Deck 8: Gender Inequality

Question 1

In the agrarian society,men are expected to plow and plant the fields while women tend to household chores such as cooking,cleaning,and childcare.What term describes this process whereby productive tasks are separated on the basis of being male or female?

A) gender based sexism
B) gendered division of labour
C) horizontal segregation
D) occupational segregation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Women who endorse the prospect of intensive motherhood often find housework and childcare to be rewarding.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A supply-side argument for explaining gender inequalities in paid work would focus on the institutional and structural barriers that impede women's participation in paid work.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to the text,what is an alternate term for the concept of nonstandard work?

A) permanent employment
B) precarious employment
C) commissioned employment
D) full-time employment

Question 5

The concentration of men in some occupations and women in others is called "occupational inequality."

Question 6

When watching Jeopardy,the answer was "the ability to impose one's will on others despite resistance." Josh excitedly asserted to his sister - "I know the question!" Which of the following would Josh offer?

A) What is discrimination?
B) What is influence?
C) What is power?
D) What is potentiality?

Question 7

Approximately 40 percent of women are likely to take leave from paid work throughout their lifetime as a result of work-family conflict.

Question 8

Surveys show that older people,on average,tend to be more gender-egalitarian than younger people as a result of their years of exposure to women in nontraditional roles.

Question 9

Time availability theory asserts that time spent in paid work limits the amount of time spent on domestic chores.

Question 10

Why do many sociologists criticize sex-role socialization theory for explaining gender inequality in paid work?

A) It suggests that change is inevitable.
B) It is overly deterministic.
C) It is a demand-side explanation.
D) It is based on jobs that no longer exist.

Question 11

Employer preferences and employer discrimination are both demand-side explanations for gender inequalities in paid work.

Question 12

Human capital theory is a demand-side explanation for gender inequalities in paid work.

Question 13

Job satisfaction is an example of an extrinsic reward of paid work.

Question 14

Gender differences in power and authority became significant when people settled in one place and men began to own and control private property.

Question 15

Zelda is a doctor,but she is often mistaken for a nurse by patients in the hospital.This makes her angry,because such an assumption not only ignores her education,but also ties her to feminist problems still being fought against today.Which statement is the assumption tied to?

A) Women are underrepresented in the medical profession.
B) Women can't be doctors.
C) Women are mothers first,and their careers come second.
D) Women lack the intelligence to be doctors.

Question 16

Research shows that most girls and young women select courses of study which lead to relatively low-paying jobs because they expect to be mothers and housewives.

Question 17

The division of tasks associated with child-care tend to be non-gendered.

Question 18

Chronic stress often leads to anxiety,depression,and a variety of physical ailments.

Question 19

According to the World Economic Forum (2013),Canada ranked higher than most Western European countries in gender wage equality.

Question 20

Even when they are in the paid labour force,married women continue to spend more time than married men do on housework and child care.

Question 21

Alyssa argues that "women can't have it all"-meaning both a high-powered career and a successful home life.If she concurs with Anne-Marie Slaughter,what reason would she give for her belief?

A) Workplace demands cannot accommodate women's family obligations.
B) Women are not socialized to deal with conflicting demands.
C) Successful parenting requires full-time parenting.
D) Women's family obligations are more important than workplace demands.

Question 22

Even though Katrina does a completely different job than her brother Kenneth at the processing plant,their wages are the same because they are based on the level of skill,training,and responsibility that each of them needs for the job.What do we call this situation?

A) tokenism
B) employment equity
C) affirmative employment-wage action
D) equal pay for equivalent work

Question 23

According to the text,which of the following is listed as a dimension of inequality?

A) power
B) intelligence
C) egalitarianism
D) equality

Question 24

According to the text,overall,what is concluded about nonstandard work?

A) It generally provides less job security,lower pay,and fewer fringe benefits.
B) It employs more men because there are,overall,more men in the workforce.
C) It is largely composed of under-the-table activity and a bartering economy.
D) It is becoming less common as more conscientious employers hire full-time workers.

Question 25

A young woman working at a minimum-wage job has trouble paying her rent,and sells some of her possessions;later her power is shut off,and eventually she gets evicted and must live on the street.Which term best describes her situation?

A) resource deprivation
B) inequality of opportunities
C) conflicting responsibilities
D) worker exploitation

Question 26

Prior to World War II,many school districts banned women from teaching if they were married.But in the years during and following the war,school districts eliminated their policies restricting the employment of married women teachers.What would explain this reversal of policy?

A) School boards came to believe that married women were better teachers than single women.
B) The government enacted antidiscrimination legislation.
C) There was a greater need for teachers.
D) School boards took the view that "spinster" school teachers were highly likely to be lesbians.

Question 27

Shereen argues that gender division of labour is a central feature of gender inequality.Her mother asks her what the gendered division of labour is.Which statement would be Shireen's reply?

A) What constitutes appropriate work for men and women is based on sex differences and societal ideals of masculinity and femininity.
B) Both men and women now have to work outside of the home in order to earn enough to support a family.
C) Women are expected to achieve high status in the work world as well as be supermom in the home.
D) Men are increasingly opting to be stay-at-home dads,requiring women to labour outside the home in order to support the family.

Question 28

Which of the following was the basis for the institutionalization of a gendered division of labour?

A) inherent abilities
B) sexual discrimination
C) sex differences
D) abuse of authority

Question 29

Bruce works in construction with several other men while his wife Cami works as a nurse,mainly with other women.Their situation reflects a common pattern all across Canada.What do sociologists call this pattern?

A) gender discrimination
B) gendered work gap
C) occupational segregation
D) division of labour

Question 30

The city police department was a predominantly male force but when they advertised openings for police officers,Jocelyn applied.She was pleasantly shocked when she was hired because there had been many other equally qualified male applicants.What kind of practice does this represent?

A) unbiased hiring
B) employment equity
C) gender balance
D) job equity

Question 31

A father is advising his teenaged daughter as to which kind of career path to seek,with the following "appropriate" recommendations: nurse,teacher,social worker.What is this father promoting by framing these as appropriate occupations for his daughter?

A) vertical segregation
B) horizontal segregation
C) precarious employment options
D) demand-side employment options

Question 32

According to the text,what happened to the employment rate for women with children under the age of six between 1976 and 2012?

A) It remained relatively stable.
B) It increased approximately 20%.
C) It steadily increased until 1999,then started to decline.
D) It more than doubled.

Question 33

Barbara and her husband Robert participated in a research study that was investigating the way men and women experience work-family conflict.Which statement best reflects the findings outlined in the text in regards to how Barbara and Robert experience work-family conflict?

A) Both Barbara and Robert would report their work-family conflict experiences as diffuse and non-specific.
B) Both Barbara and Robert would report their work-family conflict experiences as specifically related to certain stressful events.
C) Barbara would experience work-family conflict in connection to stressful events and Robert's work-family conflict experience would be unrelated to particular events.
D) Barbara would experience work-family conflict as non-specific and all-consuming while Robert's experience of work-family conflict would be in reaction to specific events at certain times.

Question 34

Yvonne joined the workforce in 1942 and continued to work outside the home after World War II ended.Which factor did NOT play a role in her ability to be accepted into the workforce?

A) reduction of the preferred source of labour
B) rise of a new service-based economy
C) level of education of women
D) desire to minimize wage costs

Question 35

When measuring social inequality between men and women,the asymmetrical distribution of one of the following factors must be considered.Which factor is it?

A) power
B) numbers
C) ethnicity
D) intelligence

Question 36

According to the text,which statement best describes nonstandard work?

A) Nonstandard jobs generally provide greater pay,benefits and job security.
B) Women in the labour force are much more likely than men to be nonstandard workers.
C) Nonstandard work is becoming less common.
D) Nonstandard employment implies a unionized workforce.

Question 37

If Janine stays home to raise her children and her husband works,Janine will have limited power outside the home.What is the primary reason behind this situation?

A) Housework has value only in the private sphere.
B) Power is located only in the public sphere.
C) As a mother,she lets her husband speak on her behalf.
D) Economic dependency reduces her power.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of self that the text addresses within the context of gender inequality?

A) control
B) trust in others
C) connection to others
D) psychological vulnerability

Question 39

Which piece of legislation is a pay-equity strategy based on the idea that men and women holding different jobs should be similarly compensated if the jobs require comparable skills,training,effort,and responsibility?

A) Employment Standards Act
B) Employment Equity Act
C) Federal Labour Standards
D) Workers' Rights in Canada

Question 40

Sarah Mitchell has worked for the ABC Corporation for more than 20 years.She has continuously received glowing work reviews and for the past 10 years has been the manager of the accounting department.When a new VP of finance was selected last week,ABC executives announced that John Martin,a 12-year employee from the public relations department,was given the position.Which of the following explains why didn't Sarah receive the promotion?

A) the effects of a lack of human capital
B) sexual harassment
C) a supply-side explanation
D) the use of stereotypes by ABC executives

Question 41

According to the text,what is an important resource of material well-being?

A) work-related earnings/wealth
B) social safety nets
C) being in line for an inheritance
D) power or control of others

Question 42

Elke has recently arrived from Sweden to work at the Canadian branch of IKEA.When asked for her impressions of the Canadian workplace,she expressed that she found it odd that she was one of three females to be working in upper management ,with the other fourteen positions being held by men.She goes on to explain that in Sweden's IKEA head office,there are just as many women as men in these positions.What is Elke describing in this Canadian workplace?

A) sexism
B) vertical segregation
C) horizontal segregation
D) gendered division of labour

Question 43

According to the text,which of the following factors has affected the labour force participation rate of Canadian women?

A) There is less need for manufacturing workers.
B) There is a rising number of out-of-wedlock single mothers.
C) There is a greater demand for service workers.
D) There is a rising rate of female fertility.

Question 44

Madison was asked to give a demand-side explanation for why women earn less than men.Which of the following would she assert?

A) Women encounter workplaces that are gendered.
B) Women invest less time and energy in their careers.
C) Women choose educational paths that lead to lower paying jobs.
D) Women are socialized to have different work preferences.

Question 45

Which legislation aims to ensure that no one is denied employment opportunities for reasons not linked to their abilities?

A) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,1982
B) Multiculturalism Act,1988
C) Employment Equity Act,1995
D) Employment Standards Act,2000

Question 46

A woman who is a nurse has three daughters,and her daughters are,respectively,a social worker,a schoolteacher,and a hair-salon manager.Which term best exemplifies the career choices of the four women?

A) biological-based occupations
B) human capital typed occupations
C) vertical segregation
D) horizontal segregation

Question 47

According to the text,which statement is NOT a finding of research on the way men and women experience work-family conflict?

A) Men tend to experience work-family conflict as time and event specific,while women experience conflict as all-consuming and unrelated to specific events.
B) Most people expect women to support the family emotionally,and men to support the family financially.
C) Most women have positive self-evaluations of role performance,while men report more negative self-evaluations.
D) Women often feel guilty about combining roles while men usually don't.

Question 48

What are the statements "Women should be home raising the children" and "Women find fulfillment in the creativity and intimacy of involved motherhood" examples of?

A) feminist perspective
B) cultural ideologies
C) paradox of preferences
D) demand-side theory

Question 49

According to the text,which of the following has been a factor in female workforce participation?

A) More men were attending postsecondary schools which opened up positions for women in the workforce.
B) Labour shortages during World Wars I and II necessitated women's paid labour to sustain the economy.
C) Female labour force participation rates for women with very young children declined.
D) Female workers demonstrated themselves to be superior employees.

Question 50

Which term describes the concentration of women in the lower paying echelons of any organization?

A) corporate policies
B) horizontal segregation
C) vertical segregation
D) the gender paradox

Question 51

According to Livingston and Parker (2011),how many hours per week do married fathers spend on child care?

A) 3.5
B) 6.5
C) 9.5
D) 12.5

Question 52

Fernanda could not find a job,so she set up her own cleaning business.She has eight clients who call on her;some call regularly,others only call occasionally.She has little security and no benefits,but she is happy that she has at least some work.What kind of employment situation does she have?

A) creative work
B) nonstandard work
C) anti-welfare employment
D) earnings employment

Question 53

Professor Smith tells his gender psychology class that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers because males are innately more competitive,making them excel in the business world,while females are innately more nurturing,making them better suited for taking care of husbands and children.What is Professor Smith promoting?

A) postmodern prescription to inequality
B) vertical segregation of the work world
C) gendered division of labour
D) time availability approach to work and family

Question 54

In a traditional division of labour,with the separation of the public sphere for men and the private sphere for women,what can be concluded about the roles of women?

A) They are not widely noticed and are unpaid.
B) They are highly valued and widely recognized.
C) They require little effort,skill,or energy.
D) They are done in the presence of others.

Question 55

Why did the Ontario government pass the Employment Standards Act in 2000?

A) to encourage the hiring of members of racial minority groups and people with disabilities
B) in an attempt to reduce nonstandard work policies
C) to discourage the practice of hiring females as token gestures
D) to reduce inequality in wages by addressing gender discrimination in employer pay practices

Question 56

After her mother got hired full-time as a sales clerk,Jennifer noticed that her mom was still doing the majority of the household chores.When Jennifer asked her why Dad wasn't helping out more,her mom replied "Dad's job is more mentally draining and that's why he makes the big money." Which theory could be used to understand this situation?

A) human capital
B) sex-role socialization
C) time availability
D) relative resource

Question 57

Which term refers to an occupational structure where men and women are numerically concentrated in different occupations?

A) sex segregated
B) nonstandardized
C) sexually standardized
D) sex typed

Question 58

For his term paper,Jeremy is going to argue that female-male pay differences are a result of differences in women's and men's education,skills,training,and work experience.Which theory is Jeremy using?

A) sex-role socialization theory
B) relative resource theory
C) human capital theory
D) time availability theory

Question 59

According to the text,which statement is a supply-side explanation of gender inequality in earnings for women?

A) It is a result of women's work preferences.
B) Employers may prefer hiring men rather than women.
C) Earnings reflect the productivity of male versus female workers.
D) It reflects biological determinants such as muscle mass,height,and weight.

Question 60

Shireen is a teacher and mother of three.When not at school,her hours are spent doing chores related to child care and housework.When asked why her husband helped out so little,Shireen would answer,"His idea of a clean house falls short of my expectations and capabilities." What theory would best explain the differences in unpaid work between Shireen and her husband?

A) relative resource
B) time availability
C) cultural
D) domestic

Question 61

When Anita was born,her parents looked at her and said,"There is the face of a future prime minister." Fifty years ago people may have been surprised by that statement.Today,however,the fact that a baby girl might be considered a future leader of the country reflects a development in our society.What is it?

A) increasing gendered optimism
B) changing gender roles
C) changing professional profiles
D) increasing political feminism

Question 62

Which term can be defined as the differences in status,power,and prestige of women and men in groups,collectivities,and societies?

A) sexism
B) comparable worth
C) patriarchy
D) gender inequality

Question 63

Milena just started a new job at a prestigious law firm as lead council of the immigration division.However,her family still expects her to come home and fix dinner every night.Which statement best explains this situation?

A) Women still have to meet their mothering responsibilities.
B) The double day is the price women have to pay for liberation.
C) The right to paid work does not mean liberation from unpaid work.
D) Women will always put their children's needs first.

Question 64

Which argument do human capital theorists use to explain the gender pay gap?

A) Women seek less-demanding jobs that require little personal investment in training or skills so they can have more time to devote to domestic responsibilities.
B) The skills and experience women develop through the unpaid work they do in raising children and running a household are not counted as a part of their human capital.
C) Women's human capital is valued lower than men's in the job marketplace,and therefore women are steered toward less-demanding and lower-paying jobs.
D) Women are discouraged from developing their human capital,consequently they end up with lower-paying jobs that require fewer skills.

Question 65

In which occupation does the predominance of women exemplify horizontal segregation?

A) blue-collar work
B) teaching jobs
C) self-employment
D) supervisory positions

Question 66

A progressive company's directors instruct the human resources department to make every reasonable effort to hire socially representative numbers of women,ethnic minorities,and people with mental and physical disabilities.What term best describes these hiring policies?

A) equal employment
B) unbiased hiring
C) pay equity
D) employment equity

Question 67

What do women working full-time at paid work still spend more time on than men?

A) commuting
B) recreating
C) volunteering
D) housework

Question 68

Which term is often used to describe the concentration of men in some occupations and women in others?

A) sex typing of occupations
B) occupational segregation
C) sex labelling of jobs and professions
D) occupational over-representation

Question 69

Barbara and her husband Robert participated in a research study that was investigating the way men and women experience work-family conflict.Which statement best reflects the findings outlined in the text in regards to Barbara and Robert's self-evaluation of role performance?

A) Both Barbara and Robert would report positive self-evaluations.
B) Both Barbara and Robert would report negative self-evaluations.
C) Barbara would have a negative self-evaluation and Robert's self-evaluation would be positive.
D) Barbara's self-evaluation would be positive while Robert would have a negative self-evaluation.

Question 70

Joellen is employed in an occupation that currently is predominated by males.According to Statistics Canada (2011),which of the following sectors does Joellen work in?

A) business administration
B) management
C) sales and service
D) health

Question 71

What does standard work include?

A) full-time work
B) part-time work
C) multiple job holding
D) self-employment

Question 72

Which term is used to depict the cultural ideal of a loving mother who selflessly devotes her time and energy to her children?

A) devoted parenting
B) helicopter parent
C) intensive motherhood
D) culture of motherhood

Question 73

Jason met with his high school guidance counsellor to discuss what courses he should be taking in order to be accepted into the nursing program at university.His counsellor told him that if he wanted to go into the medical profession he should be a doctor.What term refers to the assumptions made in this statement?

A) job segregation
B) gender segregation
C) occupational patriarchy
D) opportunistic patriarchy

Question 74

Justine has recently graduated with a PhD in sociology and has spent the past several months looking for an academic position.She has managed to secure teaching employment in sociology classes on three different university campuses.According to the text,what is Justine's employment situation called?

A) nonstandard
B) flexible labour
C) standard
D) independent contract

Question 75

According to the text,what has been the impact of Quebec's 2005 policy that affords Québécois fathers five weeks of paid leave after the birth of a child?

A) Fewer than 11 percent of fathers take paternity leave.
B) About 30 percent of fathers take paternity leave.
C) Nearly 50 percent of fathers take paternity leave.
D) More than 75 percent of fathers take paternity leave.

Question 76

While the gender wage gap is decreasing in Canada,there is still a discrepancy between men's and women's median annual earnings.What percentage is this discrepancy?

A) 5
B) 9
C) 13
D) 17

Question 77

How is occupational segregation typically demonstrated in regard to the separation between men and women?

A) through college enrolment statistics
B) through media portrayals
C) through wage discrepancies
D) through the number of female-owned businesses

Question 78

When did gender differences in power and authority become significant?

A) when men hunted food and women gathered food
B) when women entered the work force
C) when men and women lived in small tribes
D) when men started to own property

Question 79

A competent female lawyer is passed over for a promotion that is given to an underperforming male.She notices that most of the law firm's senior partners are male,despite the fact that 30 percent of the firm's lawyers are women.What term do sociologists use to describe this circumstance?

A) horizontal segregation
B) glass escalator effect
C) vertical segregation
D) old boys' network

Question 80

Pauline has three children for whom she does everything,even if it means she lacks the time or energy to do anything for herself.When asked why she does this,she explains "Because that's what all good mothers do." What is Pauline engaging in?

A) helicopter parenting
B) intensive motherhood
C) femininity enactment
D) gendered childcare