Deck 1: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

Adaris has always been drawn to the saying "Absence makes the heart grow fonder," and she decides to incorporate this saying into her research project. Adaris is trying to define absence in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate ________.

A) hypothesis
B) operational definition
C) double-blind study
D) theory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

A) the scientific study of behavior
B) the scientific study of mental processes
C) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Correct.
D) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

Answer 2

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Correct.

Question 3

Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?

A) William James
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 3

A

Question 4

"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ________.

A) conclusion
B) result
C) hypothesis
D) fact

Question 5

A negative correlation means that ________.

A) high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other
B) high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other
C) low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other
D) there is no relationship between the two variables

Question 6

Which of the following statements concerning critical thinking is incorrect?

A) There are few truths that need not be tested.
B) All evidence is not equal in quality.
C) Some authorities should not be questioned.
D) Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Question 7

Dr. Jones probably agrees with the ________ theory of psychology, since he contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world.

A) psychoanalytic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary

Question 8

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) William James
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 9

Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way?

A) case study
B) experiment
C) correlational studies
D) naturalistic observation

Question 10

"There is no life outside this solar system and nothing you can say will change that fact!" Which criterion of critical thinking does this person lack?

A) Evidence is only necessary if it can be tested.
B) All evidence is not equal in quality.
C) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true.
D) Critical thinking requires an open mind. Chapter 1 - Quick Quiz 2

Question 11

When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________.

A) case study research
B) naturalistic observation
C) survey research
D) psychometric study

Question 12

The goals of psychology are to ________.

A) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
B) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior
C) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death
D) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

Question 13

A(n) ________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) experimental effect
D) correlation

Question 14

Freud said phobias were ________whereas Watson said phobias were ________.

A) learned; inherited
B) repressed conflicts; learned
C) sexual; unconscious
D) conditioned; unconditioned

Question 15

Experimenters can justify the use of deception because ________.

A) there is informed consent
B) research is more important than people
C) it may be necessary for the experiment to work
D) it is not that harmful
Chapter 1 - Quick Quiz 1

Question 16

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ________.

A) representative sample
B) case study
C) single-blind study
D) naturalistic observation

Question 17

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

A) psychoanalysis
B) humanism
C) cognitive perspective
D) behaviorism

Question 18

________is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.

A) The double-blind study
B) Field research
C) The single-blind study
D) Correlational research

Question 19

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Specialties in Psychology for $300." The revealed answer is, "These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health." What will you say?

A) "What is a neuropsychologist?"
B) "What is a forensic psychologist?"
C) "What is a psychiatric social worker?"
D) "What is a developmental psychologist?"

Question 20

A good control group ________.

A) contains at least one confound
B) has a limited number of dependent variables
C) has a limited number of research participants
D) holds constant all variables in the experiment

Question 21

If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?

A) in a laboratory, studying principles of perception
B) in a school, working to improve teaching methods Correct. Functionalists applied research to actual problems.
C) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of life
D) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based Incorrect. This would be considered pure research.

Question 22

You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture?

A) bias Correct.
B) experiments Incorrect. The fans are really not part of any treatment groups.
C) psychoanalysis
D) extraneous variables

Question 23

The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they:

A) examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes. Correct. The structuralists were interested in understanding the basic structure of human consciousness.
B) were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain.
C) realized the limits of introspection and focused on the function of behaviors.
D) were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin. Incorrect. This would be a statement applicable to the functionalists, not the structuralists.

Question 24

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________.

A) William James
B) William Tell
C) Wilhelm Wundt Correct.
D) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Freud's theory came later, and he had no lab.

Question 25

In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________.

A) internal, covert activities Correct.
B) outward behavior
C) overt actions and reactions Incorrect. Overt means outward, not internal.
D) only animal behavior

Question 26

Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behavior"?

A) relation between grade-point average and salary
B) thought processes students used while trying to answer this question Correct.
C) how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence
D) effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression Incorrect. Investigation of treatments is not a mental process.

Question 27

At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________.

A) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements Correct.
B) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior
C) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness Incorrect. Wundt was not a therapist.
D) carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine his or her character traits

Question 28

If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology.

A) structuralist Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness.
B) functionalist Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us with our everyday lives.
C) psychodynamic
D) behaviorist

Question 29

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) William James Correct. James was a functionalist.
C) Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. Wundt was a structuralist.
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 30

What is the BEST analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

A) a chart listing the basic chemical elements Correct. They wanted to break down the mind into basic elements.
B) a list of the courses required for graduation
C) a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
D) a computer program for word processing a term paper Incorrect. A computer program does not have basic elements.

Question 31

Objective introspection required:

A) metaphysical experiences.
B) self-skepticism about experiences.
C) empiricism. Incorrect. Empiricism refers to using collected data to support a hypothesis. It is not related to the concept of introspection.
D) reflection on the self. Correct.

Question 32

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called ________.

A) hypnosis
B) objective introspection Correct.
C) psychosurgery
D) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was not concerned with these issues.

Question 33

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

A) intervention Incorrect. Intervention has a totally different meaning than introspection, even though it looks similar.
B) objective introspection Correct. This requires self-examination of the structure of the mind.
C) insight inventory
D) induction

Question 34

The general curiosity about why people think, feel, and behave the way they do:

A) primarily happened after World War II.
B) is about a century old.
C) is several centuries old. Incorrect. These curiosities are probably much older than centuries, and have always been with us.
D) has always probably been with us. Correct.

Question 35

While Margaret F. Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States (in 1894), the first African American woman to do so was ________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota.

A) Inez Beverly Prosser
B) Ruth Howard Correct. Howard was the first woman of color to receive the doctorate in psychology in the USA.
C) Margaret Mahler
D) Anna Freud Incorrect. Anna Freud did not do her studies in America. The correct answer is Ruth Howard.

Question 36

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

A) structuralism; observable behavior Correct. Structuralism focuses on introspection, which is not observable.
B) Gestalt; whole
C) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict Incorrect. These terms do belong together.
D) natural selection; functionalism

Question 37

Which psychologist was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925?

A) Charles Henry Thompson Correct. Charles Henry Thompson earned his Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925 at the University of Chicago, the first African American to receive this degree in the USA.
B) Linus Pauling Incorrect. The correct individual was Thompson, not Pauling.
C) Albert Sidney Beckham
D) Inez Beverly Prosser

Question 38

How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology?

A) Behaviorism
B) Cognitivism
C) Functionalism Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us with our everyday lives.
D) Structuralism Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness.

Question 39

Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team. With little provocation, he will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball. Steve may be demonstrating ________.

A) bias Correct.
B) critical thinking Incorrect. Critical thinking requires an open mind.
C) an eclectic approach
D) unconscious behavior

Question 40

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

A) They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
B) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind. Incorrect. It was the structure of thought, not physiology.
C) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
D) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience. Correct. Structure was key in the definition.

Question 41

Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning, her dog Ruffles is standing by her bed salivating. This is because she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles, who very much enjoys his canned dog food. It is likely that ________.

A) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog food Incorrect. Ruffles's enjoyment of dog food would be an unconditioned response, not a conditioned response.
B) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bed
C) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog food
D) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock Correct. Ruffles has learned to associate the sound of the alarm clock with being fed.

Question 42

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

A) "Who is B.F. Skinner?" Incorrect. Skinner rejected the unconscious.
B) "Who are the humanists?"
C) "Who is Sigmund Freud?" Correct. Freud based his entire theory on the unconscious.
D) "Who are the behaviorists?"

Question 43

The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying:

A) the reasons people give for their behaviors.
B) the specific personality traits that lead to behavior.
C) how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. Correct. This relationship, called a stimulus-response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism.
D) the purposes of people's behavior. Incorrect. This would be the focus of functionalism, not behaviorism.

Question 44

Which noted African American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and then president of Virginia State College?

A) Charles Henry Thompson
B) Howard Hale Long Incorrect. The correct psychologist referred to in this question is Robert Prentiss Daniel
C) Robert Prentiss Daniel Correct. This is the individual referred to in this particular question.
D) Albert Sidney Beckham

Question 45

The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________.

A) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituation Incorrect. Conditioning, not habituation, is the correct answer.
B) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexology
C) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning Correct. Dogs would salivate due to conditioning.
D) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear response

Question 46

Pavlov's research demonstrated that ________.

A) involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell) Correct. This is true based on his research of conditioning.
B) an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) Incorrect. This is not true, as the involuntary reaction is salivation and the unrelated stimulus is the sound of the bell.
C) involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)
D) an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)

Question 47

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

A) free will
B) brain physiology Incorrect. There was no physical cause to the problems patients had.
C) the unconscious mind Correct. Freud's entire theory centered on the unconscious.
D) external consequences

Question 48

The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called________.

A) psychoanalysis
B) cognitive psychology
C) behavioral psychology Incorrect. This area of psychology only focuses on observable behavior.
D) social psychology

Question 49

Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

A) Gestaltist
B) behavioralist Correct. This theory focused on learned behavior.
C) psychodynamic Incorrect. This theory focused on unconscious influences.
D) functionalist

Question 50

According to Freud, repressed unconscious urges:

A) are able to be suppressed.
B) only pertain to sex. Incorrect. Freud also felt that unconscious urges were related to aggressive impulses.
C) can surface and create nervous disorders. Correct. Freud believed that unconscious urges could not stay completely unconscious indefinitely, and that they would be expressed in one way or another.
D) have no impact on everyday life.

Question 51

Freud stressed the importance of ________.

A) early childhood experiences Correct. Freud believed personality was formed in the first six years of life.
B) adolescence Incorrect. Freud stressed the first six years.
C) early adulthood
D) middle adulthood

Question 52

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

A) Gestaltist Correct. The Gestaltists studied the perception of wholes.
B) behaviorist
C) structuralist Incorrect. Structuralists focused on the elements of consciousness.
D) functionalist

Question 53

Gestalt psychology attempted to discover:

A) how the mind helped people adapt to the world.
B) the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts. Correct. Gestalt psychologists looked at larger wholes, rather than individual parts.
C) the basic building blocks of consciousness. Incorrect. This would be an emphasis of structuralists, not Gestalt psychologists.
D) the unconscious motivations for human functioning.

Question 54

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ________.

A) introspection
B) functionalism
C) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was concerned with unconsciousness, not "wholes."
D) Gestalt psychologists Correct. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the theme of the Gestaltists.

Question 55

The work of Freud was built around ________.

A) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes
B) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts Correct. Unconscious motives and conflicts are the essential elements of psychoanalysis.
C) a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior
Incorrect. Psychoanalysts don't necessarily refrain from directing behavior.
D) a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations

Question 56

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

A) "Focus on observable behavior." Correct. Behaviorism was founded on the study of observable behavior.
B) "Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C) "We cannot know others until we know ourselves." Incorrect. Watson only studied what he observed.
D) "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."

Question 57

Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?

A) drug therapy
B) neuropsychology
C) clinical psychology Incorrect. This was not a discipline yet.
D) psychoanalysis Correct. It fit with his assumptions about the mind.

Question 58

While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

A) Gestalt Correct. Gestaltists focused on perception of wholes.
B) behavioral
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic Incorrect. This theory focused on the unconscious.

Question 59

John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.

A) behavior Correct. He thought that was the most scientific.
B) the mind
C) the brain
D) consciousness Incorrect. This was not observable.

Question 60

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

A) structuralism Incorrect. Structuralism does not examine the unconscious.
B) functionalism
C) psychoanalysis Correct. The unconscious is a major component of psychoanalysis.
D) behaviorism

Question 61

Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.

A) electrolysis and PET
B) PET, MRI, and fMRI Correct: These are all discussed in the book and used by cognitive neuroscientists.
C) MRI and electrolysis
D) Gamma images and electrolysis Incorrect. PET and MRI is the right answer.

Question 62

Jeff’s car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the

A) zeitgeist
B) behaviorist effect
C) bystander effect
D) self-Serving prophecy

Question 63

The field of biopsychology is part of the larger discipline of ________, which refers to the study of the physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system.

A) neuroscience Correct. This is the proper definition of neuroscience.
B) behavioral genetics
C) sociobiology
D) medicine Incorrect. The field of medicine is related to biopsychology, but this is not the best answer.

Question 64

Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________.

A) diffusion of anonymity Incorrect. Diffusion of responsibility is the correct choice.
B) diffusion of responsibility Correct. When others are around, individuals have been found to believe that help is not needed and that another person will help.
C) flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans
D) timeliness of onset

Question 65

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

A) behaviorism Incorrect. This perspective does not suggest free will or human nature.
B) humanism Correct. This perspective suggests people have many choices.
C) functionalism
D) psychodynamics

Question 66

Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.

A) learned; inherited
B) repressed conflicts; learned Correct. Freud studied repressed conflict and Watson studied observable behavior.
C) sexual; unconscious Incorrect. Watson did not believe in the unconscious.
D) conditioned; unconditioned

Question 67

The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.

A) Watson Incorrect. Watson was a behaviorist.
B) Wundt
C) Gestalt
D) Freud Correct. Freud developed the psychodynamic theory.

Question 68

In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

A) Gestalt Incorrect. Gestaltists were not involved in breaking down thought processes into basic elements.
B) cognitive Correct. The cognitive perspective focuses on breaking down thought processes.
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 69

Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

A) social-cognitive learning
B) behaviorism
C) the cognitive approach Incorrect. The cognitive approach focuses on how people think, remember, and store information, not on the unconscious.
D) the psychodynamic approach Correct. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious dynamics.

Question 70

Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busy part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to her car. This is an example of ________.

A) democracy
B) the bystander effect Correct. This example would support this concept as nobody immediately helped despite being a heavily populated area.
C) diffusion of effects Incorrect. The diffusion of responsibility could also be a correct answer but not diffusion of effects.
D) flaws in the judicial system

Question 71

In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a(n) ________ perspective in this cross-cultural study.

A) Eurocentric
B) egocentric
C) culturio Incorrect. This is not a real term or concept discussed in the book.
D) sociocultural Correct. The researcher is looking at cultures from a sociocultural perspective.

Question 72

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

A) Gestalt and Wundt
B) Freud and Watson Incorrect. Freud was a psychoanalyst.
C) Watson and Pavlov Correct. They contributed to behaviorism.
D) Pavlov and Wundt

Question 73

Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?

A) William James
B) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Freud did not emphasize positive reinforcement.
C) B. F. Skinner Correct. Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced.
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 74

If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) sociocultural Correct. This approach focuses on social environment.
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive Incorrect. This approach focuses on individual thought processes, not groups of people.

Question 75

Humanist Abraham Maslow suggested that when people reach self-actualization, they:

A) develop to their fullest potential. Correct. When a person has become everything they are capable of, they have become self-actualized according to Maslow.
B) avoid negative consequences of behavior.
C) seek maximum reward for all their behaviors. Incorrect. This would be a theoretical suggestion of the behaviorist, not a humanist.
D) learn from their mistakes and move on.

Question 76

Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?

A) William James and Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. One was a functionalist and the other was a structuralist.
B) B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer
C) Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson Correct. They used conditioning in their theories.
D) Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener

Question 77

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

A) psychoanalysis Incorrect. This theory does not acknowledge free will.
B) humanism Correct. Humanist theory focuses on free will and self-actualization.
C) cognitive perspective
D) behaviorism

Question 78

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

A) a survey of daydreams
B) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired Correct. Watson believed observable behavior should be the focus of study.
C) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
D) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items Incorrect. You cannot observe thought processes.

Question 79

The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine ________.

A) images and activity of the living brain Correct. MRI and PET take images of a living brain for analysis.
B) biopsies of the brain of a cadaver Incorrect. Biopsies are not taken by a MRI.
C) select biopsied portions of a brain
D) acute time of death in stroke patients

Question 80

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

A) biopsychological Correct. The biopsychological perspective looks at the relationship between body chemistry and behavior.
B) learning
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural Incorrect. The sociocultural perspective focuses on culture and sociology, not biology.