Deck 13: Theories of Personality

Question 1

What is Freud's term for the primitive side of personality that is motivated primarily by biological drives?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) preconscious

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In Sigmund Freud's theory, the ________ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A) id
B) ego
C) thanatos
D) superego

Answer 2

A

Question 3

While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Vince notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. He asks his daughter, who is a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is his daughter likely to say?

A) Truly psychotic individuals expect to find "strange" items on tests.
B) Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people.
C) Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to "fake" the test by not reading.
D) The MMPI contains a number of experimental items used in developing future versions of the test.
Chapter 13 - Quick Quiz 1

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

A) Children do not have sexual motives.
B) Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test.
C) Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety.
D) Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only.

Question 5

When one thinks of "value judgment" in relation to moral or ethical behavior, one is thinking about ________.

A) soul
B) character
C) temperament
D) conscience

Question 6

You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of ________.

A) ego
B) extraversion
C) self-efficacy
D) superego

Question 7

Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories?

A) No evidence has been found to support these theories.
B) Research in this area is too new to report any findings.
C) Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.
D) Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated.

Question 8

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ________.

A) current events
B) daydreaming themes
C) maladaptive patterns of behavior
D) unconscious thoughts and feelings

Question 9

Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ________.

A) conditional esteem
B) unconditional esteem
C) conditional positive regard
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 10

The ________ perspective is called the "third force" in personality theory.

A) psychoanalytic
B) behaviorist
C) cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 11

According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality, cultures that are ________ are assertive and competitive.

A) collectivistic
B) masculine
C) high in power distance
D) high in uncertainty avoidance

Question 12

Probably the biggest problem with personality assessments by behaviorists is the ________.

A) observer effect
B) subject bias
C) experimenter bias
D) test bias

Question 13

The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 14

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with a collectivist culture?

A) duty
B) order
C) respect for elders
D) equality

Question 15

What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?

A) They are both stage theories.
B) They focus on unconscious motivation.
C) They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective.
D) They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.

Question 16

Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits have ________.

A) disputed the findings of twin studies
B) been attacked for ethical reasons
C) confirmed what twin studies have shown
D) shown that twin studies have methods that need to be reexamined

Question 17

Freud believed that the ________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality and this theory was a shock to the Victorian era in which Freud lived.

A) id
B) preconscious mind
C) manifest awareness
D) unconscious mind

Question 18

As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

A) a behavioral log
B) the TAT
C) a projective test
D) an inventory
Chapter 13 - Quick Quiz 2

Question 19

What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct surface traits?

A) source traits
B) secondary traits
C) background traits
D) subordinate traits

Question 20

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________.

A) collective
B) animus
C) anima
D) preconscious

Question 21

For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ________ mind.

A) unconscious Incorrect. Thoughts at the unconscious level are not easily recalled.
B) preconscious Correct. The preconscious level of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness.
C) collective unconscious
D) conscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 22

For Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the ________ mind.

A) unconscious
B) preconscious Incorrect. For Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the conscious mind.
C) collective unconscious
D) conscious Correct. The conscious level of the mind consists of thoughts and feelings that one is aware of at any given moment.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 23

A patient waiting for an appointment with Sigmund Freud looks around the room to see who else is waiting. Who among the following is most likely to have been one of Freud's patients?

A) Hal, a coal-mine worker who is severely depressed
B) Angela, a maid, who is severely depressed Incorrect. Most of Freud's clients were wealthy women.
C) Elizabeth, a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression Correct. Most of Freud's clients were wealthy women.
D) Mario, a soldier who is suffering from an hysterical disorder TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 24

"If it feels good, do it" BEST describes the ________.

A) id Correct. Freud used the term id to describe the primitive side of personality.
B) ego Incorrect. Freud used the term ego for the aspect of personality that makes rational decisions and solves conflicts.
C) superego
D) preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 25

Jonas was filling out a job application and was required to disclose his home address, social security number, and email address. According to Freud, this kind of general information in our memory that can be easily recalled is stored in the ________ mind.

A) unconscious
B) subconscious
C) preconscious Correct. The information that we are not immediately aware of, but that we can bring into our awareness with minimal effort, is stored in the preconscious mind.
D) conscious Incorrect. The conscious level consists of what is on your mind at any given moment; you are probably not thinking about this general information at the moment.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 26

Freud named the most primitive part of the personality the id, which is a Latin word that means ________.

A) "sex" Incorrect. Although sexual drive plays a large role in Freud's theory, the term "id" means "it" in Latin.
B) "pleasure"
C) "I"
D) "it" Correct. "Id" means "it" in Latin.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 27

The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called ________.

A) personality Correct. The unique way each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called personality.
B) nurture
C) a trait Incorrect. A trait is only one particular aspect of personality.
D) nature TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 28

When one thinks of "value judgment" in relation to personality, one is thinking about ________.

A) soul
B) character Correct. Character refers to value judgments made about a person's morals or ethical behavior.
C) temperament Incorrect. Temperament is enduring qualities a person has from birth.
D) conscience TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 29

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

A) Temperament and personality are the exact same thing. Incorrect. Temperament refers to that which is determined before birth, while personality is influenced by both biology (before birth) and environment (after birth).
B) Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
C) Temperament, which we are born with, is a vital part of personality. Correct. Temperament is biologically determined before birth, and forms the basis of our larger personality.
D) Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics. TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 30

Freud believed the mind had ________ level(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three Correct. For Freud, the mind is divided into three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
D) four Incorrect. For Freud, the mind is divided into three levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of consciousness proposed by Sigmund Freud?

A) conscious
B) conscience Correct. The conscience, or one's moral center, is analogous to Freud's concept of the superego.
C) preconscious Incorrect. The preconscious refers to thoughts or memories that are easily retrieved and brought into awareness.
D) unconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 32

Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to ________.

A) sex Correct. Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex.
B) denial Incorrect. Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex.
C) marriage
D) depression TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 33

What is Freud's term for the primitive side of personality that is motivated primarily by biological drives?

A) id Correct. The id is the primitive, biological side of personality.
B) ego Incorrect. The ego is the reality-based side of personality concerned with avoiding negative consequences.
C) superego
D) preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 34

Freud believed that the ________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality, and this theory was a shock to the Victorian era in which Freud lived.

A) id Incorrect. The id was one part of Freud's theory of the components of personality, but not the most important factor in determining our behaviors.
B) preconscious mind
C) manifest awareness
D) unconscious mind Correct. Freud believed that the unconscious mind determined virtually everything about our behaviors and personality.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 35

For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ________ mind.

A) unconscious Correct. For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the unconscious mind.
B) preconscious
C) collective unconscious Incorrect. Collective unconscious is a term developed by Jung.
D) conscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 36

Charise and Noreen were having a conversation about men. "You know," Noreen said, "I think my husband tries to annoy me! Even though he tries to do what I ask, I think that subconsciously he really enjoys ticking me off to see the reactions he'll get. Freud must have been right!" Charise, who has just studied personality psychology in school, corrects Noreen by saying which of the following?

A) "You're probably right, Noreen. Freud was really into subconscious motives."
B) "Freud's theory has absolutely no validity in the modern times, Noreen. Stop analyzing your husband!" Incorrect. While Freud's theories have fallen in and out of favor, there are several aspects of his work that still have value in today's world.
C) "Freud really didn't address the psychological functioning of men, Noreen, only women."
D) "Well, Noreen, there really is no 'subconscious' in Freud's theory!" Correct. Though many people refer to the "subconscious," Freud's original theory made reference to the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 37

Sigmund Freud's theory came at a time in history when the predominant attitude toward sex was ________.

A) liberal Incorrect. Freud lived during the sexually repressive Victorian era.
B) open
C) repressed Correct. Freud lived during the sexually repressive Victorian era.
D) obsessed TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 38

"What did you have for lunch an hour ago?" Before I asked you that question, the information was in your ________ mind.

A) conscious Incorrect. The conscious level consists of what is on your mind at any given moment; you are probably not thinking about food that you ate an hour ago.
B) unconscious
C) postconscious
D) preconscious Correct. What you had for lunch is not currently in your mind but can be easily recalled.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 39

Which component of a person's personality is responsible for the continuing desire to engage in indiscriminate sex?

A) the ego Incorrect. The ego is the reality-based side of personality that is concerned with consequences.
B) the superego
C) the id Correct. The id is amoral and seeks immediate gratification of biological drives, such as the sex drive, regardless of the consequences.
D) the preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 40

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case, and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A) ego Correct. The ego is the part of the mind that is conscious and in view.
B) anima
C) id Incorrect. The id is well below the surface.
D) preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 41

According to Freud, rationality, logical thinking, and reasoning are controlled by the ________.

A) pleasure principle
B) ego Correct. The ego is in charge of rationality and logic.
C) superego Incorrect. The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
D) animus TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 42

The ________ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in a socially acceptable manner.

A) personal unconscious
B) ego Correct. The ego makes the decisions.
C) superego Incorrect. The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
D) persona TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 43

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Harry was mostly ________.

A) id
B) ego Correct. The ego is rational, logical, and cunning.
C) superego Incorrect. The superego is more focused on morality and rules.
D) conscience TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 44

Yongmei is studying for her math test. Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him. She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class. What part of Yongmei's personality will tell her to stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for her to graduate?

A) her ego, because it is the moral conscience of her personality Incorrect. The superego is the moral conscience; therefore, it is this part that will make her stay home and study.
B) her id, because studying is what she really wants to do
C) her libido, because she knows her boyfriend will love her more if she studies
D) her superego, because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience Correct. The superego is the moral conscience; therefore, it is this part that will make her stay home and study.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 45

The ego operates according to the ______.

A) guilt/pride principle
B) reality principle Correct. The ego operates according to the reality principle.
C) pleasure principle Incorrect. The id, not the ego, operates on the pleasure principle.
D) reflex principle TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 46

The job of the ________ is to find practical ways for the ________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________.

A) id; ego; superego
B) ego; id; superego Correct. The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego.
C) ego; superego; id Incorrect. The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego.
D) superego; id; ego TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 47

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Hermione was mostly ________.

A) id
B) ego Incorrect. The ego is rational, logical, and cunning, not rule-oriented and moral.
C) superego Correct. The superego is moral, rule-oriented, and ethical like Hermione.
D) libido TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 48

According to Freud, the second part of the personality is the ego, which gets its name from the Latin word for ________.

A) "right"
B) "pride" Incorrect While the term "ego" is commonly used to refer to one's pride or sense of self, this is a misuse of the word from Freud's original theory.
C) "I" Correct. Ego comes from the Latin word for "I."
D) "self" TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 49

Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm. Anytime his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?

A) the id Correct. The id operates on pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong.
B) the superego Incorrect. The superego is thought to operate on morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave in appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong.
C) the ego
D) the preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 50

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely ________.

A) illogical
B) selfless
C) rational Incorrect. The ego is rational but the id is not.
D) amoral Correct. A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would have no superego to dictate what is right or wrong.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 51

What is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires?

A) id
B) ego Correct. The ego is in charge of reality and decisions.
C) superego Incorrect. The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
D) preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 52

According to Freud, the reality principle is ________.

A) the way in which the ego tries to delay satisfying the id's desires until it can do so safely and successfully Correct. The ego tries to avoid negative consequences that might result from the unrestricted pursuit of pleasure.
B) the way in which the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain Incorrect. The id works on the pleasure principle, not the reality principle.
C) the way in which the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be
D) the way in which young children instinctively seek self-actualization TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 53

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Ron was mostly ________.

A) id Correct. The id is pleasure-seeking and wants its pleasure needs met immediately like Ron.
B) ego
C) superego Incorrect. The superego is moral, rule-oriented, and ethical like Hermione.
D) libido TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 54

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ________.

A) immediate gratification
B) perfect accomplishments
C) to reveal unconscious motivations Incorrect. Unconscious motivations are revealed only through therapy.
D) rational means for obtaining gratification Correct. The ego, which operates on the reality principle, seeks rational means for obtaining gratification.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 55

In Freud's theory, the id is to fun as the superego is to ________.

A) guilt Correct. Freud believed that the superego causes us to feel guilty when we do the wrong thing.
B) pride
C) rules Incorrect. While the superego does guide behaviors based on rules, the outcome of our behaviors caused by the superego is guilt.
D) freedom TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 56

Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say:

A) "Thou shalt not kill!"
B) "I'm going to tear this program in half!"
C) "What, me angry? I never get angry!" Incorrect. Denying one's anger would be a defense mechanism practiced by the ego, not the id.
D) "I'm so angry I could kill that player!" Correct. The id is amoral and puts no controls on urges and desires.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 57

The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud's personality theory?

A) the id Correct. The id is associated with the pleasure principle.
B) the ego Incorrect. The ego is associated with the reality principle.
C) the superego
D) the preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 58

For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ________.

A) id Correct. The id is the only personality structure present at birth.
B) ego Incorrect. The ego is not present at birth; it develops later.
C) superego
D) preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 59

In Sigmund Freud's theory, the ________ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A) id Correct. The pleasure principle is the operative principle for the id.
B) ego Incorrect. The ego operates on the reality principle.
Superego
C) thanatos
D) TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 60

You are quite hungry but don't have any money. If you were described as "all id and only id," what would you do?

A) Distract yourself with images of food.
B) Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner. Correct. Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification and would do what they felt they needed to do without regard for rules or standards of right and wrong.
C) Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible. Incorrect. Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification. Waiting to get home is a delay of gratification.
D) Use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained. TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 61

When Candace ordered a hot fudge sundae and a diet soda, she told herself that the calories from the ice cream really were not a big deal because the diet soda sort of balanced it all out. Which of Freud's defense mechanisms is motivating Candace?

A) repression
B) rationalization Correct. Rationalization occurs when threatening thoughts or actions are justified with intellectual explanations.
C) sublimation
D) projection Incorrect. Projection occurs when threatening thoughts about one's self are attributed to others.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 62

According to Freud, the result of conflict between the id and superego is ________.

A) libido
B) depression Incorrect. Anxiety is the result of conflict between the id and superego.
C) psychosis
D) anxiety Correct. Anxiety is the result of conflict between the id and superego.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 63

Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests, but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career. So every morning Anthony gives himself a dressing down-in essence, yelling at himself-to make himself get out of bed and go to classes, and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work. According to Freud, which personality structure is in control here?

A) id Incorrect. The id operates on the pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong.
B) ego
C) unconscious
D) superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on the morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave with appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 64

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as _______.

A) focal zones
B) erogenous zones Correct. Freud's psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as erogenous zones.
C) pleasure zones Incorrect. The term pleasure zones appears to mean the same thing as erogenous zones, but is not the term Freud used.
D) unconscious zones TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 65

Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defense mechanism is at work here?

A) reaction formation
B) denial Correct. When one refuses to accept the seriousness or reality of a threatening stimulus, they are engaging in denial.
C) repression Incorrect. Repression refers to the pushing of threatening or negative thoughts, urges, or memories into our unconscious so that they can be "ignored."
D) undoing TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 66

Donita is angry with her boss, so she left work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark. Which defense mechanism is Donita employing?

A) repression
B) reaction formation
C) rationalization Incorrect. Rationalization occurs when threatening thoughts or actions are justified with intellectual explanations.
D) sublimation Correct. Sublimation occurs when unacceptable thoughts are expressed in a socially appropriate way.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 67

Jeromy has been having an affair with another woman. One afternoon, his wife came home later than usual and Jeromy became angry-accusing his wife of infidelity. Which defense mechanism is behind Jeromy's accusation?

A) denial Incorrect. When one refuses to accept the seriousness or reality of a threatening stimulus, they are engaging in denial.
B) projection Correct. Projection occurs when threatening thoughts about one's self are attributed to others.
C) rationalization
D) reaction formation TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 68

What is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic
B) oral, genital, latency, phallic, anal Incorrect. The sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
C) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Correct. The sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 69

In the metaphor of the angel, the devil, and me, the devil is the ________.

A) id Correct. The id is the devil because it makes immediate demands to get what it wants.
B) ego Incorrect. The ego cannot be the devil because its role is to mediate between the id and superego.
C) superego
D) libido TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 70

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring?

A) the fact that sexual orientation is established from birth
B) the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure Correct. When Freud used the word "sexual" in reference to children, he was really referring to the concept of physical pleasure.
C) the fact that children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age Incorrect. While this may have been the thinking of the era, it is not what Freud was referencing in his theory.
D) the fact that children have genitals that distinguish them as male or female from birth TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 71

For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the ________.

A) id
B) superego Correct. The superego is the moral voice.
C) ego Incorrect. The ego is a mediator, not a moral voice.
D) libido TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 72

Which element in Freud's personality theory contains the conscience?

A) id
B) ego Incorrect. The ego has no conscience, just a need to reduce anxiety.
C) superego Correct. The superego is composed of the conscience.
D) preconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 73

In the metaphor of the angel, the devil, and me, the angel is the ________.

A) id
B) ego Incorrect. The "me" is the ego because it is trying to balance the needs of the id and superego.
C) superego Correct. The superego is the angel because it serves as the moral conscience.
D) unconscious TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 74

Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office. Later, she felt guilty for stealing it, so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.

A) id Incorrect. The id operates on the pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong.
B) unconscious mind
C) ego
D) superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on the morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave with appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 75

What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage?

A) We could become fixated at that stage. Correct. Fixation occurs when needs are not met.
B) We would revert to our biological predispositions. Incorrect. Reversion to biological predispositions would be a type of regression, which is not what Freud believed would happen when needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage.
C) We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood.
D) We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance. TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 76

When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to parents, it is called ________.

A) denial
B) sublimation Incorrect. Sublimation occurs when unacceptable thoughts are expressed in a socially appropriate way.
C) repression Correct. Repression refers to the pushing of threatening or negative thoughts, urges, or memories into our unconscious so that they can be "ignored."
D) regression TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 77

From what Latin phrase is the term superego derived?

A) "without morals" Incorrect. The superego is concerned with obeying rules and morals, not acting without them.
B) "above the rules"
C) "beyond me"
D) "over the self" Correct. Superego means "over the self" in Latin.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 78

The superego develops ________.

A) at birth
B) during infancy Incorrect. The superego develops during the preschool years.
C) during the preschool years Correct. The superego develops during the preschool years.
D) during adolescence TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 79

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

A) false cognitions
B) coping techniques Incorrect. Freud did not use the term coping techniques.
C) disordered thinking
D) psychological defense mechanisms Correct. Freud used the term defense mechanisms to refer to unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Question 80

According to Freud's theory of personality development, there are ________ stages through which each person must pass.

A) 3
B) 5 Correct. The five stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
C) 7
D) 8 Incorrect. Neo-Freudian Erik Erikson proposed an eight-stage model, but Freud's theory had five stages.
TOPIC: Psychodynamic Perspectives