Deck 15: Deviance and Crime

Question 1

The general theory of crime argues that all deviance has a common cause in low self-control.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most homicide victims know their killers.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

"Women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." This advice was offered by a Toronto police officer when speaking to a classroom of university students.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Why was the Juvenile Delinquents Act replaced by the Young Offenders Act?

A) It was believed that the Juvenile Delinquents Act was no longer relevant.
B) It was felt that the Juvenile Delinquents Act was failing in efforts to deter or prevent rising rates of juvenile crime.
C) The Juvenile Delinquents Act penalized too many young people for behaviours that were no longer considered to be criminal acts.
D) The term "juvenile delinquents" was looked at as being stigmatizing.

Question 5

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,which variable is the key to conformity?

A) high self-esteem
B) lack of deviant associations
C) proper early socialization
D) self-control

Question 6

The "tough on crime" approach is premised on deterrence theory.

Question 7

The three elements of deterrence to reduce and eradicate crime are severity,swiftness,and rehabilitation.

Question 8

According to Robert Merton,pioneer of control theory,deviance and crime occurs when young people experience weak ties to the conventional world.

Question 9

Norms enshrined in the criminal law tend to reflect greater consensus about the wrongfulness of the act.

Question 10

Homicide death by handgun is largely a rural phenomenon.

Question 11

A young boy from a poor neighbourhood is being raised by a caring but overwhelmed single mother.Every day he sees her struggle and compares this to the flashy lifestyle of the drug dealers on the street.He turns his back on his mother's values and starts selling drugs.What theory best explains this case?

A) control theory
B) choice theory
C) anomie theory
D) strain theory

Question 12

In 2013,homicides accounted for what percent of all violent crime in Canada?

A) less than 1
B) approximately 5
C) almost 8
D) more than 10

Question 13

Age and gender are both important correlates of crime.

Question 14

The act of killing is considered deviant and wrong in all societies throughout history.

Question 15

The distribution of child pornography via the Internet has become the fastest-growing crime of the twenty-first century.

Question 16

Control theory has a solid reputation for predicting deviant behaviour in serious criminal and political activities.

Question 17

Toronto has the highest homicide rate in Canada.

Question 18

According to routine activities theory,teenagers who spend vast amounts of unsupervised time in the company of other teenagers experience a higher risk of deviant behaviours.

Question 19

Over the last century,Canada's prison population has remained relatively stable,fluctuating between 80 and 118 adults per 100,000 people.

Question 20

According to Statistics Canada,how does Canada's homicide rate compare with that of the United States?

A) Canada's rate is roughly one-quarter of the United States.
B) Canada's rate is roughly one-third of the United States.
C) Canada's rate is roughly one-half of the United States.
D) Canada's rate is roughly three-quarters of the United States.

Question 21

A black youth driving around a Toronto neighbourhood in a nice car stands a greater chance of being stopped by the police than other youth.What is the term for this kind of occurrence?

A) racial profiling
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) prejudice

Question 22

When Sasha heard that three young boys in her condo complex had been caught vandalizing a number of homes,her reaction was "that doesn't surprise me because their parents are never home to supervise them." Which theory of crime and deviance is Sasha applying?

A) general theory of crime
B) differential association theory
C) general strain theory
D) routine activities theory

Question 23

A gang of high school friends party hard on a Saturday night and take a rowdy,vandalism-filled walk in the park,where they come across a gay couple.Homophobic slurs are hurled at the couple and a brawl ensues.Which theoretical perspective would have predicted this?

A) general theory of crime
B) differential association theory
C) general strain theory
D) routine activities theory

Question 24

Which approach is the importance of attachment central to?

A) labelling theory
B) opportunity theory
C) strain theory
D) control theory

Question 25

A generally law-abiding man laid off during the economic depression is having trouble feeding his family.He writes a cheque for groceries when he knows he has no money in the bank account.What theory of crime best explains this action?

A) routine activities theory
B) strain theory
C) differential association theory
D) control theory

Question 26

What is a relatively common factor in the relationship between victims and perpetrators in homicides?

A) Most child victims are killed by strangers.
B) Most victims know the perpetrators.
C) Most victims are spouses of perpetrators.
D) Most perpetrators are strangers to the victim.

Question 27

According to John Hagan's typology,which of the following individuals would be charged with committing a conflict crime?

A) Brian,who savagely raped his wife
B) Benjamin,who left the pharmacy with oxycodone tablets after threatening the pharmacist with a knife
C) Jasmine,who sold "sexual favours" in order to get money to support her drug addiction
D) Jolene,who hired a hit man to murder her boyfriend

Question 28

Shannon's mother was diagnosed with a debilitating disease and asked Shannon to help her end her life when she becomes no longer able to be independent or care for herself.If Shannon assists her mother,according to John Hagan,what type of crime would this be?

A) mala in se
B) social sanction
C) consensus crime
D) conflict crime

Question 29

Who insisted that a process of differential association is primarily responsible for deviant or nondeviant behaviour?

A) John Hagan
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Robert Merton
D) Edwin Sutherland

Question 30

What kind of selection process governs media reporting on crime?

A) the sheer amount of crime occurring
B) attempts to prioritize "conflict crimes" for coverage
C) depicting relatively rare occurrences as emerging trends
D) reporting the objective facts without prejudice or bias

Question 31

Which groups of people are overrepresented in Canada's prisons?

A) Chinese and Japanese
B) Koreans and Francophones
C) Aboriginal people and blacks
D) Sikhs and Scandinavians

Question 32

According to Julian Tanner,why are Canadians are fascinated with their feelings toward crime and deviance?

A) We are overwhelmed by the fear of being victimized.
B) We rely on personal vigilance to keep us safe.
C) We are disproportionately preoccupied by our fears.
D) We consume vast amounts of media on these topics.

Question 33

I am considering cheating on my income tax because I think I can get away with it,but I don't want to pay any fines if I get caught.Consequently,I change my mind.What sociological concept could explain why I decided against cheating?

A) morality theorem
B) conscience syndrome
C) certainty principle
D) punishment principle

Question 34

Katie worked as the payroll manager for a large company.As a result of numerous personal losses at the casino,she started to issue paycheques to nonexistent employees,which she then auto-deposited into bank accounts that she had strategically opened.What type of crime is Katie guilty of?

A) blue-collar
B) white-collar
C) corporate white-washing
D) mala prohibita

Question 35

Delores takes night classes on Tuesday and Thursday nights.At first,she was concerned that a potential burglar might notice she was away from home on those nights.She decided to put timers on her living room lamps so they would go on,making it look like she was at home.According to the text,what theory of crime is Delores addressing with her anticrime strategy?

A) control theory
B) routine activities theory
C) domestication theory
D) target theory

Question 36

According to the text,how has female deviance been viewed in the past?

A) It has been seen as a big problem.
B) It has been seen as a sexually based problem.
C) It has been seen as a moral issue.
D) It has been seen as similar to that of males.

Question 37

A young woman has suffered neglect,and mental and sexual abuse at home-she runs away and ends up working as a prostitute.What theory of crime best explains this case?

A) general strain theory
B) control theory
C) choice theory
D) exploitation theory

Question 38

Which researched-based correlate of crime suggests that criminality is not just associated with the lower classes?

A) white-collar crime among the upper classes
B) court convictions of white-collar and lower-class criminals
C) studies of street crime among the lower classes
D) police records showing high contact with upper classes

Question 39

A person outraged by a spouse's affair contemplates murder but rethinks the action based on the likelihood of getting caught and going to jail.What was this decision based on?

A) general rehabilitation
B) specific rehabilitation
C) general deterrence
D) specific deterrence

Question 40

Sally was six months pregnant and having a glass of wine at a bar.She was aware that people were disapproving of her drinking,which made her so angry that she thought,"I'll give them something to really condemn me for" and went outside to smoke a cigarette.What kind of a social theorist would be most interested in studying this escalation of deviant behaviour?

A) stigma theorist
B) family theorist
C) gender theorist
D) labelling theorist

Question 41

According to the text,what would a variety of research methods reveal about patterns of crime?

A) Results are generally similar.
B) Results are contradictory.
C) Results vary by region.
D) Results don't clarify much.

Question 42

According to the text,how is female crime viewed at the present time?

A) as a sexually based issue
B) as a relatively stable problem
C) as growing in volume and violence
D) as being less common than male crime

Question 43

Why do crime stories figure so prominently in the media?

A) Overall crime is increasing.
B) Nobody wants to hear "good news."
C) Violence sells more media products.
D) Violent crime is considered highly newsworthy.

Question 44

Jacob's gang wanted him to help rob a jewellery store.However,Jacob refused and left the gang because he could not disappoint his parents.They had worked hard all their lives to give him opportunities for his future and if he got caught,he would never be able to face them.According to the text,what is the basis of this deterrence to crime?

A) control theory
B) activity theory
C) differential association theory
D) face-to-face theory

Question 45

Who is credited for developing differential association theory?

A) Travis Hirschi
B) Robert Merton
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Albert Cohen

Question 46

What has a woman experienced if she decides to go topless at a beach and then gets cited for public nudity,while topless men are ignored?

A) punishment
B) deviant behaviour
C) gendered nature of deviance
D) social sanction

Question 47

A young man grows up in a house where his father grows marijuana,his father and mother smoke pot,and his older brother is a drug dealer.Which theory would predict that he is at risk of following in this criminal lifestyle?

A) differential association theory
B) routine activities theory
C) control theory
D) strain theory

Question 48

According to the text,what does the saying,"if it bleeds,it leads" demonstrate about the media's crime coverage?

A) Crime is important to news stories.
B) The focus is on other people's tragedies.
C) The profit motive has no conscience.
D) It shows sensationalizing of private matters.

Question 49

What percentage of crime is unearthed through the efforts of police?

A) no more than 5 percent
B) no more than 10 percent
C) no more than 15 percent
D) no more than 20 percent

Question 50

A teenager from an impoverished background is doing poorly at school;he gives up on conventional expectations,joins a skinhead group,and starts drinking heavily.What theory of crime best explains his case?

A) routine activities theory
B) control theory
C) strain theory
D) differential association theory

Question 51

According to John Hagan,what is a conflict crime?

A) one that involves acts of interpersonal violence or aggression
B) a crime that is mala in se
C) a crime that is mala prohibita
D) a crime that deserves the harshest punishment

Question 52

A single,young,employed woman often works late,walks to her vehicle in the parking lot,and sometimes stops at a bar,alone,to have a drink.Which theoretical perspective suggests she is at greater risk of being victimized?

A) routine activities theory
B) control theory
C) opportunity theory
D) differential association theory

Question 53

According to the text,breaking what kind of rules is considered crime?

A) folkways
B) normative rules
C) written laws
D) mores

Question 54

Jack was charged with assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide.According to John Hagen's typology,what type of illegal behaviour did Jack commit?

A) a crime mala in se
B) a consensus crime
C) an immoral crime
D) a crime mala prohibita

Question 55

Martha was the accountant responsible for petty cash expenses at the office.Every day,she created a bogus expense valued at around $10 to $15 and pocketed the money.According to your text,what label would be given to this crime?

A) financial
B) white-collar
C) mildly deviant
D) mala prohibita

Question 56

Who developed strain theory?

A) Robert Merton
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Travis Hirschi

Question 57

Which approach proposes the central idea that social structure exerts pressure upon certain people to avoid conforming?

A) knowledge-power perspective
B) class-conflict theory
C) status-conflict perspective
D) strain theory

Question 58

What disturbing trend in Toronto is highlighted by the shooting of Jane Creba?

A) More gang members are being killed.
B) More drug dealers are victims of homicide.
C) More innocent bystanders are being killed.
D) More females are victims of homicide.

Question 59

Why are mala prohibita crimes socially controversial?

A) They are not considered crimes.
B) They lack consensus.
C) Convictions are hard to get.
D) Their punishments vary.

Question 60

Aboriginal Canadians are approximately four percent of the Canadian population overall.What percentage of the federal inmate population are Aboriginal Canadians?

A) less than 2.5 percent
B) approximately 10 percent
C) between 13 and 17 percent
D) almost 25 percent

Question 61

Kerry and Kyle were caught smoking marijuana on school property.How would John Hagan classify their deviant behaviour?

A) conflict crime
B) consensus crime
C) socially deviant crime
D) social diversion

Question 62

Which theory is the basis of Canada's "tough on crime" stance and proposed legislation?

A) rehabilitation theory
B) penology theory
C) deterrence theory
D) recidivism theory

Question 63

The class is expecting a lecture on sociological theory.The professor walks in and begins to yell and swear at the class.According to the text,how is this behaviour classified?

A) deviant
B) normal
C) expected
D) criminal

Question 64

According to the text,which statement best describes homicides in Canada?

A) Men are more likely to be the perpetrators,and women are most likely to be the victims.
B) The Canadian homicide rate is at its lowest level since 1966.
C) Toronto has the highest homicide rate in the country.
D) More homicides happen in Eastern Canada than Western Canada.

Question 65

What can we conclude about official crime statistics?

A) They underestimate the actual amount of crime.
B) They are generally unreliable numbers.
C) They overestimate the actual amount of crime.
D) They are an accurate reflection of crime.

Question 66

Which theory argues that frequent association with those favouring deviance over conformity makes a person more likely to engage in deviant behaviour?

A) differential association theory
B) labelling theory
C) status-conflict theory
D) strain theory

Question 67

According to the text,how effective is deterrence?

A) There is ample proof that harsh deterrents reduce crime.
B) Deterrence does not work at all.
C) Mild deterrents have little effect upon recidivism.
D) Deterrence is ineffective when criminals are irrational.

Question 68

What does Merton's modification of strain theory stress?

A) Even though criminality is not genetic,tendencies toward criminal behaviour are inherited.
B) The main source of criminal behaviour is a result of the sexual maladjustments of individuals.
C) An individual's early socialization within the family determines his or her attitudes toward crime.
D) Society defines and emphasizes success goals,but does not provide all individuals with equal access to the means of attaining or achieving these goals.

Question 69

According to John Hagan,which criteria is the basis of the "conflict crime" category?

A) moral crimes
B) definitional crimes
C) serious crimes
D) intentional crimes

Question 70

According to the text,what keeps victims from reporting crimes to the police?

A) They aren't aware they've been victimized.
B) They fear reprisal.
C) They are unsure of what to report.
D) They deal with the matter themselves.

Question 71

What does Wortley and Tanner's research on gang membership in Toronto reveal?

A) Groups and group membership are sharply declining.
B) Most gang members join so they can commit crimes.
C) Most gang members do not commit crimes.
D) Groups are growing at an alarming rate.

Question 72

According to your text,what does the term "dark figure of crime" refer to?

A) crimes that remain unknown to the police
B) cases that remain unsolved by the police
C) crimes committed at night
D) rising rates of crime

Question 73

Jason is 18 years old and wore a shirt and tie to meet his potential new boss.However,he did not change his lime-green hair or remove his lip ring before the interview.What would his hair colour and lip ring be considered?

A) social diversion
B) youthful deviance
C) generational deviance
D) deviant peer performance

Question 74

According to the text,what is a possible consequence for people who are socially stigmatized with mental illness?

A) They leave mental facilities to live on the street.
B) They quit taking their medication.
C) They have difficulty making friends or trouble getting a job.
D) They want to resist the labels.

Question 75

The public,the police,and the media pay more attention to marijuana use than to alcohol and tobacco use.Which approach is concerned with research in this area?

A) structural functionalists
B) social constructionists
C) conflict theorists
D) labelling theorists

Question 76

The film The King's Speech is about King George VI and his efforts to remove the stutter from his speech.Why would the King go to a speech therapist?

A) Stuttering was linked to low intelligence.
B) A stutter is considered mala in se.
C) There is a social stigma attached to stuttering.
D) Stuttering is a symbolic deviance.

Question 77

When Justin was asked to define deviance to his classmates,which statement would he make?

A) Deviance is behaviour that is defined and promoted by the media.
B) Deviance is behaviour that involves breaking a law and is punished.
C) Deviance is norm or rule breaking behaviour to which sanctions are generally imposed.
D) Deviance is behaviour for which punishment has been agreed upon.

Question 78

A young woman is experiencing a host of generalized stresses: she is frustrated with her friends;her parents and teachers don't connect with her;and her mom and dad are separating.Consequently,she starts acting out by oversexualizing,and she feels a relief from her pressures.What theory of crime best explains this case?

A) choice theory
B) routine activities theory
C) general strain theory
D) control theory

Question 79

Lillian worked as an accountant for a business with annual profits of $1 million.However,her boss paid her a low-level salary that did not meet her family's expenses.Lillian soon realized that she could embezzle money easily and began skimming about $100,000 per year.Which theory best explains the reason behind her deviant behaviour?

A) control theory
B) routine activity theory
C) strain theory
D) monetary theory

Question 80

Which theory makes reference to culturally approved goals and socially approved means of achieving them?

A) routine activities theory
B) social control theory
C) strain theory
D) general theory of crime