Deck 5: Gender and Sexualities

Question 1

Cross-cultural and historical evidence indicates that there is wide variation in attitudes toward sex,sexual identity,sexual orientation,and sexual conduct.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Estimates of the prevalence of homosexuality depend heavily on how it is measured.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

There is only one sex difference in the brain that the scientific community currently agrees about.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The dilemma for transsexuals is that they believe they were born with the wrong body.

Question 5

According to the text,what is the main alternative to essentialism?

A) politicized sexism
B) social constructionism
C) sensualistic pluralism
D) culturalistic feminism

Question 6

Canadians are becoming more tolerant of homosexuality and same-sex marriage.

Question 7

A significant proportion of people aged 70 years and over say they engage in sexual activity.

Question 8

According to the text,an attitude of sexual pluralism is growing.

Question 9

Renato and Fernando are friends who spend most of their time playing sports.They never ask each other for help with personal problems and never let each other see if they are upset.This is because of gendered expectations of what is appropriate behaviour for a friend.How is this expectation learned?

A) through initial socialization
B) through tertiary socialization
C) through school socialization
D) through primary and secondary socialization

Question 10

Scientific and biological factors are chiefly responsible for homosexuality gaining greater acceptance.

Question 11

Alana has been sexually harassed at work.Based on what you have learned from the text,what advice would you give her to ensure a positive work environment when she looks for new employment?

A) Take a professional position.
B) Find a temporary position.
C) Find an organization that is tolerant of sexual harassment.
D) Make sure the ratio of women to men is low.

Question 12

Curiosity plays an important part in the initiation of the first experience of sexual intercourse in our culture.

Question 13

Sociobiology uses strictly sociological explanations to argue that the differences between men and women are natural.

Question 14

Your sex is dependent on what genitalia and hormones you are born with.

Question 15

Social constructionists argue that gender is the product of biological properties and not the product of social structure and culture.

Question 16

Freud believed that sexuality was the main human instinct.

Question 17

Sociologists argue that the separation of public and private spheres is the single most important sociohistorical change that led to gender inequality.

Question 18

A teenage boy steals magazines from his father's dresser drawer and uses the images of naked women to stimulate himself and masturbate.What term is used by sociologists to define this activity?

A) eroticism
B) paraphilia
C) sexuality
D) pornography

Question 19

John's mother assumes that he will find a nice girl to settle down with and have lots of children in the future.What social assumption is being made by John's mother?

A) selective heterosexuality
B) hegemonic sexuality
C) monogamous normativity
D) heteronormativity

Question 20

There is a one-to-one relationship between sex and gender.

Question 21

According to studies,what is the consequence of getting older when it comes to frequency of sexual activity?

A) Only male sexual activity declines with advancing age.
B) Male and female sexual activity declines with age.
C) Female sexual activity increases with greater age.
D) Age has no effect on male or female sexual activity.

Question 22

According to the text,what do sexual scripts tell us?

A) how to be a matchmaker
B) when females ovulate
C) people's sexual orientation
D) how to behave sexually

Question 23

There has been a recent investigation of an RCMP officer who invited members of his staff into his office after working hours for some alcoholic beverages.Once alone with a female staff member,the RCMP officer unzipped his pants and exposed himself.According to the text,which of the following best describes this scenario?

A) quid pro quo sexual harassment
B) workplace-induced aggression
C) hostile environment sexual harassment
D) workplace-induced humiliation

Question 24

According to the text,which of the following demonstrates that traditional sexual scripts are changing?

A) more acceptance of religiously sanctioned marriages
B) more interest in deviant sexual activity
C) more acceptance of homosexuality
D) more acceptance of state-sanctioned marriage

Question 25

Jennifer believes that women are naturally different from men because of biological differences.She believes that social factors do not influence gender roles and scripts.According to the text,how would sociologists label her perspective on gender differences?

A) realist perspective
B) social perspective
C) constructionist perspective
D) essentialist perspective

Question 26

According to the text,what do sexual jokes,comments,and touching that interfere with people's work constitute?

A) gender-environment sexual harassment
B) abuse-of-power harassment
C) poisoned workplace
D) hostile environment sexual harassment

Question 27

According to the text,what does the research show on the topic of female aggressiveness?

A) Many women are more aggressive than the average man.
B) Aggressiveness is not an inherent characteristic of women.
C) Women are inherently more aggressive than men.
D) Men are inherently more aggressive than women.

Question 28

Michael was extremely confused and asked Michelle to explain as simply as possible what gender was.Which statement would Michelle assert to help Michael understand?

A) Gender is what we are born with.
B) Gender is what we are because our culture makes us that way.
C) Gender is what we enact.
D) Gender is what dictates who we are sexually attracted to.

Question 29

Tanya's professor is willing to reassess her grade on her most recent paper provided that Tanya accompanies him to dinner and a hockey game on Friday night.While this makes Tanya feel uncomfortable,she really wants to increase her mark.Which of the following best characterizes the actions of Tanya's professor?

A) sexual advancement
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) gender harassment
D) hostile environment harassment

Question 30

According to Freud,when a young boy becomes preoccupied with his penis he also begins to develop something else.Which of the following does he develop?

A) a concern over sexual orientation
B) loss of identity with his mother
C) fantasies of sex with his mother
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 31

According to social constructionists,which historical event contributed to gender inequality?

A) convergence of politics and religion
B) men's work moving out of the home
C) agriculture conducted with a simple hoe
D) feuds between families within a single village

Question 32

According to the text,at what age did researchers discover girls were commonly dieting to lose weight and had fears of becoming fat?

A) 4
B) 9
C) 12
D) 15

Question 33

According to the text,which of the following is characteristic of the elements surrounding rape?

A) an act perpetrated primarily by strangers
B) a quid pro quo sexual experience
C) the use of sex to establish dominance
D) an act of legal but nonconsensual sex

Question 34

According to the text,who is more likely to endorse the "fun standard" of sexual activity?

A) women
B) anglophones
C) men
D) francophones

Question 35

According to the text,what governs activities that are intended to lead to erotic arousal and produce genital response?

A) neofeminists
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) marital norms
D) sexual scripts

Question 36

After the birth of her daughter,Janelle told all her family and friends that any and all gifts were to be "gender-neutral";no dolls,no pink,no frilly dresses,and so on.Which theory best describes Janelle's notification?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) sociobiology
C) essentialism
D) social constructionism

Question 37

A young woman of average weight is hyperconscious about her body image.She is influenced by the magazines she buys and the portrayals of women on TV,and she follows one diet after another.According to the text,what social construction is this woman most likely a victim of?

A) eating disorder
B) cult of thinness
C) defective self-image
D) bad advice

Question 38

According to the text,which statement illustrates a position espoused by sexual pluralists?

A) They are open to all forms of sexual expression with no state intervention.
B) They believe that sexual preference should be regulated by the state.
C) They agree that when it comes to sex,"anything goes."
D) They are opposed to sexual behaviour that is based on the abuse of power.

Question 39

Laura decided not to try out for the football team because she has always understood it as a male-dominated sport.Which sociological concept is Laura adhering to?

A) compulsory gender
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) identity roles

Question 40

According to the text,what do women experience when they take jobs in environments that maximize competition and threat?

A) changes in their menstrual cycles,or absence of menstruation
B) increased testosterone and more cooperative behaviours
C) personality changes that reinforce gender stereotypes
D) increased testosterone levels and more competitive behaviours

Question 41

According to the text,which of the following contributes to people being sexually harassed?

A) married women with degrees and professional jobs
B) powerful women who set boundaries in the workplace
C) settings where there are high levels of gender inequality
D) older women working in a female-dominated workplace

Question 42

Which of the following is a demonstration of heteronormativity?

A) Denise is extremely attracted to her co-worker Tracey and makes suggestions about the two of them going away together.
B) Josh and his fellow church members embrace and promote the stance that heterosexuality is the only right and normal form of sexual expression.
C) Bruce is a fully functional male but identifies as a female.
D) Luke really likes his classmate Leanna and asks her to go out for dinner and a movie.

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment?

A) Justin offers a prostitute $50 in exchange for sexual favours and then refuses to pay after the act is done.
B) Dineen and Will are fired by their boss for having sex in his office when they thought everyone had left for the day.
C) The company president suggests that a promotion would be his if Daniel would sleep with her.
D) Steven and his male co-workers tease Nicole about the size of her breasts and tell obscene jokes at her desk.

Question 44

A male boss propositions a female subordinate for sexual favours,and promises to get her a promotion in return.What kind of workplace harassment best identifies this woman's experience?

A) quid pro quo
B) sexual advancement
C) gender harassment
D) sexual harassment

Question 45

According to the text,which statement best explains why physical attractiveness is especially important to women?

A) Unattractive women are judged more harshly than unattractive men.
B) Mating rituals reinforce hourglass figures and grooming rituals.
C) Others may believe that image is everything and the substance of the person is secondary.
D) Women have a more innate connection to their body consciousness.

Question 46

According to the text,what is the essential lesson to be drawn from the David/Brenda case?

A) Social learning of gender begins very early in life.
B) Gender identity is mainly a biological imperative.
C) Sexuality is constructed around an individual's biological attributes.
D) Gender is not necessary for a person's identity.

Question 47

A sociologist argues that social inequality between males and females is a consequence of unbalanced socialization experiences or socialization that selectively favours males.If we changed socialization experiences,we could equalize perceptions about the value of men and women.What kind of theorizing is this?

A) functionalist
B) social constructionist
C) conflict
D) postmodernist

Question 48

According to Freud,how do girls change when they realize they don't have a penis?

A) They develop a sense of superiority.
B) They start thinking about boys their own age.
C) They look to be their mother's favourite.
D) They develop a feminine personality.

Question 49

Ten-year-old Scott is playing with his friends at the park when six-year-old Tyler shows up with one of his sister's dolls.Scott tells him they can't play with the doll because they are boys.What concept does this incident teach Tyler?

A) sex
B) gender
C) sexuality
D) gender roles

Question 50

My great-grandmother was horrified by the idea that a woman might not be a virgin on her wedding night.Today,however,most young adults experiment sexually before getting married.What social change in our society does this reflect?

A) change in sexual scripts
B) change in gender scripts
C) change in dating norms
D) change in marriage norms

Question 51

According to Freud,why is the feminine gender identity normally immature and dependent on men?

A) because of the unconscious sentiments which he termed the "Oedipus complex"
B) as a result of failing to resolve their penis envy
C) because of their desire for sexual gratification
D) on account of their need to ensure the survival of their offspring

Question 52

Research evidence suggests that men are born with XY chromosomes,are typically larger and more muscular,and have deeper voices when compared to women.What are these comparisons characteristics of?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) identity

Question 53

One night a young boy has an opportunity to catch a glimpse of his mother undressing through a slim crack in her bedroom door and he gets an erection.Thereafter he has erotic fantasies about his mother.Which theorist would classify this as an important stage of sexual development?

A) a Freudian theorist
B) a culturalist theorist
C) an essentialist theorist
D) a constructivist theorist

Question 54

Derek prefers to wear makeup and heels because he has never quite felt like himself in his own skin,even as a young boy.What term best describes Derek?

A) transsexual
B) gender confused
C) gender conflicted
D) transgendered

Question 55

Sara's grandma believes that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers.When Sara asks her why she thinks this,her grandma replies that males are innately competitive and females are innately more nurturing.Which perspective is Sara's grandma adhering to?

A) essentialism
B) nature versus nurture
C) postmodernism
D) hegemonic sexuality

Question 56

In regards to gender,which statement represents an essentialist perspective?

A) Gender is socially imposed.
B) Gender creates conflict between the sexes.
C) Gender is a social construction designed to promote capitalism.
D) Gender develops naturally,in response to biological differences.

Question 57

According to the text,which of the following is one of the most rigid gender norms?

A) self-disclosure in intimate relationships
B) body contact between males
C) crying or displaying feelings in public
D) expectations about sexual behaviour

Question 58

Nathan grew up with a mother whom he saw as hostile and a father who was always distant.He used to dream that he would one day be able to control his mother.According to the text,what kind of man does this profile describe?

A) patriarch
B) father
C) rapist
D) homosexual

Question 59

A young woman feels a stronger physical attraction to other females than to males.What term best describes this woman's feelings?

A) sexual objectification
B) sexual tendencies
C) sexual arousal
D) sexual orientation

Question 60

Yasmin's friend Charlene is bisexual.After dating a man for three years,Charlene began dating a woman last month.Yasmin has invited the new couple over for dinner tonight so she can meet Charlene's new significant other and wish them well.According to the text,Yasmin's attitude is in line with what growing social movement?

A) gender acceptance
B) gender polygamy
C) sexual selection
D) sexual pluralism

Question 61

According to the text,what does research reveal about abusive acts between the sexes in their relationships?

A) Male partners are more likely than female partners to participate in abusive acts.
B) Male partners are more likely to be abused by female partners.
C) Female partners are less likely than male partners to participate in abusive acts.
D) Female partners are as likely as male partners to participate in abusive acts.

Question 62

A group of male friends are out having a pub crawl when they come across a gay couple walking hand in hand.The group taunt the gay couple with jibes and comments like,"You ought to find a girl like everyone else." Which term best identifies the pub crawlers' point of view?

A) gay bashing
B) heteronormativity
C) discrimination
D) prejudice

Question 63

According to the text,what is associated with high rates of sexual assault and harassment?

A) environments with permissive attitudes to violence toward women
B) physical locations where people are susceptible to assault
C) cultures supportive of matriarchy or female dominance
D) places where gender equality is supported culturally

Question 64

According to the text,which statement is a critique of essentialism?

A) Essentialists include historical and cultural variability in their analysis.
B) Essentialists employ rigorous and reliable research techniques.
C) Essentialists focus on variations within gender groups.
D) Essentialists ignore the fact that gender differences are declining.

Question 65

According to the text,in more egalitarian societies,how are people's gender preferences for a partner best characterized?

A) Men want women with good domestic skills.
B) Women have less concern about a man being a good provider.
C) Women prefer older men;older men prefer younger women.
D) Men prefer women with higher earning capacities.

Question 66

According to the text,at what age does interaction with peers become an important factor in reinforcing gender-typed attitudes and behaviours?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 10
D) 14

Question 67

Four-year-old Christine was asked to be a flower girl for her aunt's wedding.Despite her tendencies to jump and yell when she gets excited,she was quiet and reserved that afternoon because her mother had instructed her to "act like a little lady." What is this an example of?

A) institutionalized gender roles
B) gendered socialization
C) secondary socialization
D) institutional socialization

Question 68

"Homosexual couples are a major reason for the decline in family values today.They should not be allowed to raise children." While many will know that this statement is wrong,it is a reflection of a social phenomenon that still exists today.What is that social phenomenon?

A) discrimination based on heterosexual assumptions
B) discrimination based on reproductive values
C) discrimination based on gender scripts
D) discrimination based on sexual pluralism

Question 69

What were the first two countries to legalize same-sex marriage?

A) Netherlands and Belgium
B) France and Spain
C) Norway and Canada
D) Germany and Brazil

Question 70

Some parents pierce the ears of infant girls and choose to dress their infant boys in blue clothing.Which sociological approach suggests that these parents are creating ideas about gender for their children?

A) essentialism
B) social constructionism
C) sensualistic pluralism
D) culturalistic feminism

Question 71

According to the text,which term applies to the biological differences between females and males?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 72

Despite media portrayals of men and women,Joe feels that his wife can choose (as can he)to dominate or be submissive in their love life,based on their personal preferences in the moment.What sociological phenomenon is characterized by Joe's willingness to accept nontraditional behaviour in his relationship with his wife?

A) compulsory sexuality
B) sexuality
C) sexual pluralism
D) gender pluralism

Question 73

What does the text conclude about the statistic that one in 10 North Americans is homosexual?

A) This view is an oversimplification and depends on how it's measured.
B) Research shows as many as 20 percent of the population is gay.
C) Research has over-reported the numbers of homosexuals in North America.
D) This is considered a generally accurate statistic with some slight variations.

Question 74

An open-minded individual believes that when it comes to consenting adults and sex,just about anything goes,except for coercive relations,abuse of power,and breaking the law.What term best describes this person's attitudes toward sex?

A) sexual permissiveness
B) laissez-faire
C) sexual inclusiveness
D) sexual pluralism

Question 75

Ellie is looking for a way to make a contribution to the efforts to break the male domination of our society.Which activity would NOT make a suitable contribution?

A) reject heterosexuality
B) support pornography
C) work for a man who believes in control and domination in the workplace
D) work for a company that is intolerant of sexual harassment

Question 76

Jessica has been working for at a law firm as a paralegal for the past year.One of the lawyers,James,continually compliments Jessica on her beauty and intelligence.James has mentioned several times that Jessica could advance more quickly in status and wage if she agrees to go on dates with him.Jessica feels pressure to listen to these new terms of employment in order to get the advancement she has worked very hard for.Which type of workplace harassment is Jessica experiencing?

A) sexual advancement harassment
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) gender harassment
D) hostile environment harassment

Question 77

Lisa Diamond's book Sexual Fluidity explores how people can shift their attraction from one sex to another and back again.This could explain why some people marry a member of the opposite sex,but later become attracted to their same sex and divorce.What sociological phenomenon is reflected in this idea of fluidity?

A) compulsory sexuality
B) sexuality
C) sexual pluralism
D) gender pluralism

Question 78

During an ultrasound,Jennifer is told that her baby is a girl based on the baby's genitalia.As a result,Jennifer went on a shopping spree for infant frilly dresses,dolls,and pink paint for the nursery.Which of the following do genitalia exemplify?

A) sex
B) sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 79

Sue refuses to send her boyfriend flowers at work because she believes that it would be inappropriate and embarrassing for him.Boyfriends don't get flowers;they send flowers.Which sociological concept is Sue adhering to?

A) compulsory gender
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) identity roles

Question 80

When do differences between the sex organs first become noticeable?

A) by the fifth week after conception
B) by the fourteenth week after conception
C) by the twentieth week after conception
D) by the twenty-fifth week after conception