is the correct finding.
B) 5 to 7
C) 5 to 9 Incorrect. This represents the earlier findings of George Miller from the 1950s.
D) 9 to 12 TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 62

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of ________.

A) Broadbent's forgetting theory Incorrect. Broadbent did not have a forgetting theory.
B) the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C) selective attention Correct. Selective attention is the ability to focus on what interests you.
D) intimacy TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 63

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number ________.

A) 5, plus or minus 4
B) 7, plus or minus 2 Correct. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7 + 2.
C) 9, plus or minus 3 Incorrect. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7 + 2.
D) 11, plus or minus 1 TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 64

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of ________.

A) chunking Correct. The combination of information into meaningful units is called chunking.
B) categorizing
C) rote rehearsal
D) cueing Incorrect. Cueing refers to a retrieval effect that does not involve combining units of information.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 65

Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory Correct. Short-term memory is the one that is active and working.
C) secondary memory Incorrect. Secondary memory is an obsolete and little used term.
D) cognitive dissonance TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 66

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the salesclerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against ________.

A) the decay of numerical memory Incorrect. Numerical memory is not a term in current usage.
B) the extinction of auditory traces
C) George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2 Correct. Credit card numbers are too long for short-term memory, according to Miller.
D) the limits of procedural memory TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 67

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ________.

A) iconic sensory memory
B) echoic sensory memory Correct. Auditory information is first put into echoic memory.
C) short-term memory Incorrect. Short-term memory is the stage that occurs after echoic sensory memory, which is being used here.
D) tactile sensory memory TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 68

According to Baddeley, which memory system is BEST conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory action recorder?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory Correct. Working memory is seen as three interconnected systems.
C) long-term memory
D) procedural memory Incorrect. Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 69

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A) iconic memory Incorrect. Iconic memory is visual memory, which is not as useful in conversation as echoic (auditory) memory.
B) echoic memory Correct. The brief memory of what someone has just heard allows that person enough time to make sense of it and respond appropriately.
C) distributed memory
D) procedural memory TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 70

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ________.

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) maintenance rehearsal Incorrect. Sensory memory doesn't rely on rehearsal, which is a short-term memory process.
C) automatic encoding
D) selective attention Correct. Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-term memory.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 71

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of ________.

A) Broadbent's forgetting theory Incorrect. Broadbent is better identified with selective attention and not memory.
B) the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C) selective attention Correct. This is an example of selection attention, as you are paying attention only to what interests you.
D) intimacy TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 72

The duration of iconic memory is ________ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably ________.

A) shorter; larger Correct. Echoic memory lasts longer but stores less.
B) longer; larger
C) longer; about the same Incorrect. No, it stores more and is shorter.
D) shorter; about the same TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 73

Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of ________.

A) Broadbent's process of selective memory Incorrect. This is an example of the cocktail party effect. Selective memory is not a real term used by Broadbent.
B) the phi phenomenon
C) the cocktail party effect Correct. This is an example of the cocktail party effect, which refers to hearing your name stand out in a crowded situation, such as a cocktail party.
D) cue-controlled inhibition TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 74

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?

A) Thorndike
B) Atkinson
C) Sperling Incorrect. Sperling measured the duration of sensory memory in a classic paper, but the theory belongs to Broadbent.
D) Broadbent Correct. Broadbent is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of selective attention.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 75

Chunking is a means of ________.

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B) combining information into meaningful units Correct. Chunking is a means of combining information into meaningful units.
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important Incorrect. Arranging details into a hierarchy might be a form of chunking but does not totally define the term.
D) storing long-term memories TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 76

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

A) 11
B) 9
C) 7 Correct. Seven is Miller's magic number, referring to the number of items human beings can hold in their short-term memory.
D) 5 Incorrect. Miller found the number of items human beings can hold in short-term memory to be seven.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 77

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working (or short-term) memory is he accessing?

A) the articulatory loop Incorrect. The articulatory loop is the part of working memory that deals with immediate auditory information.
B) the visuospatial sketchpad Correct. The visuospatial sketchpad is part of the working memory that deals with immediate visual or graphical information.
C) the internal executive
D) the control sequence TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 78

Suppose you're pitching in a softball game and facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck her out with a fastball the last time she was up. You also remember that your coach told you to always try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________.

A) central executive Correct. The central executive is the part of our working memory that helps us with organization and decision-making.
B) fight-or-flight response Incorrect. There is nothing in this question that deals with the fight-or-flight response of the autonomic nervous system.
C) modality-specific memory
D) long-term potentiation TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 79

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called ________.

A) cueing Incorrect. Cueing refers to a hint given at recall.
B) shadowing
C) rote rehearsal
D) chunking Correct. The tactic of combining bits of information into meaningful chunks is called chunking.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Question 80

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of ________.

A) chunking Correct. More items can be held through chunking, a process whereby bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held.
B) decoding
C) rote rehearsal
D) data compression Incorrect. Data compression is a term from computer usage.
TOPIC: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems